ԪCRUISE REPORT: 75N
(Updated Feb. 2016)




Highlights

                           Cruise Summary Information

                Section Designation  75N
Expedition designation (ExpoCodes)  06AQ20120614 (ARK-XXVII_1)
                   Chief Scientists  Agnieszka Beszczynska-Mller
                              Dates  2012 JUN 14 - 2012 JUL 15
                               Ship  Polarstern
                      Ports of call  Bremerhaven, Germany - Longyearbyen, Norway

                                                     79 49' 6" N
              Geographic Boundaries  12 47' 
1.68" W               11 6' 24" E
                                                     64 59' 57" N

                           Stations  87
       Floats and drifters deployed  4 NEMO Floats, 5 SVP-B drifters deployed
     Moorings deployed or recovered  14 deployed, 12 recovered

                              Contact Information:
                          Agnieszka Beszczynska-Mller
              Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology
          Powstacw Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland, P.O. Box 148
                   +4858 7311914   Email: abesz@iopan.gda.pl










































                                                                          660
Berichte                                                                 2013
zur Polar-
und Meeresforschung



                                                        Reports
                                   on Polar and Marine Research





The Expedition of the Research Vessel "Polarstern"
to the Arctic in 2012 (ARK-XXVII/1)



Edited by
Agnieszka Beszczynska-Mller
with contributions of the participants






























       HELMHOLTZ               Alfred-Wegener-Institut
       GEMEINSCHAFT            Helmholtz-Zentrum fr Polar-
                               und Meeresforschung
                               D-27570 BREMERHAVEN
                               Bundesrepublik Deutschland





                                                           ISSN 1866-3192
Hinweis

Die Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung werden vom Alfred-Wegener-Institut
HelmholtzZentrum fr Polar- und Meeresforschung in Bremerhaven* in
unregelmiger Abfolge herausgegeben.


Sie enthalten Beschreibungen und Ergebnisse der vom Institut (AWI) oder mit
seiner Unter-sttzung durchgefhrten Forschungsarbeiten in den Polargebieten
und in den Meeren.

Es werden verffentlicht:

- Expeditionsberichte (inkl. Stationslisten und Routenkarten)
- Expeditions- und Forschungsergebnisse (inkl. Dissertationen)
- wissenschaftliche Berichte der Forschungsstationen des AWI
- Berichte wissenschaftlicher Tagungen


Die Beitrge geben nicht notwendigerweise die Auffassung des Instituts
wieder.

Notice

The Reports on Polar and Marine Research are issued by the
Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum fr Polar- und Meeresforschung in
Bremerhaven*, Federal Republic of Germany. They are published in irregular
intervals.


They contain descriptions and results of investigations in polar regions and
in the seas either conducted by the Institute (AWI) or with its support.

The following items are published:

- expedition reports (incl. station lists and route maps)
- expedition and research results (incl. Ph.D. theses)
- scientific reports of research stations operated by the AWI
- reports on scientific meetings


The papers contained in the Reports do not necessarily reflect the opinion of
the Institute.


                 The "Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung"
               continue the former "Berichte zur Polarforschung"

* Anschrift / Address                             Editor:
Alfred-Wegener-Institut                           Dr. Horst Bornemann
Helmholtz-Zentrum fr Polar-
und Meeresforschung                               Assistant editor:
D-27570 Bremerhaven                               Birgit Chiaventone
Germany
www.awi.de


Die "Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung" (ISSN 1866-3192) werden ab 2008
als Open-Access-Publikation herausgegeben (URL: http://epic.awi.de)

Since 2008 the "Reports on Polar and Marine Research" (ISSN 1866-3192) are
available as open-access publications (URL: http://epic.awi.de
The Expedition of the Research Vessel "Polarstern"
to the Arctic in 2012 (ARK-XXVII/1)


Edited by
Agnieszka Beszczynska-Mller
with contributions of the participants







































Please cite or link this publication using the identifier
hdl:10013/epic.41150.d001/ or http//hdl.handle.net/10013/epic. 41150.d001

ISSN 1866-3192
























                                   ARK-XXVII/1




                             14 June - 15 July 2012

                           Bremerhaven - Longyearbyen




                                Chief scientist
                          Agnieszka Beszczynska-MIIer




                                 Coordinators
                        Rainer Knust/Eberhard Fahrbach
































Contents



1. Zusammenfassung und Fahrtverlauf                                         2

    Summary and Itinerary                                                    7

2. Weather conditions                                                      12

3. Oceanic fluxes through Fram Strait and at the entrance to the Arctic
    Ocean                                                                   16

4. Plankton ecology and biogeochemistry in a changing Arctic Ocean
    (PEBCAO)                                                                38

    4.1  Phytoplankton abundance and distribution                           39

    4.2  Genetic diversity of Phaeocytis pouchetii inmthe Fram Strait       40

    4.3  Zooplankton abundance, distribution and feeding activities         40

5.  Arctic pelagic Amphipoda (APA)                                         42

6.  Sea of change                                                          45

7.  Dissolved black carbon fluxes through Fram Strait                      48

8.  Ir-sea exchange of greenhouse gases in relation to biological net
     and gross production in the Fram Strait                                56

9.  Transient tracers dynamics, carbon dioxide and dissolved oxygen of
     fram strait                                                            59

10. Higher trophic levels: at-sea Distribution of seabirds and marine
     mammals                                                                61

11. GPS observations in North-East Greenland to determine vertical and
     horizontal deformations of the Earth's crust                           65

A.l  Teilnehmende Institute / participating institutions                   67

A.2  Fahrtteilnehmer / cruise participants                                 68

A.3  Schiffsbesatzung / ship's crew                                        70


















1.  ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND FAHRTVERLAUF

     Agnieszka Beszczynska-Mller                           AWI

Der erste Fahrtabschnitt der 27. Expedition der Polarstern in die Arktis war
ozeanographischer und biogeochemischer Forschung in der nrdlichen Framstrae
gewidmet. Die Expedition dauerte vom 14. Juni bis zum 15. Juli und endete in
Longyearbyen auf Spitzbergen. Whrend einer fnftgigen berfahrtszeit zum
Forschungsgebiet wurden 6 CTD-Stationen (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth)
durchgefhrt sowie 4 NEMO-Floats (Navigating European Marine Observer) und 5
SVP-B-Drifter (Surface Velocity Project-Barometer) ausgelegt. Die Messungen
lieferten Daten fr mehrere Projekte, darunter fr das EU-Projekt der
physikalischen Ozeanographie ACOBAR (Acoustic Technology for Observing the
Interior of the Arctic Ocean), das HAFOS-Projekt (The Hybrid Arctic/Antarctic
Float Observing System) sowie fr die biogeochemischen Projekte der
Forschungsgruppe PEBCAO (Phytoplankton Ecology and Biogeochemistry in the
Changing Ocean) und der beiden Gruppen vom IFM-GEOMAR in Kiel.

Die ozeanographischen Arbeiten zwischen nrdlichem Nordatlantik und
Arktischem Ozean entlang der Framstrae hatten die Messung der ozeanischen
Volumenund Wrmeflsse zum Ziel, womit deren jhrliche und dekadische
Variabilitten erfasst werden sollen. Es wurden vertikale Profile von
Temperatur, Salzgehalt und Sauerstoffgehalt an 81 CTD-Stationen entlang eines
bei 7850' Nord gelegenen Schnittes gemessen, der die ganze Breite der
Framstrae zwischen dem ostgrnlndischen Schelf und dem Schelf westlich
Spitzbergens umfasste. Meeresstrmungen in der oberflchennahen Schicht
wurden bei fahrendem Schiff und auf den Stationen registriert. Zwei weitere
CTD-Schnitte wurden zustzlich abgearbeitet; einer entlang der Eiskante auf
dem grnlndischen Schelf (18 Stationen) und einer entlang der Laufbahn
tomographischer Signale in der stlichen Framstrae (20 Stationen). Die
Verankerungen, die 2010 und 2011 ausgelegt worden waren und das ganze Jahr
hindurch Temperatur, Salzgehalt und Meeresstrmungen kontinuierlich
registrierten, wurden vollstndig ausgetauscht. Insgesamt wurden 12
Verankerungen aufgenommen und 14 Verankerungen neu ausgelegt (einschlielich
zweier profilierender Verankerungen). Damit wird die mittlerweile seit 15
Jahren andauernde Langzeitmessung fortgesetzt. Um die zeitlich
kontinuierlichen, aber rumlich weniger hochauflsenden Messungen durch die
verankerten Gerte zu ergnzen, wurde ein autonom operierendes Tauchgert,
der Seaglider, fr eine zwei Monate dauernde Messperiode in der nrdlichen
Framstae ausgelegt. Um die akustische Unterwassernavigation fr die
zuknftigen Glider-Missionen unter dem Meereis zu erproben, wurden 7 RAFOS
Schallquellen im westlichen, eisbedeckten Teil der Framstrae neu
ausgebracht; 5 wurden geborgen.

Auf insgesamt 11 multidisziplinren Stationen entlang von 785'N gab es
zustzlich zu den hydrographischen Messungen und den mit der CTD-Rosette
genommenen Wasserproben auch noch Probenentnahmen mit Netzen fr die
biologischen Studien der PEBCAO Gruppe. 18O Proben wurden entnommen, um die
Anzahl und die taxonomische Zusammensetzung von Algen zu bestimmen. An
weiteren 84 Proben wurden die Konzentrationen von Kohlenstoff, Stickstoff,
Silikat und Nhrstoffen bestimmt. Die Abundanz und rumliche Verteilung von
Mesozooplankton wurde mittels eines Multischleppnetzes in fnf verschiedenen
Tiefen bis zur maximalen Tiefe von 1.500 m erfasst. Am Material aus 10
vertikalen Schleppfngen mit dem groen Multinetz wurden 10 Amphipodenarten
identifiziert. Um die Zusammensetzung des Phytoplanktons zu bestimmen, wurden
69 Wasserproben fr mikroskopische Analysen genommen und weitere 105 Proben
von 35 Stationen wurden zur Durchfhrung von Genanalysen filtriert. Die
Phytoplanktonproben zielten auch darauf ab, eine arktische Schlsselart, die
Mikroalge P. pouchetii, in den oberen 10 m zu untersuchen. In 60 Proben
konnten 492 Kolonien isoliert werden, die meisten davon zwischen 2 West und
10 Ost. An Bord wurden zwei Experimente durchgefhrt, um die Auswirkungen
einer pCO2-nderung auf die dominanten Copepodenarten zu untersuchen.
Insgesamt 350 Wasserproben von 6 Stationen whrend der berfahrt und von 16
Stationen in der Framstrae wurden fr DNA- und RNA-Analysen gewonnen, um die
Auswirkung der Erwrmung der Ozeane auf die Zusammensetzung und den
Stoffwechsel des Phytoplankton zu untersuchen.

Zur Untersuchung des Kohlenstoffhaushalts verschiedener Wassermassen, der
Eigenschaften der verschiedenen Strmungen, und um Vernderungen in der
Ventilation der Wassermassen zu quantifizieren, wurden Verteilungen in den
Konzentrationen von DIC (gelster anorganischer Kohlenstoff), Sauerstoff,
Nhrstoffen und den Spurenstoffen CFC-12 (Fluorchlorkohlenwasserstoff-12) und
SF, (Schwefelhexafluorid) auf 42 Stationen entlang des Schnitts aufgenommen
und mit Ausnahme von DIC und Nhrstoffen an Bord gemessen. Wasserproben zur
Bestimmung der Verteilung stabiler Sauerstoffisotope (18O) wurden auf 32
Stationen genommen und an weiteren 16 fr die Bestimmung radiogener
Neodymium-Isotope (Nd) und Seltener Erden (REE). Die Kenntnisse, die ber die
Spurenstoffe gewonnen werden, helfen, die Wassermassenverteilung in der
Framstrae zu charakterisieren. Wasserproben zur Bestimmung von gelstem
schwarzen Kohlenstoff (DBC), gelstem organischen Kohlenstoff (DOC) und
farbigem gelstem organischen Material (CDOM) wurden genommen (100 Proben fr
DBC und 250 Proben fr DOC und CDOM), um zu bestimmen, wie viel DBC aus den
Flssen in den Arktischen Ozean und damit schlielich in den Atlantischen
Ozean eingebracht wird. Um die Flussmengen von CO2, CH4, N2O und CO im
Austausch zwischen Ozean und Atmosphre in der Framstrae zu quantifizieren,
wurde ein Equilibrator an das en-Route-Pumpensystem der Polarstern
angeschlossen. Ein Membran-Inlet-Massenspektrometer wurde genutzt, um
kontinuierlich das Verhltnis von gelstem Sauerstoff zu Argon (O2/Ar) zu
messen.

Die geodtischen Arbeiten in Nordost-Grnland mit Ausbringung der GPSSensoren
an der grnlndischen Kste, konnten wegen der ungnstigen
Flugwetterbedingungen, nicht ausgefhrt werden. Auf zwei Schnitten, einem
entlang der Kste West-Spitzbergens und einem entlang des 7850'N-Schnitts
wurde die in situ Verteilung von Seevgeln und Meeressugern untersucht. Die
Beobachtungen wurden von der Brcke aus und im Verlauf von Helikopter
durchgefhrt (insgesamt 470 Beobachtungsabschnitte, jeweils 30 Minuten lang).
Insgesamt 28 Seevogelarten und 16 Meeressugerarten wurden beobachtet. Die
Hauptergebnisse im Verlauf der Beobachtungsreihe in der nrdlichen Framstrae
bestehen in der sehr hohen Zahl von gesichteten Elfenbeinmwen (>400 Vgel)
und in den ersten Sichtungen einer Plschkopfente und einer Polarmwe, sowie
in den Sichtungen von Seiwalen und Narwalen (3 Gruppen mit insgesamt 17
Tieren). Es wurden zahlreiche Eisbren beobachtet (27 Tiere mit mindestens 4
Jungen).



Fahrtverlauf

14. Juni  Abfahrt von Bremerhaven 08:00LT. Test von Parasound und
           Hydrosweep, Posidonia USBL Box, GAPS und Gravimeter durch
           FIELAX nahe Helgoland. Rcktransport der FIELAX/Laeisz
           Gruppe via Helikopter und Auslaufen in Richtung Framstrae
           um 18:00LT.
15.-16. Juni  Transit zur ersten Station bei 70N. Vorbereitung der
           Ausrstung und Messgerten.
17. Juni  Die ersten 2 CTD/Handnetz-Stationen auf dem Transekt in der
           Norwegischen See.
18. Juni  CTD-Stationen und Probenahme mit Hand- und Bongonetzen
           auf dem Transekt in der Norwegischen See. Auslegung der 4
           NEMO-Floats und 2 SVP-B-Bojen unterwegs.
19. Juni  CTD-Stationen, Beprobung mit dem Handnetz und Test-
           Station fr Multinetz auf dem Transekt in der Norwegischen
           See. Auslegung der 2 SVP-B-Bojen unterwegs.
20. Juni  Auslegung einer SVP-B-Boje. Beprobung mit dem Handnetz.
           Beginn der CTD-Stationen auf dem Hauptschnitt bei 7850'N.
21. Juni  CTD-Stationen, dabei 2 Super-Stationen(1) mit Multinetz bei
           7O und 8O. Auslegung der Verankerung F1-14. Aufnahme
           der Verankerungen F2-15, F3-14, F4-14, F5-14.
22. Juni  CTD-Stationen in der Nacht. Auslegung der Verankerungen
           F2-16, F3-15, F4-15. Weitere CTD-Stationen, eine Super-
           Station bei 6O.
23. Juni  CTD-Stationen in der Nacht. Auslegung der Verankerung F5-
           15. Aufnahme der Verankerungen F22-2 und F6-15. Auslegung
           des Seagliders MK557.
24. Juni  CTD-Stationen in der Nacht. Auslegung der Verankerung
           F20-4a. Aufnahme des Seagliders MK557. Auslegung der
           Verankerungen F6-16 und F20-4b. Weitere CTD-Stationen mit
           Super-Station bei 5O.
25. Juni  CTD-Stationen in der Nacht. Aufnahme der Verankerung F7-
           11. Weitere CTD-Stationen mit eine Super-Station bei 4O.
           Auslegung der Verankerung F7-12.
26. Juni  CTD-Stationen in der Nacht. Aufnahme der Verankerungen
           F8-12, F15-9 und F168. Weitere CTD-Stationen.
27. Juni  CTD-Stationen in der Nacht. Auslegung der Verankerungen
           F8-13 und F15-9. Weitere CTD-Stationen mit Super-Station
           bei 150'O.
28. Juni  CTD-Stationen in der Nacht. Auslegung der Verankerung
           F16-9 und Aufnahme der Verankerung F9-10. Weitere CTD-
           Stationen, dabei eine Super-Station bei 00210 (mit 3 Einstzen
           des Multinetzes)
29. Juni  CTD-Stationen in der Nacht. Auslegung der Verankerung F9-
           11 und Aufnahme der Verankerung FlU-li. Weitere CTD-
           Stationen.
30. Juni  CTD-Stationen in der Nacht, dabei eine Super-Station bei
           230'W. Auslegung der Verankerung F10-12.
  1. Juli  CTD-Stationen in der Nacht. Transit nach Sden und Aufnahme
           der RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ3-1. Aufnahme-versuch der
           RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ3-2 nicht gelungen. Auslegung der
           RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ3-3. Die akustische Lauschstation
           vom Schlauchboot. Transit zurck zum Hauptschnitt bei
           7850'N. Weitere CTD -Stationen.
  2. Juli  Transit nach Norden und Aufnahme der RAFOS-Verankerung
           FSQ4-1. Auslegung der RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ4-
           2 abgebrochen wegen technischer Problemer mit der
           Schallquelle.
  3. Juli  Beprobung mit Hand- und Bongonetzen. Transit Richtung
           Grnland durch dickes und kompaktes Meereis, mit dem Ziel
           GPS-Sensoren auf der Kste auszubringen. Der Helikopterflug
           nach Grnland musste wegen sehr schlechter Sichtbedingungen
           (dicker, eisiger Nebel) abgebrochen werden.
  4. Juli  Abwarten auf Verbesserung des Flugwetters. Der Test-
           Flugversuch Richtung Grnland nicht gelungen auf Grund des
           dicken Nebels, Schneefalls und tiefer Wolkenuntergrenze.
           Mittlerweile CTD-Stationen entlang der Festeiskante.
  5. Juli  Abwarten auf Verbesserung des Flugwetters. Fortdauerndes
           Nebel, Schneefall und tiefe Wolken. Weitere CTD-Stationen
           entlang der Festeiskante.
  6. Juli  Abwarten auf Verbesserung des Flugwetters. Transit zurck
           zum Hauptschnitt bei 7850'N. CTD-Stationen im Eis, dabei
           eine Super-Station bei 1027'W.
  7. Juli  CTD-Stationen auf dem Hauptschnitt mit einer Super-Station
           bei 730'W.
  8. Juli  CTD-Stationen auf dem Hauptschnitt mit eine Super-Station
           bei 525'W. Auslegung der RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ7-l.
  9. Juli  CTD-Stationen auf dem Hauptschnitt mit eine Super-Station
           bei 357'W. Auslegung der RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ6-l.
           Transit nach Norden.
10. Juli  Aufnahme der RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ2-3. Auslegung der
           RAFOS-Verankerungen FSQ2-4 und FSQ4-2. Aufnahme der
           RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ13.
11. Juli  Der zweiter Aufnahme-Versuch der RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ3-
           2 nicht gelungen. Auslegung der RAFOS-Verankerung FSQ5-
           1. Die akustische Lauschstation vom Schlauchboot. CTD-
           Stationen auf dem Abschnitt entlang des tomographischen
           Tracks D-A.
12. Juli  Weitere CTD-Stationen entlang des tomographischen Tracks
           D-A.
13. Juli  Weitere CTD-Stationen entlang des tomographischen Tracks
           D-A. Helikopter-Flug nach Longyearbyen, um den Seaglider
           SG127 abzuholen.
14. Juli  Test und Auslegung des Seagliders SG127. Transit nach
           Isfjorden.
15. Juli  Ankunft in  Longyearbyen  08:OOLT. Ausschiffung der
           wissenschaftlichen Fahrtteilnehmer 12:OOLT. Ende des
           Fahrtabschnittes.

(1)Eine Super-Station umfasst die Standard CTD-Station mit Entnahme der
    Wasserproben aus allen Tiefenbereichen sowie 2-3 vertikale Profile mit dem
    Multinetz.





SUMMARY AND ITINERARY


The first leg of the 2711 Polarstern expedition to the Arctic was devoted to
conduct oceanographic and biogeochemical research in the northern Fram
Strait. The cruise started on June 14 from Bremerhaven and was finished on
July 15 in Longyearbyen. During the 5-day long transit to the working area, 6
CTD stations (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) were conducted and 4 NEMO
(Navigating European Marine Observer) floats and 5 SVP-B drifters (Surface
Velocity Project-Barometer) were deployed. The field research in the Fram
Strait served different projects, among them the EU project ACOBAR (Acoustic
Technology for Observing the Interior of the Arctic Ocean), the German
project HAFOS (Hybrid Arctic/Antarctic Float Observing System), and a suite
of biochemical studies carried by the research group PEBCAO (Phytoplankton
Ecology and Biogeochemistry in the Changing Ocean) and by two groups from
IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel.

The oceanographic measurements aimed at the estimation of oceanic volume and
heat fluxes through Fram Strait between the northern North Atlantic and the
Arctic Ocean with special emphasis on inter-annual and decadal variability.
Hydrographic measurements (temperature, salinity and oxygen) were conducted
on 81 CTD stations along the section, and ocean currents in the upper layer
were measured both on stations and underway. Two additional CTD sections were
alsoconducted, one along the ice edge on the Greenland shelf (18 stations)
and one along the tomographic path in the eastern Fram Strait (20 stations).
The moored array, deployed in 2010 and in 2011 for year-round measurements of
temperature, salinity and currents was exchanged. Altogether 12 oceanographic
moorings were recovered and 14 moorings were deployed (including two
profiling moorings). Measurements at the moored array will provide an
extension of the existing 15year long time series of unbroken observations in
Fram Strait. To complement the observations by moorings that are continuous
in time yet though spatially relatively sparse, the high resolution
hydrographic sections were measured by Seaglider, deployed for the 2-month
long mission in Fram Strait. Five RAFOS sound sources were recovered and 7
acoustic sources were deployed in the western, icecovered part of Fram Strait
for under-ice acoustic navigation of the glider.

At 11 multidisciplinary stations along the 785'N section, the hydrographic
measurements and collection of water samples were combined with net sampling
for the biological studies by the PEBCAO group. 180 water samples were taken
for gathering the information on algal abundance and taxonomic composition.
Additional 84 samples were collected for analyzing the particulate carbon and
nitrogen, silicate and nutrients. The abundance and distribution of
mesozooplankton was investigated by vertical medium multinet hauls from 5
different depth strata down to 1,500 m. To study the distribution of amphipod
species, 10 vertical casts with the large multinet were performed. For
determining the phytoplankton compositions, 69 samples were collected for
microscopic analysis and 105 water samples from 35 stations were filtrated
for the analysis of ribosomal genes. On the individual phytoplankton species
level, sampling was focused on the Arctic key micro algal species P.
pouchetii collected from the upper 10 m layer. 492 isolates from 60 field
samples were achieved, with most successful isolation of colonies between 2W
and 10E. To investigate changes in pCO2 on dominant copepod species, two
experiments were conducted onboard. 350 samples were obtained from 6 stations
during the transit and from 16 stations in Fram Strait for DNA and RNA
analysis to study the effects of warming on phytoplankton community structure
and metabolism.

To provide information about the carbon budget of the water masses,
characteristics of ocean currents, and to quantify changes in ventilation,
the profiles of water samples for DIC (dissolved inorganic carbon), oxygen,
nutrients and the transient tracers CFC-12 (Chlorofluorocarbon-12) and SF,
(Sulfur hexafluoride) were taken at 42 stations along the transect. The
CFC-12, SF6 and oxygen concentrations were measured onboard while DIC and
nutrients samples will be analysed onshore. Water samples for the detection
of stable oxygen isotope (18O) were collected at 32 stations and for
radiogenic neodymium (Nd) isotopes and rare earth elements (REE) at 16
stations. These tracers will be used for the assessment of water mass
signatures in Fram Strait. 100 water samples were collected for DBC
(dissolved black carbon) and approx. 250 samples were taken for DOC
(dissolved organic carbon) and CDOM (colored dissolved organic matter)
analysis to determine how much of the riverine DBC entering the Arctic Ocean
is subsequently exported to the Atlantic Ocean. To quantify air-sea exchange
fluxes of CO2, CH4, N2O and CO in Fram Strait, a glass-bed equilibrator was
connected to the underway sampling system of Polarstern and a membrane-inlet
mass spectrometer was used to continuously measure dissolved oxygen-to-argon
(O2/Ar) ratios.

The geodetic work with deployments of the GPS sensors on the Greenland coast
could not be achieved due to the lack of flight permitting weather
conditions. At sea distribution of seabirds and marine mammals was studied
along two dedicated transects, the section along the West Spitsbergen coast
and the main Fram strait section along 7850'N by observations from the ship
and during helicopter flights (470 periods of 30-min data recording). In
total 28 bird species and 16 marine mammal species were observed. The main
highlights were the very high number of Ivory Gulls (>400 individuals), the
first in the record of sightings of the Spectacled Eider and the Iceland Gull
as well as the sightings of Sei Whales and Narwhals (3 groups with 17
individuals). A high number of Polar Bear was also recorded (27 individuals
with at least 4 cubs).





Cruise itinerary

14 June  Departure 08:00 LT according to the plan. Testing of Parasound
          and Hydrosweep, Posidonia USBL Box, GAPS and Gravimeter
          by FIELAX near Helgoland. Retransfer of the FIELAX/Laeisz
          group by helicopter and departure towards Fram Strait at
          18:00 LT.
15-16 June  Transit to the first station at 70N. Preparations of equipment.
17 June  First 2 CTD stations and 2 hand net stations at the transect in
          the Norwegian Sea
18 June  CTD stations, sampling with hand and Bongo nets at the
          transect in the Norwegian Seas. Deployment of 4 NEMO floats
          and 2 SVP-B drifters on the way.
19 June  CTD stations, sampling with hand net and test station for
          Multinet at the transect in the Norwegian Seas. Deployment
          of 2 SVP-B drifters on the way.
20 June  Deployment of 1 SVP-B drifter. Sampling with hand net.
          Starting CTD stations at the 7850'N section.
21 June  CTD stations including 2 SuperStations(1) with Multinets at 7E
          and 8E. Deployment of mooring F1-14. Recovery of F2-15,
          F3-14, F4-14, F5-14.
22 June  CTD stations at night. Deployment of moorings F2-16, F3-15,
          F4-15. CTD stations with one SuperStation at 6E.
23 June  CTD stations at night. Deployment of mooring F5-15. Recovery
          of moorings F22-2, F6-15. Deployment of Seaglider MK557.
24 June  CTD stations at night. Deployment of mooring F20-4a.
          Recovery of Seaglider MK557. Deployment of moorings F6-16
          and F20-4b. CTD stations with one SuperStation at 5E.
25 June  CTD stations at night. Recovery of mooring F7-11. CTD with
          SuperStation at 4E. Deployment of F7-12.
26 June  CTD stations at night. Recovery of moorings F8-12, F15-9 and
          F168. CTD stations.
27 June  CTD stations at night. Deployment of moorings F8-13 and
          F15-9. CTD stations with one SuperStation at 150'E.
28 June  CTD stations at night. Deployment of mooring F16-9 and
          recovery of F9-1O. CTD stations with one SuperStation at
          02'E (with 3 Multinets)
29 June  CTD stations at night. Deployment of mooring F9-11 and
          recovery of FlOh. CTD Stations.
30 June  CTD stations at night with SuperStation at 230'W. Deployment
          of mooring F1O-12.
  1 July  CTD stations at night. Transit to the south and recovery of
          RAFOS mooring FSQ3-1. Attempt to recover RAFOS mooring
          FSQ3-2 not successful. Deployment of RAFOS mooring FSQ3-
          3. Acoustic listening station from the rubber boat. Transit back
          to 7850'N section. CTD stations.
  2 July  Transit northward and recovery of RAFOS mooring FSQ4-1.
          Deployment of FSQ4-2 cancelled due to the failure of sound
          source.
  3 July  Hand and Bongo net stations. Transit through the compact sea
          ice towards Greenland for deployment of GPS sensors on the
          coast. No weather condition for flights due to dense fog.
  4 July  Waiting for flight permitting weather conditions. Trial flight
          towards Greenland not successful due to the fog, snow fall
          and low cloud ceiling. In the meantime CTD stations along the
          fast ice edge.
  5 July  Waiting for flight permitting weather conditions. Persistent
          fog, snow falls and low cloud ceiling. CTD stations along the
          fast ice edge.
  6 July  Waiting for flight permitting weather conditions. Transit back to
          the 7850'N section. CTD stations in ice with one SuperStation
          at 1027'W.
  7 July  CTD stations at the main section with one SuperStation at
          730'W.
  8 July  CTD stations at the main section with one SuperStation at
          525'W. Deployment of RAFOS mooring FSQ7-1.
  9 July  CTD stations with one SuperStation at 357'W. Deployment of
          RAFOS mooring FSQ6-1. Transit northward.
10 July  Recovery of RAFOS mooring FSQ2-3. Deployment of RAFOS
          moorings FSQ2-4 and FSQ4-2. Recovery of RAFOS mooring
          FSQ 13.
11 July  Second attempt to recover RAFOS mooring FSQ3-2 not
          successful. Deployment of RAFOS mooring FSQ5-1. Acoustic
          listening station from the rubber boat. CTD stations at the
          section along tomographic track DA.
12 July  CTD stations at the section along tomographic track DA.
13 July  CTD stations at the section along tomographic track DA.
          Helicopter flight to Longyearbyen to pick up the Seaglider
          SG127
14 July  Tests and deployment of Seaglider SG127. Transit to Isfjorden.
15 July  Arrival Longyearbyen 08:00LT. Disembarking of the scientific
          crew 12:00LT. End of the cruise.

(1)A superStation include a standard CTD cast with full collection of water
    samples and 2-3 vertical hauls by multinet.




Abb. 1.1: Die Fahrtroute der Polarstern whrend ARK-XXVII/1

Fig. 1.1: Cruise track of RV Polarstern during the expedition ARK-XXVII/1





2.  WEATHER CONDITIONS

Harald Rentsch, Klaus Buldt, Julianne                      DWD
Hempelt

At the beginning of the cruise ARK-XXVII/1 on June l4th at 8:00 MESZ in
Bremerhaven a low pressure system over Ireland was strengthening when our
ship moved northward. On the front side of the high pressure ridge over
western North Sea the sea and wind were relatively calm with wind force up to
4 Bft, mostly from northerly to easterly directions. Starting on June 18th we
got wind of nearly 7 Bft from north-westerly direction for one day, while the
wave height did not reach more than 2.5 m. This coincided with covered skies,
rain and partly foggy conditions. These bad weather conditions had continued
for next two days on our track to Fram Strait while the wind speed decreased
to below 20 knots.

After the middle of the week the pressure gradient raised considerably
resulting in south-westerly winds up to wind force 7 Bft. Despite wave
heights between 2.5 and 3 m all moorings could be perfectly recovered. Due to
warmer air, the ceiling of broken clouds were fixed above 500 ft and
helicopters could perform flights for watching whales, partly at sunshine.
This cyclonal-influenced weather situation continued on 22 and 231d of June
in Fram Strait (Fig. 2.1). Up to this time we had been getting the
polar-origin air from the north, which was cooled by ice, producing often fog
or low clouds.


Fig. 2.1: Analysis of surface-pressure chart for 22.06.2012, 06 utc (left),
           and VIS/IR-satellite picture 22.06.2012, 06:23 utc (right).
           The position of Polarstern is marked by the sign x, labelled by the
           ship's call sign DBLK, its track is shown by dashed red lines.


On June 25th the moist, unstable, layered air came from the Arctic Ocean and
was dominant for the weather for the next 2 days. This situation in
connection with a upper low, which crossed the Frame Strait and moved further
on towards Barents Sea and often caused snow- and rain showers, resulted in
insufficient flight conditions with respect to meteorological terms.
Therefore the scheduled helicopter flights over the ice covered area for sea
mammals watching could not be performed. Under the north-westerly wind of Bft
4-5 the sea remained nearly calm, with only some restrictions during recovery
of moorings due to bad visibility and precipitation.

For the next three days during our course along 78.8N the cold air and often
snow or snow-showers were observed at upper levels and the wind blew from
northwesterly directions with Bft 4. On June 28th some lows on the surface
and aloft passed our ships track and the wind force of Bft 7 from northerly
directions caused some problems with mooring recovery at the position 78.8N
low since ice-sheets were spreading into the recovery area.

On June 29 we were mostly under the influence of a steering low and snowfall,
the wind blew with Bft 5 from the northeast direction. On the low's back side
after the end of snowfall the weather conditions improved, allowing the
helicopter flights one day later. On July 1st July the pressure increased
slowly in Fram Strait and breaking clouds were observed in the working area
together with the weak easterly winds. These conditions allowed another
helicopter campaign to watch animals in the ice-covered areas. The extended
ice sheets (one-year and multiyear ice) along the ship's track hampered the
recovery of moorings and made it difficult to find the optimal way through
the ice.

Starting on July 2 the low clouds were dominant in the northern part of an
upper, steering low over Greenland Sea. The low was moving towards the coast
of eastern Greenland, towards the position of the helicopter flights
scheduled for the deployment of GPS sensorsobs. On July 3rd and 411 the ship
was in the region influenced by fronts and within a stable stratification of
air nearby the surface, causing snowfall and low clouds in the wide range
around the working area. All flights towards the cost of Greenland had to be
cancelled due to insufficient flight meteorological conditions, in spite of
entering the open water polynya far away from the Greenland's fast ice edge.

One day later the influence of high pressure on the surface strengthened
strongly. The weak wind could not transport away the whole moisture in
low-altitude air below an inversion layer in lower atmosphere. Due to this
and additional cyclonal processes in the upper atmosphere, some polar lows
built up (Fig. 2.2) and circulated anticlockwise around the upper low
producing snow and fog. All flight actions were stopped due to insufficient
flight weather conditions described above.


Fig. 2.2: Analysis of surface-pressure chart for 05.07.2012, 06 utc (left),
           and IR-satellite picture 05.07.2012, 07:04 utc (right). The
           position of POLARSTERN is marked by "x" sign and labelled with the
           ship's call sign DBLK; T-sign (not filled, red): upper low; T-sign
           (filled, red with fronts): Polar Low; H: high pressure; dashed blue
           lines: movement of Polar Lows anticlockwise.


Starting from July 6th we had a break of weather; a cold airflow from the
north let to dry weather with northerly winds up to Bft 5. At the edge of the
low nearby Svalbard the flight weather was slightly improving day by day, so
during the next 3 days all flights dedicated to marine mammals watching were
successful. The ice conditions along our track eastward remained difficult
but rather good ice information based on the satellite pictures help to find
the optimal way through the ice. One day later, on July 9th some polar lows
moved towards our cruise track, bringing fog and low clouds, all driven by
the northerly winds up to Bft 6. Therefore the helicopter flights were
possible only in the morning. The difficult ice situation caused some delays
for station work. Finally, one day later, when ship was moving out of the ice
towards Svalbard, the low clouds and fog disappeared more often and
helicopter flight could be carried out. Wind velocity was very low and
increasing pressure dominated the weather situation until the end of our
cruise. We reached our destination, Longyearbyen, under the fair weather on
July 15th in the morning with the air temperature around 7C.


Fig. 2.3: Distribution of wind force during ARK-XXVII/1
Fig. 2.4: Distribution of visibility during ARK-XXVII/1





3.  OCEANIC FLUXES THROUGH FRAM STRAIT AND AT THE ENTRANCE TO THE ARCTIC
     OCEAN

     Agnieszka Beszczynska-Mller, Olaf                     AWI
     Strothmann, Matthias Monsees, Andreas
     Wisotzki, Jrg Walter, Karel Castro-Morales,
     Florian Greil, Levke Caesar,
     Jannes Klling, Sebastian Menze, Dennis
     Grimm, Michael Strz

Objectives

Exchanges between the North Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean result in the most
dramatic water mass conversions in the World Ocean: warm and saline Atlantic
waters, flowing through the Nordic Seas into the Arctic Ocean, are modified
by cooling, freezing and melting to become shallow fresh waters, ice and
saline deep waters. The outflow from the Nordic Seas to the south provides
the initial driving of the global thermohaline circulation cell. Knowledge of
these fluxes and understanding of the modification processes is a major
prerequisite for the quantification of the rate of overturning within the
large circulation cells of the Arctic and the Atlantic Oceans, and is also a
basic requirement for understanding the role of these ocean areas in climate
variability on inter-annual to decadal time scales.

The Fram Strait represents the only deep connection between the Arctic Ocean
and the Nordic Seas. Just as the freshwater transport from the Arctic Ocean
is of major influence on convection in the Nordic Seas and further south, the
transport of warm and saline Atlantic water affects the water mass
characteristics in the Arctic Ocean which has consequences for the internal
circulation and possibly influences also ice and atmosphere.

The complicated topographic structure of the Fram Strait leads to a splitting
of the West Spitsbergen Current carrying Atlantic Water northward into at
least three branches. One current branch follows the shelf edge and enters
the Arctic Ocean north of Svalbard. This part has to cross the Yermak Plateau
which poses a sill for the flow with a depth of approximately 700 m. A second
branch flows northward along the north-western slope of the Yermak Plateau
and the third one recirculates immediately in Fram Strait at about 79N.
Evidently, the size and strength of the different branches largely determine
the input of oceanic heat to the inner Arctic Ocean. The East Greenland
Current, carrying water from the Arctic Ocean southwards has a concentrated
core above the continental slope.

It is our aim to measure the oceanic fluxes through Fram Strait and to
determine their variability on seasonal to decadal time scales. Since 1997,
year-round velocity, temperature and salinity measurements are carried out in
Fram Strait with moored instruments. Hydrographic sections exist since 1980.
The estimates of mass and heat fluxes through the strait are provided through
a combination of both data sets. From 1997 to 2000 intensive fieldwork
occurred in the framework of the EU project VEINS (Variability of Exchanges
in Northern Seas). After the end of VEINS it was maintained under national
programmes. From 2003 to 2005, the work was carried out as part of the
international Programme ASOF (ArcticSubarctic Ocean Flux Study) and was
partly funded in the EU ASOF-N project. In 2006-2009 measurements in Fram
Strait were performed under the EU DAMOCLES (Developing Arctic Modelling and
Observing Capabilities for Long-term Environment Studies) Integrated Project
and since 2009 the observational programme has been continued in the context
of the EU ACOBAR project. The mooring line is maintained in close
co-operation with the Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI). The results of the
measurements will be used in combination with regional models, to investigate
the nature and origin of the transport fluctuations on seasonal to decadal
time scales.


Work at sea

The oceanographic work at sea during ARK-XXVII/1 included two main
activities: the recovery and redeployment of the array of moorings and
measurements of CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth) profiles (Fig. 3.1).
The standard section in Fram Strait at 7850'N, which has been occupied
regularly since 1997, was measured with the high resolution coverage by 80
CTD stations, extending westward to 1247'W. Two additional hydrographic
section were also occupied, one along the ice edge in the western Fram Strait
with 18 CTD stations and second along the tomographic track in the eastern
part of the strait with 20 stations.

The mooring array covers the entire deep part of Fram Strait between the
continental slope west of Spitsbergen to the shelf edge east of Greenland. In
2003 it was extended by NPI onto the East Greenland shelf. In June-July 2012
Polarstern recovered all moorings in the central and eastern part of the
strait, including 8 moorings which were deployed in 2011 during the
ARK-XXVI/1 cruise (between 820'E and 247'E) and 4 moorings between 248'E
and 2W deployed two years earlier during ARK-XXV/1 and not exchanged in
2011. The easternmost mooring Fl, located over the upper Spitsbergen
continental slope at 840' at the depth of 270 m, was not deployed in 2011
due to a high risk of damage by fishery vessels. This mooring had been lost
during two subsequent deployment periods (2009-2010 and 2010-2011). In 2012
mooring Fl was deployed with a redesigned construction as the bottom mooring
equipped with a trawl-resistant frame.

Each recovered tall subsurface mooring carried 3 to 8 instruments including
rotor and acoustic current meters from Aanderaa Instruments (RCM7, RCM8 and
RCM11), acoustic current profilers from RD Instruments (WH and QM ADCP),
temperature and salinity sensors from Sea-Bird Electronics Inc. (SBE37 and
SBE16) and bottom pressure recorders from Sea-Bird (SBE26). The whale
recorder (AURAL M2) and two calibrated hydrophones for passive acoustic
recording (H38 and H41) were also included in the recovered moorings as well
as 5 develogic hydroacoustic modems Hydro-Node. The western moorings (west of
3W), operated by NPI were recovered in September 2012 by RV Lance.

The recovered moorings F2 to FlU (including F15 and F16) were redeployed in a
similar configuration as during the previous deployment except the additional
upward-looking ADCP5 (Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers) to test the new
configuration of the moored array to be adopted under the HAFOS project. In
future the HAFOS moored array will consist of gliders covering the upper 300
m layer and shorter moorings with ADCP5 at the top. In the current
configuration, for a sufficient vertical resolution each subsurface mooring
carries 3 to 8 instruments (RCM 8 and RCM11 current meters from Aanderaa,
acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) from RDI and SBE16 and SBE37
temperature and salinity sensors from Seabird). Instruments were distributed
at the nominal levels: 50m (subsurface layer), 250 m (Atlantic water layer),
750 m (lower boundary of the Atlantic water), 1,500 m (deep water) and 5 m
above bottom (near-bottom layer). The easternmost mooring Fl was deployed as
the bottom mooring with ADCP installed in the trawl-resistant bottom frame
and one MicroCat mounted on the frame. Horizontal distances between moorings
are smaller at the upper slope (moorings Fl to F3) and increase towards the
deep part of the strait (ca. 20 km).

All instruments were configured for the two-year long deployment period since
there is no Polarstern Arctic expedition planned in 2013. However, short
before deployment it was discovered that a bigger part of battery packs for
ADCP5, delivered just before the cruise as new by manufacturer, was already
overdue regarding the recommendation for deployment (date given on the
battery as 'not deploy after') and the most likely the devices will stop
before the planned recovery date. To assure data delivery for this 2-year
period, all ADCP5 were back-up with additional Aanderaa current meters,
located at each mooring next to ADCP at the nominal depth of 250m.

To testthe near-real time (NRT) data transfer between moorings, three
low-frequency long-range acoustic modems, the HAM.nodes manufactured by
develogic GmbH, were interfaced to the current meters at selected moorings
and deployed in 2009 for one-year long field test in the eastern Fram Strait
(Fig. 3.2). Since acoustic data transmission over a typical range between
moorings of the order (30 km) proved to be unreliable, the distance between
long-range modems was reduced by adding a relay-link mooring with additional
modem in a half-way between instrumented moorings. The results of the
2009-2010 test revealed significant problems related to the high level of
ambient noise and low signal-to-noise ratio, resulting in a large number of
failed transmissions. The next deployment of moorings with acoustic modems
took place in 2011 when a tuning inductivity to increase the output amplitude
(therefore the range of the modems) was implemented and transmission settings
were adjusted (more often transmissions, smaller data packages). Of four
long-range acoustic modems deployed in 2011 one was recovered in September
2011 and the remaining three were recovered during the ARK-XXVII/1 cruise in
2012. For the deployment in 2012 three moorings in the eastern Fram Strait
were equipped with the low-frequency modems.

In addition to the long-term array, two additional moorings were also
deployed in 2012, aimed in testing the profiling winches with CTD profiler
equipped with Iridium modem for data transfer. Both moorings carried the
underwater winch from the NGK Japan but the profiler systems were different.
One mooring carried the original CTD profiler from NGK Japan equipped with
acoustic modem for communication with the winch and Iridium modem for data
transfer. The second mooring was equipped with the profiling top from
Optimare GmbH (built on the basis of an adapted NEMO float) The profilers
were programmed to cover the upper water column up to the surface. These
moorings were located south of the moorings F5-F6 at the offshore boundary of
the West Spitsbergen Current. The additional moorings with profiling winches
and modems were recovered during the autumn cruise of KV Svalbard in
September 2012.

For the testing purposes of the under ice acoustic navigation of gliders in
Fram Strait, the array of the 260 Hz RAFOS sound sources was deployed in the
central and western Fram Strait. Four RAFOS sound sources deployed in 2011
were recovered in 2012. One source located farther north at 7939'N could not
be recovered due to the compact ice cover at the mooring location (this
source was recovered later in September 2012 from KV Svalbard). Seven
acoustic moorings were deployed during ARK-XXVII/1 in 2012, six equipped with
develogic RAFOS sound sources and one with the Webb RAFOS source. One
develogic sound source failed immediately during deployment and deployment
was cancelled.

The mooring recovery rate was 88 % (from 12 recovered moorings). Two Aandera
RCM8 current meters lost the rotors and in one case, the instrument was
blocked in a fixed position. Additionally, two RCM8 current meters was
flooded and one recorded no data (memory failure). Two RCM11 (SN 452 and 458)
recorded data in wrong channels, and data could not be converted into
engineering units. One ADCP at mooring F7 was flooded; however there were no
indications of leakage through the instrument cover. Most likely the water
got into the pressure case through one (or more) of the ADCP mirrors. Two CTD
sensors SBE37 stopped prematurely (one after 100 and one after 150 days). The
distribution of instruments is shown on Fig. 3.2.

During ARK-XXVII/1 the 7th operational mission of Seaglider in Fram Strait
was launched. The underwater glider is a buoyancy-driven device, which can
alternately reduce and expand displaced volume to dive and climb through the
ocean, just as do profiling floats. Unlike floats, a glider additionally
carries wings and controls its pitch attitude to effectuate a horizontal
speed component through the ocean. Originally the new Seaglider MK557
manufactured by Robot Inc. was planned for summer deployment in 2012.
However, after deployment of the glider on June 23 it occurred that MK557
behaved unstable and could not be navigated in the programmed direction.
Therefore the glider was recovered one day later. To execute the summer
glider mission in Fram Strait, the express freight of Seaglider SN127 to
Longyearbyen was arranged. SG127 was picked up from the Svalbard airport with
the Polarstern helicopter just before the end of the cruise (on July 13) and
successfully deployed near the Isfjord entrance on the same day. The
Seagliders are capable to profile between surface and 1,000 m with the
horizontal speed 0.1-0.45 m/s and minimum vertical speed of 0.06 m/s.
Seaglider SN127, deployed for the summer mission, was equipped with SBE
Temperature/Conductivity Sensors, SBE43 dissolved oxygen sensor, Wetlabs
BB2SF chlorophyll a, fluorescence and optical backscatter sensors. In
addition, RAFOS hardware was installed to test the underwater acoustic
navigation of the glider in sea ice covered areas. During its mission the
Seaglider was operated from the Glider Operation Center in Bremerhaven. SG
127 was recovered from KV Svalbard on September 9 after completing 303 dives
over the distance of 572 Nm.

The CTD measurements in the eastern and central part of Fram Strait occurred
mostly during the nights between mooring work. Therefore the sequence of
stations is rather irregular. Altogether 125 CTD casts were taken at 123
stations and water samples were collected during all casts (Fig. 3.1). One
CTD system from Sea-Bird Electronics Inc SBE911+ was used. Mainly CTD probe
SN 937 with duplicate T and C sensors (temperature sensors SBE3, SN 1373
(primary) and 1338 (secondary), conductivity sensors SBE4, SN 1198 (primary)
and 1199 (secondary) and pressure sensor Digiquartz 410K-105 SN 0937) was in
service. The CTD was connected to a SBE32 Carousel Water Sampler, SN 718 (24
12-liter bottles). Additionally the Benthos Altimeter Model PSA-916 SN 46611,
the Fluorometer Wetlabs FLRTD SN 1365 and the transmissiometer WetlabsCStar
SN 112ODR were mounted on the carousel. Two dissolved oxygen sensors SBE43
were in use: SN 1605 until June 29 and SN743 afterwards. The algorithm to
compute oxygen concentration requires also measurements of temperature,
salinity and pressure. Salinity of 54 water samples was measured using the
Optimare Precision Salinometer SN 003 with Standard Water IAPSO Batch P154
for calibration of the salinity sensor.

Underway measurements with a vessel-mounted narrow band 150 kHz ADCP from RD
Instruments and a Sea-Bird SBE45 thermosalinograph measurements were
conducted along the transect to supply temperature, salinity and current data
at a much higher spatial resolution than given through the moorings. Two
thermosalinographs were in use, one at the 6 m depth in the bow thruster
tunnel and one at the 11 m depth in the keel. Both instruments were
controlled by taking water samples, which were measured on board.


Preliminary results

The data from the moored instruments were read out from the memory cards and
preliminary processed onboard but the final processing including the pressure
correction in on-going. The analysis of the hydrographic data occurred on the
basis of preliminary data available on board. The post-cruise calibration
might result in minor changes.

The temperature and salinity sections across Fram Strait are shown in Fig.
3.3. The main core of northward flowing warm and saline Atlantic Water (AW)
is found at the eastern side of the transect in the shallow to intermediate
layers. The West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) is visible at the eastern slope by
downward sloping isolines. The AW layer in the West Spitsbergen Current was
much shallower compared to the previous year, over the upper shelf slope the
isotherm 0C was shifted up to approx. 600 m (observed at ~1,000 m in 2011).
AW temperature in the WSC was much lower in summer 2012 than in 2011 with no
water warmer than 5C observed (except a small surface patch around 7E). In
contrast to summer 2011 when very warm water was found in the WSC but AW
directly recirculating westward was much colder than average, in 2012
temperature of recirculating AW in the central Fram Strait was similar to the
temperature of AW in the WSC. The AW mean temperature in the WSC (defined
after Rudels et al., 2005 with T>2C and 
27.7<Q<27.97) was 3.41C in 2012 as
compared to 3.85C in 2011 and maximum of 4.88C observed in 2006. In the
western deep part of the strait, in vicinity of the Polar Front, patches of
recirculating AW were found with maximum temperature about 3-3.5C as
opposite to the previous three years were much warmer water (with temperature
above 5C and in 2009 even above 6C) was carried by the Atlantic Return
Current to the west and ultimately south. The position of the Polar Front
between the Arctic-derived Polar Water and Atlantic Water at the surface was
shifted eastward and located about the Greenwich meridian (as compared to 3W
in 2010 and around 2W in 2011). The Polar water surface layer observed in
2011 was thicker in 2011 than in the year before. The Polar water spread
further eastward in the East Greenland Current but on the upper continental
slope east of Greenland higher temperatures were observed in 2012 (maximum
~2C) than in 2011 (maximum ~1C).

Salinity of the AW water in 2012 was similar as in 2011, but its vertical
distribution confirms that the AW layer in 2012 was much shallower as the
year before. In 2011 water more saline than 35 was observed in the entire
upper 800 m layer in the WSC while in 2012 it occupied only the 400 m thick
upper layer (on average). Opposite to the dipole structure found in 2011 with
very saline water in the WSC and low salinity in the central part of the
strait, in 2012 the AW layer with salinity higher then 35 had similar
thickness in the entire eastern Fram Strait between the upper slope west of
Svalbard and the Polar Front. The thickness of low salinity (fresh) water in
the western Fram Strait, above the continental slope east of Greenland, was
similar in 2012 and 2011.

The anomalies of temperature and salinity from their long-term means (1997-
2012) are shown on Fig. 3.4. In summer 2012 temperature in the entire WSC (in
its core and off-shore branch) was lower than its long term mean with
strongest negative anomalies up to 2-2.5C found in the upper 700 m layer.
Salinity values were close to the long-term average except the near-surface
layer of ~50 m and the western Fram Strait where the strongest (both positive
and negative) anomalies were observed. Above the lower continental slope east
of Greenland, the Arctic Atlantic Water subducting below the Polar Water was
also slightly warmer and more saline than the long-term average, while over
the upper continental slope weakly negative temperature and strongly negative
salinity anomalies were found in the whole water column. Temperature in the
deep layer below 1,000 m was close to average at the entire section.

To identify the longer-term variability, time series of spatially averaged
mean temperatures and salinities for typical water masses were derived for
the depth interval from 50 to 500 m (Fig. 3.5). Three characteristic areas
were distinguished in relation to the main flows: the West Spitsbergen
Current (WSC) between the shelf edge and 5E, the Return Atlantic Current
(RAC) between 3W and 5E, and Polar Water in the East Greenland Current
(EGC) between 3W and the Greenland Shelf. The spatially averaged mean
temperature of the upper 500 m layer in the WSC was the second lowest in 2012
and very close to the mean temperature in the RAC area. Mean temperature in
the EGC domain increased slightly as compared to 2011. Salinity in the upper
500 m in the WSC was slightly lower than in 2011 and in the RAC it remained
similar as the year before. A slight increase in salinity of the upper 500 m
was also observed in the EGC domain.

The preliminary results obtained from the moored array confirm findings from
the hydrographic snapshot. The long-term time series of deseasoned
temperature of the Atlantic Water (at the nominal depth of 250 m) at three
selected moorings in the core of the WSC (F2), at the western WSC edge (F6)
and in the AW recirculation area (F7) are presented on Fig. 3.6. The
continuous measurements at moorings show that the temperature in the WSC core
and in the offshore was extremely high in winter 2011/2012, reaching the
values of the 2006 maximum. However in the following summer AW temperature
decreased significantly, being in the very core only slightly higher and in
the off-shore branch much lower than in summer 2011. This warm winter peak
was not observed in the recirculating water where temperatures in 2011-2012
were similar to the previous deployment period (2010-2011). More detailed
analysis including estimation of oceanic fluxes will follow when the
processing of the data from the full two-year period 2010-2012 is completed.

The new data sets were delivered by six upward-looking ADCP5 (Acoustic
Current Doppler Profilers), covering the upper 250m layer with the 8m cells.
Example of variability of currents at all measured levels at the mooring F3
is shown on Fig. 3.7. Currents sticks represent hourly data low-pass filtered
with a cut-off period of 40h. This vertically high resolution data (27
measured depths measured with ADCP versus 2 depths measured before with RCM5)
confirm barotropic character of the flow but also reveal evolution of the
vertical shear in time which will allow to better resolve the vertical
structure of the current and in particular the structure of eddies passing
through the array.

The hydrographic properties of water on the Greenland shelf are shown on Fig.
3.8 with temperature and salinity distributions at the meridional section
along the fast ice edge (approx. between 1030' and 12W). The warm water
with higher salinity is visible in the near-bottom layer of ~80-l00m
thickness (below the depth of 280m). This warmer layer is covered by the cold
and fresher Polar Water in the upper 150m.

A trajectory of the summer mission of the glider SG127 in 2012 is shown on
Fig. 3.9 together with vertically averaged current vectors for the upper 1000
m, which are calculated from the glider hydrodynamic model and displacement
during a single dive. Five long zonal sections between 2W and 9E (one of
them between 00 and 6E) were accomplished in this period together with
several shorter sections in the eastern Fram Strait. Averaged current vectors
reveal a coherent, strong northward flow in the West Spitsbergen Current and
strong variability in the central part of Fram Strait. During the summer 2011
mission the glider covered a distance of 1060 km and completed 303 dives
(mostly deep dives down to 1000 m), measuring pressure, temperature,
salinity, dissolved oxygen and light transmission. The temperature and
salinity distributions measured in the upper 1000 m during the whole length
of the glider mission are shown on Fig. 3.10.

During the whole mission SG127 collected RAFOS receptions from RAFOS sources
located in the central and western Fram Strait (Fig. 3.1) which where
deployed during the ARK-XXVII/1 cruise. The glider calculated navigational
solutions based on RAFOS signal using the built-in RAFOS hardware and the
dedicated firmware from APL-UW. Altogether the glider collected 483 RAFOS
receptions with correlation over the threshold (> 60) shown on Fig. 3.11. The
highest number of valid receptions were for the RAFOS sources FSQ7-1
(develogic source), FSQ4-2 (Rossby source), FSQ1-4 (develogic source) and
from the tomographic source A during the first half of the mission (until the
source was recovered in September). There were no valid receptions from the
RAFOS sources FSQ3-3 (develogic source), and tomographic sources B and C
during the summer mission.


Data management

CTD data collected during ARK-XXVII/1 will be delivered after the post-cruise
calibration to the PANGAEA data base and to the appropriate national data
banks. The data recorded by the moored instrumentation will be post processed
after the cruise at AWI and submitted to the PANGAEA data base within one
year. The glider data collected during the summer mission are recorded at AWI
in near-real time. The preliminary processing is done during the mission
while the final post processing of the glider data takes place within one
year after the completion of the mission. The processed glider data will be
delivered to the PANGAEA data base within one year after the mission,
provided that the necessary data formats and upload procedures will be worked
out in the data base. The processed glider data will be also delivered to DAC
(Data Assembly Center), which for AWI glider data is represented by the
CORIOLIS Data Center.



References

Rudels, B., Bjrk, G., Nilsson, J., Winsor, P., Lake, I., Nohr, C. 2005. The
     interactions between waters from the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas
     north of Fram Strait and along the East Greenland Current: results from
     the Arctic Ocean-O2 Oden expedition. Journal of Marine Systems 55, 1-30.
     doi:1O.1016/j.jmarsys.2004.06.00.


Tab 3.1a: Moorings deployed in 2010 and recovered during ARK-XXVII/1

Mooring   Latitude   Water        Date and    Instrument    Serial  Instr.
           Longitude  depth        time of     type          number  depth
                       (m)         first use-                         (m)
                                   ful record
-------  ----------  -----------  ----------  ------------  ------  -------
F15-8    78049.96'N  2502          18.07.10   RCM8 VT       6854    65
          01035.90'E  (HSW)         08:00      SBE 37P       7727    80
          78.8327     2507          UTC        RCM8 VTP      11890   245
          1.5983      (corr. CTD)              RCM11 VT      135     750
                                               RCM11 VT      25      1497
                                               RCM11 VT      26      2463

F16-8    78049.99'N  2533          17.07.10   RCM11 VTP     469     68
          00024.05'E  (HSW)         14:00      SBE 37P       7729    81
          78.8332     2544          UTC        RCM7VTP       10929   246
          0.4008      (corr. CTD)              RCM11 VT      100     752
                                               RCM11 VT      214     1498
                                               RCM11 VT      215     2515

F9-10    78050.00'N  2617          19.07.10   Aural M2      MML13   57
          00049.00'W  (HSW)         16:00      RCM11 VTP     512     58
          78.8333     2620          UTC        SBE 37P       7731    70
          -0.8167     (corr. CTD)              RCM8 VT       9763    247
                                               RCM8 VT       9187    753
                                               RCM8 VT       9391    1499
                                               RCM8 VT       9767    2586

F10-11   78050.01'N  2663          20.07.10   RCM11 VTP     474     79
          01059.97'W  (HSW)         11:00      SBE 37P       7726    80
          78.8335     2655          UTC        RCM8 VTP      11889   256
          -1.9995     (corr. CTD)              RCM8 VT       10496   753
                                               RCM7 VTP      8395    1499
                                               RCM11 VT      20      2636

FSQ3-1   78030.00'N  2780          21.07.10   RAFOS source  22      ca. 700
          01059.91'W  (HSW)         12:00      (Webb sound source)
          78.5000     2817          UTC
          -1.9985     (DWS)



Tab 3.lb: Moorings deployed in 2011 and recovered during ARK-XXVII/1

Mooring     Latitude   Water        Date and    Instrument     Serial  Instr.
             Longitude  depth        time of     type           number  depth
                         (m)         first use-                          (m)
                                     ful record
---------  ----------  -----------  ----------  -------------  ------  ------
F2-15      7850.07'N  779          10.07.11    SBE 16         1973    76
(top@58m)  0820.21'E  (DWS)        07:00 UTC   ADCP           14951   528
            78.8345     780                      RCM            11887   529
            8.3368      (corr. CTD)              SBE 16         2420    230
                                                 SBE 37         3813    771
                                                 RCM8           10532   772

F3-14      7849.99'N  1029         10.07.11    SBE 16         1975    93
(top@60m)  0800.00'E  (DWS)        09:00 UTC   ADCP QM        14968   264
            78.8332                              RCM                    265
            8.0000                               SBE 16         1977    266
                                                 Holgiphone     H41     517
                                                 RCM8 VTP       9194    774
                                                 RCM8 VT        10531   1020
                                                 SBE 37         246     1021

F4-14      7850.01'N  1460         08.07.11    SBE 16         2413    113
(top@74m)  0659.93'E  (DWS)        14:00 UTC   ADCP QM        14969   274
            78.8335                              RCM11          452     275
            6.9988                   redeployed  RCM11 VTP      472     732
                                     12.07.11    Develogic
                                     14:00 UTC     Modem        516     733
                                                 RCM8 VTP       9783    1451


F5-14      7850.01'N  2482         08.07.11    SBE 16         2419    77
(top@65m)  0559.98'E  (HSW)        08:00 UTC   ADCP QM        14970   248
            78.8335     2414                     RCM 11 VTP     461     249
            5.9997      (corr. CTD)              SBE 37         7728    250
                                                 RCM11 VTP      458     696
                                                 Develogic
                                                   Modem        515     697
                                                 RCM8 VTP       9995    1499
                                                 RCM8 VT        9770    2406

F6-15      7849.96'N  2707         07.07.11    SBE16          1976    65
(top@60m)  0500.09'E  (DWS)        08:00 UTC   ADCP QM        14971   226
            78.8327     2644                     RCM11 VTP      491     227
            5.0015      (corr. CTD)              SBE 37         7733    228
                                                 Holgiphone     H38     478
                                                 RCM 11 VTP     127     686
                                                 Develogic
                                                   Modem        514     687
                                                 RCM 8 VT       9768    1489
                                                 RCM 11 VT      315     2636

F7-11      7849.98'N  2335         06.07.11    SBE 16         319     92
(top@70m)  0400.08'E  (DWS)        12:00 UTC   ADCP QM        15081   253
            78.8330     2292                     RCM 8VTP       11613   254
            4.0876      (corr. CTD)              SBE 37 P       7730    255
                                                 RCM 8 VTP      9204    761
                                                 RCM 8 VTP      9997    1508
                                                 RCM 8 VT       9785    2284

F8-12      7850.04'N  2495         06.07.11    SBE 16         1167    83
(top@65m)  0246.63'E  (HSW)        06:00 UTC   ADCP QM        15082   255
                        2446                     RCM 8          9213    256
                        (corr. CTD)              SBE SM 37 P    7732    256
                                                 RCM 8          11892   763
                                                 RCM 8          10004   1510
                                                 RCM 11 VT      475     2438

F22-2      7850.00'N  2619         07.07.11    Develogic
(top@93m)  0530.09'E  (DWS)        13:00 UTC     Modem        517     702

F23-1      7849.00'N  2698         07.07.11    Develogic
(top@89m)  0459.98'E  (DWS)        11:00 UTC     Modem        3915    701

FSQ1-3     7859.09'N  2486         02.07.11    RAFOS source   16      722
(top@713m) 0256.02'W  (DWS)        11:00 UTC   (Rossby SQ     0008    722
                                                   Develogic
                                                   Electronic)

FSQ2-3     7859.65'N  2590         30.06.11    RAFOS source   36      782
(top@722m) 0001.01'E  (DWS)        08:00 UTC   (Rossby SQ     19
                                                   Develogic
                                                   Electronic)

FSQ3-2     7829.98'N  2819         01.07.11    RAFOS source
(top@705m) 0205.02'W  (DWS)        08:00 UTC   (Develogic SQ  Not recovered
                                                   Develogic
                                                   Electronic)

FSQ4-1     7910.00'N  2644         30.06.11    RAFOS source   17      830
(top@694m) 0130.08'W  (DWS)        12:00 UTC   (Rossby SQ     004     830
                                                   Develogic
                                                   Electronic)



Abbreviations:

ADCP WH | RDI Inc. Self-Contained Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Work
         | Horse 300 Hz
ADCP QM | RDI Inc. Self-Contained Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Quarter
         | Master 150 Hz
VTP     | Aanderaa current meter with temperature and pressure sensor
VT      | Aanderaa current meter with temperature sensor
RCM7    | Aanderaa current meter type RCM7
RCM8    | Aanderaa current meter type RCM8
RCM 11  | Aanderaa Doppler current meter with temperature sensor
SBE 16  | Seabird Electronics SBE16 recording temperature, conductivity,
         | and pressure
SBE 37  | Seabird Electronics SBE37 recording temperature and
         | conductivity (optionally pressure 37P)
RAFOS   | RAFOS (Sound Fixing and Ranging) sound source



Tab. 3.2: Moorings deployed during ARK-XXVII/1

Mooring     Latitude       Water     Date and    Instrument     Serial  Instr.
             Longitude      depth     time of        type        number  depth
                             (m)      first use-                          (m)
                                      ful record
---------  ------------  ----------  ----------  -------------  ------  ----
F1-14       78 50.01'N  240 (CTD)   21.06.2012  ADCP QM        14090   240
(top@238m)  08 39.99'E  246 (DWS)   05:00 UTC   SBE 37         2384    240
             78.8335
             8.6665

F2-16      78 50.05'N   787 (CTD)   22.06.2012  RCM8 VT        10531   86
(top@55m)  08 20.17'E   809 (DWS)   07:00       SBE 37         1229    87
            78.83416                              ADCP QM        14016   262
            8.33617                               RCM8 VT        10532   263
                                                  SBE 37         250     264
                                                  SBE 37         220     774
                                                  RCM11VT        101     779

F3-15      78 49.91'N   1005 (CTD)  22.06.2012  RCM11 VTP      461     59
(top@45m)  08 00.29'E   1028 (DWS)  10:00 UTC   SBE 37         1237    60
            78.83183                              ADCP QM        14086   240
            8.00483                               RCM8 VT        9770    241
                                                  SBE 37         9487    242
                                                  Holgiphone     H33     493
                                                  RCM11 VTP      506     750
                                                  SBE 37         230     991
                                                  RMC11 VT       504     997

F4-15      78 50.01'N   1420 (CTD)  22.06.2012  RCM8 VTP       11887   74
(top@60m)  06 59.99'E   1465 (DWS)  13:00 UTC   SBE 37         2392    75
            78.83350                              ADCP QM        14087   235
            6.99983                               RCM8 VTP       9183    236
                                                  SBE 37         2393    237
                                                  RCM7 VTP       8048    692
                                                  SonoVault      1026    743
                                                  SonoVault      1024    1410
                                                  RCM8 VT        10497   1412

F5-15      78 50.01'N   2418 (CTD)  23.06.2012  RCM8 VTP       9194    74
(top@55m)  06 00.04'E   2474 (DWS)  07:00 UTC   SBE 37         2396    75
            78.83350                              ADCP QM        14088   225
            6.00067                               RCM8 VTP       10002   226
                                                  SBE 37         2610    227
                                                  RCM11 VTP      462     673
                                                  RCM11 VTP      486     1424
                                                  RCM8 VT        9390    2410

F6-16      78 49.99'N   2712(DWS)   24.06.2012  RCM11 VT       315     61
(top@40m)  05 00.00'E               12:00 UTC   SBE 37         2237    62
            78.83316                              ADCP QM        14089   252
            5.00000                               RCM11 VTP      491     253
                                                  SBE 37         244     254
                                                  Holgiphone     H34     504
                                                  RCM11 VTP      455     751
                                                  RCM8 VT        9186    1553
                                                  RCM8 VT        9188    2636

F7-12      78 49.72'N   2292 (CTD)  25.06.2012  SBE 37         8130    79
(top@55m)  04 00.51'E   2345 (DWS)  13:00 UTC   ADCP QM        14951   239
            78.82867                              RCM8 VTP       9997    240
            4.00850                               SBE 37         8131    241
                                                  RCM7 VT        8402    742
                                                  RCM8 VT        3517    1498
                                                  RCM8 VT        9782    2284

F8-13      78 49.37'N   2466 (CTD)  27.06.2012  SBE 16         2415    71
(top@55m)  02 45.33'E   2457 (DWS)  09:00 UTC   ADCP QM        14950   272
            78.82283                              RCM8 VTP       9785    273
            2.75550                               SBE 16         1979    274
                                                  RCM8 VT        10872   781
                                                  RCM8 VT        9182    1522
                                                  RCM8 VT        9185    2458

F15-9      78 50.12'N   2495 (CTD)  27.06.2012  SBE 16         2416    64
(top@50m)  01 35.08'E   2499 (DWS)  13:00 UTC   ADCP QM        14971   246
            78.83533                              RCM8 VTP       11613   247
            1.58467                               SBE 16         2421    248
                                                  RCM7 VTP       8403    755
                                                  RCM11 VTP      619     1531
                                                  RCM8 VT        10503   2487

F16-9      78 49.76'N   2525 (CTD)  28.06.2012  SBE 16         2414    59
(top@50m)  00 25.77'E   2579 (DWS)  06:00 UTC   SonoVault      C1023   60
            78.82933                              ADCPQM         14968   243
            0.42950                               RCM8 VT        9768    244
                                                  SBE 37         9488    245
                                                  RCM8 VTP       9206    751
                                                  SonoVault      C21     802
                                                  RCM8 VTP       9998    1499
                                                  SonoVault      C22     2515
                                                  RCM11 VT       314     2517

F9-11      78 49.90'N   2593 (CTD)  29.06.2012  SBE 37         9486    55
(top@50m)  00 48.80'W   2603 (HS)   08:00 UTC   ADCP QM        14969   225
            78.83167                              RCM8 VTP       9995    226
            -0.81333                              SBE 37         9489    227
                                                  RCM8 VTP       9207    733
                                                  RCM7 VTP       10928   1479
                                                  RCM11 VT       298     2585

F10-12     78 49.87'N   2666 (HS)   30.06.2012  SBE 37         9490    57
(top@50m)  02 03.46'W               19:00 UTC   ADCP QM        14970   248
            78.83117                              RCM8 VTP       10004   249
            -2.05767                              SBE 37         9491    250
                                                  Holgiphone     H21     550
                                                  RCM8 VTP       9201    755
                                                  RCM8 VT        9786    1512
                                                  RCM11 VT       296     2708

F20-4a     78 45.00'N   2410 (CTD)  24.06.2012  CTD Profiler   03      0-83
(top@75m)  05 29.96'E   2469 (DWS)  07:00 UTC   Profiling winch
            78.75000
            5.49933

F20-4b     78 45.00'N   2375 (DWS)  24.06.2012  CTD Profiler   11      0-115
(top@115m) 0515.03'E    14:00 UTC               Profiling winch
            78.75000
            5.25050

FSQ1-4     78 57.12'N   2500 (DWS)  02.07.2012  RAFOS source   0019    741
(top@90m)  0257.53'W    2455 (HS)   13:00 UTC   (Develogic SQ
            78.95200                               Develogic
            -2.95883                               Electronic)

FSQ2-4     79 00.20'N   2556 (HS)   10.07.2012  RAFOS source   0020    795
(top@143m) 00 00.63'E               08:00 UTC   (Develogic SQ
            79.00333                               Develogic
            0.01050                                Electronic)

FSQ3-3     78 29.16'N   2711 (HS)   01.07.2012  RAFOS source   0016    799
(top@149m) 02 28.52'W               11:00 UTC   (Develogic SQ
            78.48600                               Develogic
            -2.47533                               Electronic)

FSQ4-2     79 09.12'N   2595 (HS)   10.07.2012  RAFOS source           734
(top@82m)  01 28.77'W               12:00 UTC   (Rossby SQ     17
            79.15200                               Develogic     0005
            -1.47950                               Electronic)

FSQ5-1     78 34.97'N   2801 (HS)   11.07.2012  RAFOS source   22      789
(top@87m)  01 00.00W                08:00 UTC   (Webb SQ
            78.58283                               Webb Electronics)
            -1.00000

FSQ6-1     78 49.51'N   2645 (HS)   09.07.2012  RAFOS source   0015    734
(top@92m)  01 29.05'W               22:00 UTC   (Develogic SQ
            78.825167                              Develogic
            -1.484166                              Electronic)

FSQ7-1     78 44.23'N   1758 (HS)   08.07.2012  RAFOS source   0014    747
(top@90m)  04 02.79'W               17:00 UTC   (Develogic SQ
            78.737167                              Develogic
            -4.04650                               Electronic)


Abbreviations:

ADCP WH | RDI Inc. Self-Contained Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Work
         | Horse 300 Hz
ADCP QM | RDI Inc. Self-Contained Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Quarter
         | Master 150 Hz
VTP     | Aanderaa current meter with temperature and pressure sensor
VT      | Aanderaa current meter with temperature sensor
RCM7    | Aanderaa current meter type RCM7
RCM8    | Aanderaa current meter type RCM8
RCM 11  | Aanderaa Doppler current meter with temperature sensor
SBE 16  | Seabird Electronics SBE16 recording temperature, conductivity,
         | and pressure
SBE 37  | Seabird Electronics SBE37 recording temperature and
         | conductivity
         | (optionally with pressure sensor 37P)
RAFOS   | RAFOS (Sound Fixing and Ranging) sound source



Fig. 3.1: Map with the position of CTD stations and moorings during
           ARK-XXVII/1

Fig. 3.2: The moored array in Fram Strait redeployed in 2012 during
           ARK-XXVII/1 for the deployment period 2012-2014 (dashed box
           indicated moorings operated by AWI)

Fig. 3.3: Vertical distribution of potential temperature (a) and salinity (b)
           at the standard section across Fram Strait at 7850'N measured
           during ARK-XXVII/1

Fig. 3.4: (a) Temperature and (b) salinity anomalies measured in 2012 during
           ARK- XXVII/l relative to their long-term means (1997-2012)

Fig. 3.5: Interannual variations of the mean temperatures and salinities in
           the Fram Strait in the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC), Return
           Atlantic Current (RAW) and East Greenland Current (EGC)

Fig. 3.6: Time series of the Atlantic Water temperature (a) in the West
           Spitsbergen Current core, (b) at the West Spitsbergen Current
           western edge and (c) in the AW recirculation branch in 1997-2012,
           measured by CTD sensors or temperature sensors of current meters at
           the nominal depth 250 m

Fig. 3.7: Example of time series of current vectors in the upper layer of
           230m depth measured in the WSC core by the upward looking ADCP at
           mooring F3 in 2011-2012

Fig. 3.8: Vertical distribution of (a) potential temperature and (b) salinity
           at the section along the fast ice edge in the western Fram Strait
           measured during ARK-XXVII/1

Fig. 3.9: The track of Seaglider SG127 during the summer mission in 2012.
           Red arrows represent the depth-averaged currents for each single
           dive.

Fig. 3.10: (a) Temperature and (b) salinity measured by Seaglider SG127
            along the entire track during its mission in Fram Strait in summer
            2012

Fig. 3.11: The quality of RAFOS receptions collected during the summer
            mission by the glider SG127. Correlation values above 60 are used
            to obtain the navigation solution.





4.  PLANKTON ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOCHEMISTRY IN A CHANGING ARCTIC OCEAN (PEBCAO)

     Barbara Niehoff, SteffiGbler-Schwarz, Katharina       AWI
     Kohls, Nicole Hildebrandt, Nadine Knppel, Imke
     Petersen, Aleksandra Wolanin, Maria Winkler
     not on board: Eva-Maria Nthig, Ilka Peeken,
     Katja Metfies


Objectives

The project PEBCAO (Plankton Ecology and Biogeochemistry in a Changing Arctic
Ocean) focuses on the plankton community of the Arctic Ocean, an area which
is highly sensitive to climate change. Here, the temperature increases about
twice as fast as the global mean. In addition, large pH changes are predicted
for the 2lth century as the general decline in seawater pH is amplified by an
increasing freshwater input from melting sea ice and river discharge that
reduces alkalinity and hence the buffering capacity of the sea. Such physical
and chemical changes may have enormous consequences for the pelagic system
and for the net carbon balance of the ecosystem.

Recent investigations suggest that increasing pH, rising temperatures and
freshening of surface waters promote a shift in phytoplankton community
towards a dominance of smaller cells. Such shift will have significant
consequences for the entire food web as well as for the cycling and
sequestering of organic matter in polar waters. Therefore, the phyto- and
zooplankton abundance and taxonomic composition need to be studied intensely
to improve our understanding of biological processes mechanisms and feedback
processes in the Fram Strait. Contributing to a long-term sampling program,
one objective during this cruise was to collect samples along a west-east
transect across the Fram Strait where cold water masses originating from the
southward flowing East Greenland Current meet warm water masses of the West
Spitsbergen Current flowing northward.

Changing environmental conditions may also have direct effects on
distribution and performance of key plankton species. The prymnesiophyte
Phaeocystis is a cosmopolitan algal species, which forms large blooms and is,
thus, ecologically important in many ecosystems. In the Arctic, the
colony-forming cold-water species P. pouchetii dominates. The genetic
diversity within this species is largely unknown but may determine the
flexibility of the species to respond to environmental changes. The present
study aimed at isolating P. pouchetii cells from different regions in the
Fram Strait and establishing new cultures, which will later be used for
genetic comparisons with the sibling Antarctic species P. antartica. In
addition, experiments will be conducted with these cultures to elucidate
whether genetic differences are reflected in different ecophysiological
responses, which in turn could explain specific biogeographic distribution
patterns of this micro-alga.

In Arctic waters, three large Calanus species (Copepoda, Crustacea) dominate
the mesozooplankton (i.e. passively drifting organisms that range between 0.2
& 20 mm in size). These mostly herbivorous copepods are key components of the
Arctic food web as they account for up to 80% of the zooplankton biomass and
link primary production to higher trophic levels. Furthermore, they play an
important role in transporting carbon from the surface to the deep sea. To
date, only few studies investigated the ecological effects of ocean
acidification on copepods, indicating that egg production, hatching success
and/or mortality rates of nauplii and adults are negatively influenced by
lowered pH values due to increased pCO2 (Acartia steueri and A. erythraea,
Calanus finmarchicus, several epi- and meso/bathypelagic species). No
information is yet available on the influence of increasing CO2
concentrations on feeding activities. To fill this gap, one objective during
ARK 27/1 was to determine grazing rates of C. finmarchicus, which inhabits
Atlantic waters and C. glacialis, which is typically found in Arctic waters,
at ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations.


4.1  Phytoplankton abundance and distribution

      Maria Winkler, Aleksandra Wolanin,                    AWI
      Katharina Kohls
      not on board: Eva-Maria Nthig, Ilka
      Peeken, Katja Metfies


Work at sea and preliminary results

During ARK-XXVII/1, we have taken water samples with the CTD rosette from six
different depths down to 100 meters and filtered these through Whatman GF/F
glass fibre and cellulose acetate filters (pore size 0.4 - 0.8 m). In total
180 samples from the entire transect over the Fram Strait will be analyzed
with respect to chlorophyll a and other pigments (HPLC), which serve as
proxies for algal abundance and taxonomic composition. We have also taken 84
samples each for (1) analyzing the particulate organic carbon and nitrogen,
(2) particulate biogenic silica measurement and (3) analyzing nutrients.
Filters are stored deep-frozen at -20C or -80C for later analyses in the
home laboratory.

For determining the phytoplankton species composition, we used three
approaches. For microscopic investigation of mainly microplanktonic protists
with the Utermhl technique, we took 69 water samples, poured them into brown
glass bottles and fixed them with formalin (~1%) buffered with hexamine.
These samples will be processed in the laboratories at the AWL The abundances
of autotrophic pico- and nanoplankton and small microplankton will be
determined with a flow cytometer, also at the AWL Onboard, these samples were
preserved in glutaraldehyde in cryovials and stored cold in the dark. In
addition, molecular methods are well suited to provide detailed information
on the composition and bio-geographical differences of Arctic phytoplankton,
especially on the smallest fraction e.g. picoplankton and cyanobacteria. The
assessment of the biodiversity and biogeography of Arctic phytoplankton will
thus also be based on the analysis of ribosomal genes, using 454-sequencing,
Automated Ribosmal Intragenic Sequence Analysis (ARISA), or ribosomal
probe-based hybridization methods. For such analyses, water samples from 35
CTD-stations (three depths) were filtrated. In order to separate communities
with different cell sizes, three size fractions were separated by using
different filter pore sizes (10, 3, and 0.4m). In total, 482 filters were
deep frozen for genetic analyses.


4.2  Genetic diversity of Phaeocytis pouchetii in the Fram Strait

      Steffi Gbler-Schwarz, Imke Petersen                  AWI


Work at sea and preliminary results

To isolate Phaeocytis pouchetii from different regions in the Fram Strait, in
total 60 field samples were taken by hand with an Apstein net along the
east-west transect (78.5N) from the surface down to 10 m depth. From these
samples, 492 isolates were achieved to establish new cultures for studying
genetic diversity of P. pouchetii within the Fram Strait. Most of the
successfully isolated cultures were collected in the surface waters from
Spitsbergen towards the middle of the Fram Strait (2W to 10E). These
cultures will be used for population genetic studies and for comparison to
cultures of the sister species P. antarctica obtained in the Southern Ocean.


4.3  Zooplankton abundance, distribution and feeding activities

      Barbara Niehoff, Nicole Hildebrandt                   AWI


Work at sea and preliminary results

To study abundance and distribution of the mesozooplankton vertical hauls
were taken from 5 different depth strata from the surface down to 1500 m
depth with the medium sized multi-net (Hydrobios, mesh size 150 m) at 11
stations on the transect. These net samples were dominated by the copepod
genus Calanus spp. with the species C. finmarchicus, C. hyperboreus and C.
glacialis. Preliminary results indicate that the different Calanus species
are associated with different water masses in the Fram Strait. C.
finmarchicus dominated in the samples from the eastern stations of the
transect, whereas C. glacialis is associated with the polar water on the
shelf. C. hyperboreus, the largest Calanus species, was found at every
station but was especially abundant in the central Fram Strait.

To investigate potential effects of changes in pCO2 on feeding activity and
survival of dominating copepod species, two experiments were conducted
onboard. Almost 2,000 individuals of C. finmarchicus (copepodite stage V =
CV) were sampled close to Svalbard in the North Atlantic current. On the
Greenland shelf in Polar water, 1,350 CV of C. glacialis were sorted. Both
species were incubated in gas tight glass bottles for about two weeks at
three different CO2 concentrations, including ambient ppm, 1,120 ppm and
3,000 ppm. From the incubation, animals were sorted every three days for
measuring grazing rates and body weights. These samples will be analysed in
the laboratories at the AWL


Data management

Almost all sample processing will be carried out in the home laboratory at
AWL It usually takes one to three years depending on the parameter as well as
analyzing methods such as chemical measurements or tedious swimmer picking in
trap material and species enumerations and identifications, respectively. As
soon as the data sets are available they can be used by other cruise
participants after request. When the data will be published, they will be
submitted to PANGAEA and are open for external use.





5.  ARCTIC PELAGIC AMPHIPODA (APA)

     Angelina Kraft, Nadine Knppel,                        AWI
     not on board: Ulrich Bathmann


Objectives

Pelagic Amphipoda are key components in marine ecosystems. They are the link
between herbivores and higher trophic levels. However, their role in the
polar ecosystems, especially in ice-covered Arctic seas, is still poorly
understood. Data, especially on their year round distribution in Arctic
waters and nutritional value for marine sea-birds and mammals are scarce.
Nowadays, the amphipods in the Arctic are faced with a drastically changing
environment including increasing ocean temperatures and acidification as well
as a rapidly declining sea ice cover. As the sea ice disappears, we expect
that typical large cold water amphipods, such as the Arctic specialist
Themisto libellula, will be replaced by smaller and more temperature tolerant
Atlantic generalists. Therefore, the BMBF-funded 'Arctic pelagic Amphipoda'
project will investigate the following aspects: 1) The biological performance
of the true pelagic amphipods Themisto and Cyclocaris in the context their
geographical migration and association to respective water masses. 2) The
ecological impact of pelagic amphipods on polar food webs under the aspect of
changing temperature and sea ice properties.


Work at sea

During ARK-XXVII/1, we investigated the amphipod composition with the use of
a large multinet (HYDRO-BIOS type Maxi with an aperture of 0.5m2 and nine
1,000 mircon net bags). The net sampling included vertical hauls from 2,000 m
to the surface. The net was hoisted at 0.8-1 m/s with stops at 1,500 m, 1,000
m, 800 m, 600 m, 400 m, 200 m, 100 m and 50 m in order to analyze the
occurrence of pelagic amphipods at the different depth horizons. In total,
amphipod were sampled with 10 vertical hauls along the 78'50N transect
(Ti-Tb, Fig. 5.1). The samples were transported to the cooling container,
sorted, identified to species level and measured. Afterwards, the collected
amphipods were preserved or frozen at -80 C for further analyses in the home
laboratory at the AWL


Preliminary results

With the mulitnet hauls, eight different epi-, meso- and bathypelagic
amphipod species from six families (Table 5.1) were collected along the
transect. The sampled amphipods included the epipelagic target species
Themisto abyssorum, T. libellula and T. compressa, typical deep-water species
(e.g. Cyclocaris guilelmi) and iceassociated amphipods.


Tab. 5.1: Sampled amphipod species at ten multinet stations along the 7850'N
           transect in the northern Fram Strait during ARK-XXVII/1.

                              Family Calliopiidae
                                Apherusa glacialls

                              Family Cyclocaridae
                                Cyclocaris guilelmi

                              Family Eusiridae
                                Eusirus holmii

                              Family Hyperiidae
                                Themisto abyssorum
                                Themisto compressa
                                Themisto libellula

                              Family Lanceolidae
                                Lanceola clausi

                              Family Uristidae
                                Onisimus glacialls


At all stations, the amphipod community consisted of typical Arctic and
sub-arctic species, including the most prominent Arctic pelagic amphipod T.
libellula and its sub-arctic congener Themisto abyssorum (Fig. 5.1 a-b). The
highest density of T. abyssorum was recorded within the upper 50 m of the
water column at the sampling station at 0552' E (T4; Fig. 5.la), with 3,893
md. 1,000 m-3. Another frequently observed amphipod at the same water depth
(0-50 m) was Themisto libellula, with peak appearances up to 8,097 md. 1,000
m-3 at 0155' E (T5; Fig. 5.lb). The vertical amphipod distribution varied
among the stations, with the presence of mostly juvenile individuals of T.
abyssorum and T. libellula in the upper 50-100 m and 0-50 m of the water
column, respectively. Most adult individuals of both species could be found
at a water depth of 100-600 m (Fig. 5.1a-b). Below 600 m, the amphipod
density decreased rapidly and pelagic deep-water species such as Cyclocaris
guilelmi and Lanceola clausi became more prominent in the species
composition. A detailed analysis of abundances with the relation to
temperature and salinity data and a comparison to the results from last
year's expedition, where the same stations were sampled (ARK-XXVI/1), are
expected to provide new insights regarding the variances in summer
distributions and vertical migration capacities of pelagic amphipods in the
northern Fram Strait.


Fig. 5.1: Abundance and vertical distribution (id. 1000 rn-3) of the pelagic
           arnphipods Thernisto abyssorurn (a) and T. libellula (b) recorded
           at 10 sampling stations along the 7850'N transect in the northern
           Frarn Strait


Data management

During ARK-XXVII/1 the obtained amphipod counts and length-measurements were
pre-processed in EXCEL software, showing depth distribution, abundances and
length-frequncy distributions for each species at the respective water column
sampled. This preliminary dataset will be further refined and diagrams will
be produced to be included in manuscripts as part of a PhD thesis on Arctic
pelagic amphipods at the end of the project. At the end of the PhD project,
the datasets will be included within the PANGAEA database.





6.  SEA OF CHANGE

     Katrin Schmidt, Mariam Rizkallah,                      AWI
     not on board: Klaus Valentin, Thomas
     Mock, Gerhard Dieckmann


Objectives

Global warming has led to a significant reduction of sea-ice coverage in the
Arctic Ocean over the last 50 years with consequences for the earth system as
a whole. Of special interest are marine eukaryotic phytoplankton communities,
which are the basis of the entire Arctic food web supporting large stocks of
fish, contributing significantly to carbon cycling and emission of climate
active trace gases (e.g. Dimethylsulfide, DMS). Ice extent and its
interannual variability in the marginal ice zone have a strong influence on
Arctic phytoplankton productivity. It is expected that many sea-ice
phytoplankton species will not be able to adapt because the predicted
environmental changes will occur on a time scale too fast for evolutionary
processes. Thus, it is more likely that species well adapted to the
low-temperature Arctic environment (e.g. psychrophiles) will be replaced by
intruders from lower-latitudes outside the Arctic Circle, a process that may
already be underway. Despite the severity of current climate changes in the
Arctic Ocean caused by global warming, there is a significant lack of
fundamental data about phylogenetic and functional diversity in eukaryotic
phytoplankton communities from Arctic seawater and sea ice. These data are
urgently needed in addition to those from intruder communities to identify
differences in phylogenomic metabolism of both groups, which will help to
make predictions about changes in biogeochemical cycles of elements in a
warmer and ice-free Arctic Ocean. We therefore conduct the first targeted
metagenomic and metatranscriptomic study of eukaryotic phytoplankton
communities from inflowing North Atlantic currents to high Arctic sea ice
covered water masses. A comparison between DNA and mRNA will enable us to
identify whether a change in community composition is reflected in metabolism
underpinning biology driven cycles of CO2 and other trace gases relevant for
climate (e.g. DMS). All sequencing results will be analyzed in the context of
environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, nutrients, CO2, DMS) that have
shaped these communities.


Work at sea

We sampled seawater of the chlorophyll maximum by a CTD/rosette sampler at 22
stations overall, 6 at the transect to Svalbard and 16 across the Fram Strait
focusing on the chlorophyll maximum. The water samples we gained from the
rosette sampler were filtered for DNA, RNA as well as pigments and nutrients.
All samples were preserved or frozen at -20C or -80C.

With this we have about 350 samples that will be analysed at the home
institute. The DNA and RNA will be isolated, sequenced and the data processed
at the JGI. Furthermore we managed to cultivate some microalgae that will be
used for evaluating experiments in the home laboratory. One station in the
Fram Strait highlighted our work as we were able to collect algae that
usually grow underneath the ice. The Polarstern crew did their best to help
us collecting algal filaments out of the water from the mummy chair (Fig.
6.1).


Fig. 6.1: Sampling of under ice algae with the so called mummy chair
           (Photo by K. Castro-Morales, AWI)



Preliminary results

Afirst look atthe cultures revealed a broad range of diatoms (Fig. 6.2),
dinoflagellates (Fig. 6.3) and ciliates. The cultures will be used for
population genetic studies and ecophysiological experiments to evaluate
whether genetic differences are reflected in different ecophysiological
response patterns which could well explain specific biogeographic
distribution patterns of this microalga.

Data management

The data of all measured physical parameters will be deposited in PANGEA with
no limitations for access. All sequence data will submitted to Genbank and
made available for the public after the DFG and JGI projects, respectively,
are terminated, or published in scientific journals.


Fig. 6.2: Microscopic picture of the cultures phytoplankton community
           dominated by diatoms (Photo by K. Schmidt, AWI)

Fig. 6.3: Microscopic picture of a dino flagellate found in the phytoplankton
community (Photo by K. Schmidt, AWI





7.  DISSOLVED BLACK CARBON FLUXES THROUGH FRAM STRAIT

     Aron Stubbins                                          SkIO


Objectives

Dissolved black carbon (DBC) is the most refractory component of the oceanic
dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool identified to date. The quantity of these
molecules in the oceans is such that their conversion to carbon dioxide and
release to the atmosphere would have a significant impact upon global
temperatures. The global DBC cycle is poorly understood. In previous work,
the input of DBC from Arctic Rivers to the Arctic Ocean was quantified.

The aim of the work on Polarstern was to determine how much of the riverine
DBC entering the Arctic Ocean is subsequently exported to the Atlantic Ocean
in order to better constrain the global DBC cycle and to allow a first order
estimate of the degradation of terrestrial DBC that occurs in the Arctic
Ocean.


Work at sea

On the cruise approximately 250 samples for dissolved organic carbon,
coloured dissolved organic matter (40 CTD casts) and 100 for DBC (20 CTD
casts) were collected. All samples were filtered on board. Samples for DBC
quantification were extracted on to PPL material on board. These samples will
be analysed in laboratories at the Skidaway Institute of Oceanography,
Savannah, Georgia, USA and with colleagues at the Max Plank Group for Marine
Geochemistry in Oldenburg, Germany. Table 1 includes a list of all samples
collected.


Preliminary results

Elevated concentrations of DBC are expected in Polar Water within the East
Greenland Current. Other Arctic Ocean water masses with significant
contributions from Arctic river water are also expected to have elevated DBC
concentrations. Lowest concentrations are expected in the Atlantic Water
carried north in the West Spitsbergen Current.

Concentrations of DBC are expected to correlate with coloured dissolved
organic matter (CDOM) absorbance, providing a rapidly measurable proxy for
DBC in these waters. In the current study 100 samples will be analysed for
DBC and CDOM. A further 150 samples were analysed just for CDOM. It is
expected that relationships between CDOM and DBC will enable estimates of DBC
concentrations to be made for these extra 150 samples.


Data management

Responsible data manager and point of contact: Aron Stubbins. aron.stubbins
skio.usg.edu. Tel:+ 1(912)598-2320.


Types of data: Data and metadata for this project will be generated at SkIO
and the Max Planck Institute Marine Geochemistry Group, Oldenburg, Germany.
Data will consist primarily of DBC, CDOM, DOC, and high resolution Fourier
transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry data. These data will be
accompanied by detailed metadata. The total number of data files will be
1000.

Data and metadata formats, standards, and organization

a. Formats. Data and metadata will be delivered to ACADIS in Excel or ASCII 
    format in order to allow ready access to the data by all interested
    parties.

b. Metadata. Metadata will be at the file level, as well as at the collection
    level. The ACADIS metadata authoring tool will aid in developing the
    metadata profile at the collection level. Where appropriate, standard
    vocabularies, keywords, or other conventions will be integrated with the
    help of ACADIS.

c. Organization. Stubbins will plan fieldwork, conduct analyses and curate
    the data.

d. Data quality. Data will be collated by PI Stubbins and organized in
    Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. While the individual labs that generate the
    various data streams will be responsible for maintaining records of data
    quality (standard curves, measures of analytical error, etc.), the
    collated data will also be screened for anomalies. Where possible,
    re-analyses of archived samples will be completed to check anomalous
    values. Possible outliers included in the data will be flagged to alert
    subsequent data users.

Data access and sharing: The data and metadata generated will be made public
and submitted to ACADIS no more than one year after the above quality checks.
There are no exceptional arrangements needed to provide appropriate ethical
restriction to data access and use.

Data Reuse: Data will be described in accordance with ACADIS standards (which
are being developed). The investigators will work closely with ACADIS
curators to ensure accurate and complete documentation in accordance with the
ACADIS designated level of service.

Data Preservation: Upon collection data will be stored on a local hard drive
and the Skidaway Institute of Oceanography's virtual drive which is backed up
daily and at the University System of Georgia's online repository. ACADIS
will endeavour to archive the data according to the ISO-standard Open
Archives Information System Reference Model, and will ensure that the data
end up in a relevant long-term archive. Project investigators will work
closely with ACADIS curators to provide all information necessary for data
preservation in accordance with the ACADIS designated level of service.


Tab. 7.1: Samples collected for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), coloured
           dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and solid phase extracted for
           dissolved black carbon measurements (PPL) during ARK-XXVII/1.

      CTD#  Niskin ID       Depth (m)      DOC & CDOM ID     PPL ID
      ----  ---------  ------------------  -------------  -------------
      001      13               5           CTD#001_01
      001       7              20           CTD#001_02
      001       1              50           CTD#001_03
      002      15               5           CTD#002_01     CTD#002_01A
      002      12              15           CTD#002_02     CTD#002_02A
      002       4              25           CTD#002_03     CTD#002_03A
      002       2              50           CTD#002_04     CTD#002_04A
      002       1             200           CTD#002_05     CTD#002_05A
      003      15               5           CTD#003_01
      003      10              10           CTD#003_02
      003       3              25           CTD#003_03
      003       2              75           CTD#003_04
      003       1             200           CTD#003_05
      004      14               5           CTD#004_01
      004       7              11           CTD#004_02
      004       5              40           CTD#004_03
      004       2             100           CTD#004_04
      004       1             200           CTD#004_05
      007      11               5           CTD#007_01
      007       4              20           CTD#007_02
      007       3              30           CTD#007_03
      007       2              50           CTD#007_04
      007       1              90           CTD#007_05
      012      11              15           CTD#012_01     CTD#012_01A
      012       9              30           CTD#012_02     CTD#012_02A
      012       5              50           CTD#012_03     CTD#012_03A
      012       3              90           CTD#012_04     CTD#012_04A
      012       1             165           CTD#012_05     CTD#012_05A
      014       5               5           CTD#014_01
      014       4              30           CTD#014_02
      014       3             125           CTD#014_03
      014       2             165           CTD#014_04
      014       1             211           CTD#014_05
      016      13              20           CTD#016_01
      016      10              50           CTD#016_02
      016       7             100           CTD#016_03
      016       4             150           CTD#016_04
      016       1             190           CTD#016_05
      019      14              20           CTD#019_01     CTD#019_01B
      019      11             100           CTD#019_02     CTD#019_02B
      019       8             300           CTD#019_03     CTD#019_03B
      019       7             500           CTD#019_04
      019       4             700           CTD#019_05     CTD#019_04B
      019       1      1000 - Bottom + 50   CTD#019_06     CTD#019_05B
      026       1      1300 - Bottom + 50   CTD#026_01     CTD#026_01C
      026      21              18           CTD#026_010    CTD#026_05C
      026       5            1200           CTD#026_02
      026       8             700           CTD#026_03     CTD#026_02C
      026      11             600           CTD#026_04
      026      12             500           CTD#026_05
      026      13             400           CTD#026_06     CTD#026_03C
      026      16             200           CTD#026_07     CTD#026_04C
      026      19              50           CTD#026_08
      026      20              20           CTD#026_09
      028       1          Bottom -50       CTD#028_01
      028       3             800           CTD#028_02
      028       5             400           CTD#028_03
      028       7             100           CTD#028_04
      028       9              18           CTD#028_05
      035       1            1680           CTD#035_01     CTD#035_01A
      035      19              15           CTD#035_010    CTD#035_05A
      035       3            1200           CTD#035_02
      035       5             800           CTD#035_03     CTD#035_02A
      035       7             650           CTD#035_04
      035       9             500           CTD#035_05     CTD#035_03A
      035      11             300           CTD#035_06
      035      13             200           CTD#035_07     CTD#035_04A
      035      15             100           CTD#035_08
      035      17              50           CTD#035_09
      042       1            2327           CTD#042_01
      042       5             800           CTD#042_02
      042       7             300           CTD#042_03
      042       9             100           CTD#042_04
      042      11              20           CTD#042_05
      050       1            2525           CTD#050_01     CTD#050_01B
      050       4            2000           CTD#050_02     CTD#050_02B
      050       7            1200           CTD#050_03
      050       8             800           CTD#050_04     CTD#050_03B
      050      11             400           CTD#050_05
      050      12             200           CTD#050_06
      050      13             100           CTD#050_07     CTD#050_04B
      050      16              20           CTD#050_08     CTD#050_05B
      055       1            2205           CTD#055_01     CTD#055_01C
      055       4            1000           CTD#055_02     CTD#055_02C
      055       7             500           CTD#055_03     CTD#055_03C
      055      10             400           CTD#055_04     CTD#055_04C
      055      13             200           CTD#055_05     CTD#055_05C
      055      22               5           CTD#055_06     CTD#055_01A
      057       8             600           CTD#057_01
      057      11             200           CTD#057_02
      057      12             100           CTD#057_03
      057      15              50           CTD#057_04
      057      19              10           CTD#057_05
      061       1            2480           CTD#061_01
      061      24               5           CTD#061_010    CTD#061_05B
      061       4            1500           CTD#061_02     CTD#061_01B
      061       5            1200           CTD#061_03
      061       6            1000           CTD#061_04     CTD#061_02B
      061       7             700           CTD#061_05
      061       9             400           CTD#061_06
      061      13             200           CTD#061_07
      061      15             100           CTD#061_08     CTD#061_03B
      061      18              35           CTD#061_09     CTD#061_04B
      068       1            2425           CTD#068_01     CTD#068_01A
      068      22               5           CTD#068_010    CTD#068_05A
      068       4            2000           CTD#068_02
      068       7            1300           CTD#068_03
      068       8            1000           CTD#068_04
      068       9             800           CTD#068_05     CTD#068_02A
      068      12             600           CTD#068_06
      068      13             400           CTD#068_07
      068      16             100           CTD#068_08     CTD#068_03A
      068      19              15           CTD#068_09     CTD#068_04A
      076       1            2533           CTD#076_01
      076      22              10           CTD#076_010    CTD#076_05C
      076       6            1750           CTD#076_02
      076       8            1250           CTD#076_03
      076       9            1000           CTD#076_04     CTD#076_01C
      076      10             800           CTD#076_05
      076      12             400           CTD#076_06
      076      16             200           CTD#076_07     CTD#076_02C
      076      18             100           CTD#076_08     CTD#076_03C
      076      21              25           CTD#076_09     CTD#076_04C
      079       2            2500           CTD#079_01
      079       6            1250           CTD#079_02
      079       8             800           CTD#079_03
      079      10             400           CTD#079_04
      079      13             100           CTD#079_05
      088       1            2500           CTD#088_01
      088      14               5           CTD#088_010    CTD#088_05B
      088       2            1700           CTD#088_02     CTD#088_01B
      088       3            1400           CTD#088_03
      088       4            1100           CTD#088_04
      088       5             800           CTD#088_05     CTD#088_02B
      088       6             500           CTD#088_06
      088       7             300           CTD#088_07
      088       8             175           CTD#088_08     CTD#088_03B
      088      13              25           CTD#088_09     CTD#088_04B
      091       1             149           CTD#091_01     CTD#091_01C
      091       4             120           CTD#091_02     CTD#091_02C
      091       7              80           CTD#091_03     CTD#091_03C
      091      11              30           CTD#091_04     CTD#091_04C
      091      16               2           CTD#091_05     CTD#091_05C
      111       1             223           CTD#111_01     CTD#111_01A
      111       2             170           CTD#111_02     CTD#111_02A
      111       4              60           CTD#111_03     CTD#111_03A
      111       6              20           CTD#111_04     CTD#111_04A
      111       9               5           CTD#111_05     CTD#111_05A
      113       2             220           CTD#113_01
      113       6             140           CTD#113_02
      113      10              70           CTD#113_03
      113      13              55           CTD#113_04
      113      16              15           CTD#113_05
      116       3             350           CTD#116_01
      116       5             200           CTD#116_02
      116       6             100           CTD#116_03
      116      10              50           CTD#116_04
      116      15              15           CTD#116_05
      118       2             180           CTD#118_01
      118       6             125           CTD#118_02
      118      10              75           CTD#118_03
      118      14              20           CTD#118_04
      118      19              10           CTD#118_05
      121       3             145           CTD#121_01
      121       8             100           CTD#121_02
      121      11              50           CTD#121_03
      121      16              20           CTD#121_04
      121      18              10           CTD#121_05
      124       2             245           CTD#124_01     CTD#124_01A
      124       5             180           CTD#124_02     CTD#124_02A
      124       8             120           CTD#124_03     CTD#124_03A
      124       9              90           CTD#124_04     CTD#124_04A
      124      16              15           CTD#124_05     CTD#124_05A
      126       2          Bottom -30       CTD#126_01
      126       5             300           CTD#126_02
      126      10             150           CTD#126_03
      126      14              50           CTD#126_04
      126      18              10           CTD#126_05
      128       2            1036           CTD#128_01
      128       5             500           CTD#128_02
      128       9             250           CTD#128_03
      128      13             100           CTD#128_04
      128      15              60           CTD# 128_05
      128      19              10           CTD#128_06
      130       1            1350           CTD#130_01     CTD#130_01B
      130      24              11           CTD#130_010
      130       4            1200           CTD#130_02
      130       5             100           CTD#130_03     CTD#130_02B
      130       8             840           CTD#130_04
      130       9             600           CTD#130_05     CTD#130_03B
      130      12             200           CTD#130_06     CTD#130_04B
      130      16              75           CTD#130_07
      130      20              25           CTD#130_08
      130      21              14           CTD#130_09     CTD#130_05B
      131       1            1600           CTD#131_01
      131       2            1200           CTD#131_02
      131       3            1000           CTD#131_03
      131       4             600           CTD#131_04
      131       5             300           CTD#131_05
      131       6             200           CTD#131_06
      131       7             100           CTD#131_07
      131       8              10           CTD#131_08
      132       2            1880           CTD#132_01
      132       4            1550           CTD#132_02     CTD#132_01C
      132       6            1000           CTD#132_03     CTD#132_02C
      132       8             600           CTD#132_04
      132       9             400           CTD#132_05
      132      12             200           CTD#132_06     CTD#132_03C
      132      16              50           CTD#132_07     CTD#132_04C
      132      20              10           CTD#132_08     CTD#132_05C
      133       2            2139           CTD#133_01
      133       3            1500           CTD#133_02
      133       4            1325           CTD#133_03
      133       5            1250           CTD#133_04
      133       6             800           CTD#133_05
      133       7             400           CTD#133_06
      133       8             200           CTD#133_07
      133       9              50           CTD#133_08
      133      10               5           CTD#133_09
      134       1            2320           CTD#134_01     CTD#134_01A
      134       4            1600           CTD#134_02     CTD#134_02A
      134       7             900           CTD#134_03
      134      11             600           CTD#134_04
      134      14             200           CTD#134_05     CTD#134_03A
      134      17              50           CTD#134_06     CTD#134_04A
      134      20              20           CTD#134_07
      134      21              15           CTD#134_08
      134      22              11           CTD#134_09     CTD#134_05A
      135       1            2458           CTD#135_01
      135       3            2000           CTD#135_02
      135       5            1500           CTD#135_03
      135       7            1000           CTD#135_04
      135       8             800           CTD#135_05
      135      10             400           CTD#135_06
      135      13             200           CTD#135_07
      135      17              50           CTD#135_08
      135      22              10           CTD#135_09




8.  IR-SEA EXCHANGE OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN RELATION TO BIOLOGICAL NET AND
     GROSS PRODUCTION IN THE FRAM STRAIT

     Natalie Wager(1), Karel Castro- Morales(2),            (1)UEA
     not on board: Jan Kaiser(1), Dorothee                  (2)AWI
     Bakker(1), Gareth Lee(1), Imke Grefe(1)


Objectives

The Arctic Ocean is an important source of climatically active gases such as
nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and can act as
source or sink for carbon monoxide (CO). This project aims to find links
between biological production rates and trace gas exchange fluxes. The
results will be combined with air-sea gas exchange parameterisations to
derive net biological and gross photosynthetic O2 as well as trace gas
fluxes. The project aims to:


Ģ quantify air-sea exchange fluxes of CO2, CH4, N2O and CO in Fram Strait.
Ģ derive estimates of mixed layer net community production
Ģ derive estimates of photosynthetic gross production
Ģ establish empirical relationships between trace gas fluxes and productivity
   estimates
Ģ compare the p(CO2) measurements by AWI's shipborne GO-LICOR instrument
   with UEA's ICOS analyser

Work at sea

After initial complications, identified later as pump failure of the CO2/CH4
Los Gatos ICOS mass spectrometer, we were left with only the N2O/CO analyser
functioning for the cruise. This was attached to a glass bed equilibrator
(connected to the underway water supply of the ship). The headspace was
sampled continuously, measuring the dry mixing ratio of N2O, CO and water
(H2O). Daily calibrations were made using 3 standard gas mixtures running for
20 minutes each, along with regular analysis of clean air (10 minutes
approximately every 5 hours). Dry mixing ratio measurements of N2O, CO and
H2O were made from 7850'N 140'W to 7840'N 350'E across the Fram Strait.
These results will be combined with ship-based wind-speed measurements and
suitable wind speed-gas exchange parameterisations (Ho et al., 2006;
Nightingale et al. 2000; Sweeney et al., 2007) to calculate air-sea gas
exchange fluxes.

A membrane-inlet mass spectrometer (MIMS) was used to continuously measure
dissolved oxygen-argon (O2/Ar) ratios from the underway water supply of the
ship.

Measurements were made from Bremerhaven up to 79N and across the Fram
Strait. This data will be used to calculate biological oxygen fluxes (Kaiser
et al., 2005).

Discrete water samples were collected approximately every 8 hours from the
underway water supply throughout the cruise in air-evacuated bottles. These
will be utilised for both calibrating the O2/Ar measurements made by MIMS and
for analysing the triple oxygen isotope composition of dissolved oxygen. The
17O isotope excess in the dissolved O2 will be used to estimate the
contribution of atmospheric and photosynthetic O2 in the mixed layer. This
will in turn be used to calculate gross productivity using suitable
wind-speed gas exchange parameterisations (Kaiser 2011).

Water samples were collected from 18 CTD stations across the Fram Strait (CTD
stations: 26, 34, 54, 56, 58, 61, 63, 81, 111, 113, 116, 118, 10, 122, 124,
126, 130 and 134) and measured by MIMS to create depth profiles of O2/Ar
ratios in the water column. Between 6 and 9 samples were collected from each
CTD, dependant on the depth of the station. The samples were collected from
surface water, the mixed layer, the chlorophyll max, the top and bottom of
the oxycline, the oxygen max and from near-bottom waters. These depth
profiles will also be used to correct for the vertical entrainment of
thermocline waters, which may otherwise bias net community production
estimates.


Preliminary (expected) results

Data is currently being analysed and samples processed using the methods
described in Kaiser et al., (2005, 2011).


Data management

We anticipate collecting the following datasets:

- surface water concentrations of CO2, CH4, N2O and CO;

- atmospheric mixing ratios of CO2, CH4, N2O and CO;

- surface water O2/Ar ratios (three datasets), measured by membrane inlet
   mass spectrometry, equilibrator-inlet mass spectrometry and isotope ratio
   mass spectrometry;

- surface water 17O and 18O isotope delta values of dissolved O2, measured
   by isotope ratio mass spectrometry;

- depth profiles of dissolved CH4 and N2O.


Data will be controlled for quality and flagged according to international
metadata and data standardisation initiatives. Quality-controlled data
collected during the proposed research activities will be submitted for
archiving to the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC,
http://www.bodc.ac.uk) and the British Atmospheric Data Centre (BADC,
http://badc.nerc.ac.uk). The 17O and 18O) isotope delta values and the
O2/Ar ratios that are to be measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry will
be analysed after the cruise in the Stable Isotope Lab of the School of
Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia. The CO2 data will
also be entered into the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas SOCAT (http://www.
socat.info), which is led by Co-I Dorothee Bakker.

To protect the intellectual property of the PhD student who will be gathering
data the data will not be released publicly until the end of the PhD thesis
project (about October 2015).



References

Ho, D.T., Law, C.S., Smith, M.J., Schlosser, P., Harvey, M., and Hill, P.
     (2006). Measurements of air-sea gas exchange at high wind speeds in the
     Southern Ocean: Implications for global paramete rizations, Geophys. Res.
     Lett., 33, L16611, 10.1029/2006GL026817.

Kaiser, J., Reuer, M.K., Barnett, B., and Bender, M.L. (2011). Marine
     productivity estimates from continuous oxygen/argon ratio measurements by
     shipboard membrane inlet mass spectrometry, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32,
     L19605, 10.1029/2005GL023459, 2005.

Kaiser, J.(2011) Technical note: Consistent calculation of aquatic gross
     production from oxygen triple isotope measurements, Biogeosciences, 8,
     1793-1811, 10.5194/bg-81793-2011.

Nightingale, P.D., Maim, G., Law, C.S., Watson, A.J., Liss, P.S., Liddicoat,
     M.I., Boutin, J., and Upstiii-Goddard, R.C. (2000) In situ evaluation of
     air-sea gas exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and
     volatile tracers, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 14, 373-387.

Sweeney, C., Gloor, E., Jacobson, A.R., Key, R.M., McKinley, G., Sarmiento,
     J.L., and Wanninkhof, R. (2007). Constraining global air-sea exchange for
     CO2 with recent bomb 14C measurements, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 21,
     GB2015, 10.1029/2006GB002784.




9.  TRANSIENT TRACERS DYNAMICS, CARBON DIOXIDE AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN OF FRAM
     STRAIT

     Tim Stven(1), Boie Bogner(1),                         (1)IFM-GEOMAR
     Hanna Schade(1), Chris Schrammar(2)                    (2)AWI
     not on board: Toste Tanhua(1),
     Mario Hoppema(2)


Objectives

The main goal of the Fram Strait expedition ARK-XXVII/1 was to obtain
detailed profiles of SF6, CFC-12, DIC, 13C, oxygen and nutrients along the
east-west section at 78N50'. The distribution and the relation between the
two transient tracers CFC-12 and SF6 combined with the other sampled
parameters should provide a detailed look into the transport processes of
Fram Strait.


Work at sea

All parameters were sampled at same stations and depths whereas the 13C
samples were taken at specific depths due to the limited amount of glass
bottles.

Two purge and trap GC systems have been set up to measure the transient
tracers in parallel. However, two GCs broke down during the first week
following that the first 7 profiles had to be sealed in 300 ml ampoules for a
post cruise onshore measurement at the IFM-GEOMAR in Kiel. After fixing all
problems we measured 35 stations in total with the third GC system. The
sampling was performed with 250 ml glass syringes to avoid contact with the
atmosphere. An aliquot of about 200 ml was injected manually into a purge
tower of the GC system equipped with a trap cooled with liquid nitrogen.
Standardization was performed by injecting small volumes of a gaseous
standard containing SF6 and CFC-12. This working standard was prepared by the
company Dueste-Steiniger (Germany). The CFC12 and SF6 concentrations in the
standard has been calibrated vs. a reference standard obtained from R.F Weiss
group at Sb, and the CFC-12 data are reported on the SIO98 scale and SF6 on
the NOAA-2000 scale. Another calibration of the working standard will take
place in the lab after the cruise, to determine any possible drift in the
working standard. Calibration curves were measured every few days, depending
on work load and system performance, to determine the non-linearity of the
detector. Point calibrations were always performed between stations to
determine the short term drift in the detector. Replicate measurements of
surface and bottom samples were normally run each profile.

Oxygen samples were measured on board based on the Winkler titration method
with at least two replicate measurements each profile. DIC and 13C samples
were poisoned with mercury chloride. Nutrient samples were always taken twice
per depth to enhance the precision of the phosphate and silicate
measurements. The samples were directly frozen in a -85C freezer after
sampling and then stored at -20C. The DIC and nutrient samples will be
measured onshore at the IFM-GEOMAR in Kiel. The 13C samples will be send to
Are Olsen, IMR Norway for analysis.


Preliminary results

The calibration and data processing of the obtained tracer raw data will be
performed at IFM-GEOMAR in Kiel so that first results will be available in
December 2012. DIC, 13C and nutrient samples will not be measured before
March 2013. First results can be expected in late spring 2013.


Data management

The data of all measured parameters including the raw data, calibrations and
further calculations will be administrated by the data management system of
IFMGEOMAR. The access authorization to the database will be controlled by the
project leaders. The final data set will be submitted to CDIAC three years
after the cruise by the latest.


Fig. 9.1:  Zonal section along 7850' of CFC-12 in ppt

Fig. 9.2:  Zonal section along 7850' of SF6 in ppt




10.  HIGHER TROPHIC LEVELS: AT-SEA DISTRIBUTION OF SEABIRDS AND MARINE
      MAMMALS

      Diederik D'Hert, Jeremy Demey, Raphael Lebrun         PolE
      not on board: Claude Joins


Objectives

This campaign forms part of a long-term study of seabirds and marine mammals
in the Arctic as well as the Antarctic polar regions (Joiris, 2000).

The main objective is to improve the knowledge of and quantify the at-sea
distribution of seabirds, cetaceans and pinnipeds and detect possible links
with main hydrological parameters (water temperature and salinity, ice
coverage) that identify the main water masses (Atlantic, Pacific oceanic,
polar water) and ice conditions (Outer Marginal Ice Zone, Closed Pack ice),
as well as fronts between water masses or ice edge. The integration of the
data into a time series running since 1973, might unravel possible changes in
numbers and distribution that might be caused by climate changes and pack ice
extend during the last 30-35 years.


Work at sea

Birds and mammals were recorded by 30'-transect counts from the bridge while
sailing with a minimum speed of 5 knots, in a 900 angle on either starboard
of portside of the Polarstern (depending on the light condition) without
width limitation. Animals were detected with naked eye, observations being
confirmed and detailed with high quality binoculars (Swarovision 10*42 and
Bynnex 10*42 10*50) or telescope (Swarovski ATS 80 with 25-50x eyepiece and
Leica Televid 77 with 30x eyepiece). When the Polarstern was not sailing,
additional sightings were done to improve and refine the distributional
knowledge of marine mammals and birds. Additional helicopter counts were done
as to cover a wider working area and investigate regions and habitats out of
the ships, and to allow comparison between data obtained from different
observation platforms. On multiple occasions, a digital camera was used to
ease and strengthen the identification of some animals.


Preliminary results

A total of 514 periods of data recording, each consisting of 30 minutes were
conducted (257 hours). During this effort counts, 29 bird species and 17
species of marine mammals (12 cetaceans, 4 species of pinniped and polar
bear) where observed. The total number of seabirds observed is 10,103 (see
Table 10.1). The mean number of seabirds was nearly 20 per count, which is
less than the mean number during the second leg (35).

The species composition seems to be similar to - as could be expected -
previous campaigns, but in general the numbers of each species are lower.
This might be the result of sailing longer times in the ice and less time
close to land.

The most numerous species are the same as those recorded during previous
censuses, being Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis), Little Auk (Alle alle),
Brnnich's Guillemot (Uria lomvia) and Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla). Compared
to previous expeditions, the number of observed Little Auks is rather low,
but this might be due to sailing less time close to breeding colonies.


Tab. 10.1:  Numbers of birds observed during the 514 recording periods from
             the moving ship during ARK-XXVII/1 (RP) as well as observations
             outside these periods (ORP).

English name   German name                  Scientific name           RP  ORP
-------------  ---------------------------  ----------------------  ----  ---
Red-Throated   Nordseetaucher               Gavia stellata             1    0
   diver
Fulmar         Eissturmvogel                Fulmarus glacialis      4106  458
Manx           Schwarzschnabelsturmtaucher  Puffinus puffinus          1    0
   Shearwater
Gannet         Basstlpel                   Morus bassanus           178    0
Eider          Eiderente                    Somateria mollissima       3    0
King Eider     Prachteiderente              Somateria spectabilis      1    0
Spectacled     Plschkopfente               Somateria fischen          2    0
   Eider
Common Scoter  Trauerente                   Melanitta nigra            2    0
Turnstone      Steinwlzer                  Arenaria interpres         1    1
Pomarine Skua  Mittlere Raubmwe            Stercorarius pomarinus    30   12
Arctic Skua    Schmarotzer Raubmwe         Stercorarius parasiticus  33    5
Long-Tailed    Kleine Raubmwe              Stercorarius longicaudus  33   17
Great Skua     Grosse Raubmwe              Stercorarius skua         11    6
Sabine's Gull  Schwalbenmwe                Xema sabini                2    0
Common Gull    Sturmmwe                    Larus canus                3    0
Lesser Black-  Heringsmwe                  Larus fuscus              29    1
   backed Gull
Iceland Gull   Polarmwe                    Larus glaucoides           0    1
Glaucous Gull  Eismwe                      Larus hyperboreus         47  108
Great Black-   Mantelmwe                   Larus marinus             24    0
   Backed Gull
Kittiwake      Dreizehenmwe                Rissa tridactyla        1259  445
Ivory Gull     Elfenbeinmwe                Pagophila eburnea        352  488
Arctic Tern    Kstenseeschwalbe            Sterna paradisaea          8   11
Guillemot      Trottellumme                 Uria aalge                14    0
Brunnich's     Dickschnabellumme            Uria Iomvia             1606  804
   Guillemot
Razorbill      Tordalk                      Alca tonda                 1    0
Black          Gryllteiste                  Cepphus grylle            58   24
   Guillemot
Little Auk     Krabbentaucher               Alle alle               2092  426
Puffin         Papageitaucher               Fratencula arctica       205   98
Snow Bunting   Schneeammer                  Plectrophenax nivalis      1    0


During this expedition, the observed number of Ivory Gulls (Pagophila
eburnea) was exceptionally high, more than tenfold of the maximum number ever
recorded during an expedition. The majority of the observed animals were
adults, only a handful immature/young birds were seen. The unusual high
number of adults and the skewed age composition might indicate a general
breeding failure of the population.

The number of Glaucous Gull (Larus hyperboreus) further (strongly) decreased
compared to the censuses of 2010, which was also noted on ARK-XXVII/2.

The sighting of the couple Spectacled Eiders (Somateria fischen) on 20 June
represent the 5th record ever for the Western Palearctic region. This species
normally breeds on the coast of Alaska and north-eastern Siberia. One Iceland
Gull (Larus glaucoides) was seen during the trip. Although this species
breeds on Iceland and Greenland, it has never been observed by the PolE team
in the Arctic region before.

One of the most important finding of this long term study is the remarkably
increase of cetaceans in the Greenland and Norwegian seas since 2005. As a
consequence of the decrease of pack-ice coverage in the Arctic and a severe
Atlantic Oscillation in 2005, the ice coverage in the study area was
extremely low in 2005, leading to the opening of both the north-eastern and
north-western passages, enabling the rich North Pacific stock to merge with
the depleted populations of the NE Atlantic. During ARK-XXVII/1 a total of
1,542 marine mammals were identified from the Polarstern, belonging to 15
species (1,401 individuals of 14 species during recording periods; see Table
10.2). The helicopter surveys proved to be efficient for gathering
information about species difficult to spot from ships like Narwhal (Monodon
monoceros), and to survey areas out of reach of observation from the ship.

85 Fin Whales (Balaenoptera physalus) were recorded, but only 41 of them
during effort counts, which is less than in 2010. One Sei Whale (Balaenoptera
borealis) was recorded, 2.5 nautical miles from the sighting in 2010 that
represented the northernmost sighting of this species. This indicates that
the species might be expanding its distribution to the north and is nowadays
more common than in the past, which is strengthened by further sightings of
this species during ARKXXVII/2.

Thick pack-ice prevented approaching the Greenland coast and foggy weather
conditions prevented helicopter flights towards polynia's before the
Greenland coast in order to gather information about distribution and
population size of Narwhal (Monodon monoceros). Although Narwhals are
typically found during this period of the year in the polynia's close to the
Greenland coast, a total of 17 individuals were counted on three different
locations, ranging from 40 to 138 nautical miles from the Greenland coast.

1309 seals belonging to four species were observerd: 20 Bearded Seals
(Cystophora cnistata), 8 Hooded Seals (Cystophora cnistata), 23 Ringed Seals
(Pusa hispida) and 1,250 Harp Seals (Phoca groenlandica). The high number of
Harp Seals is mainly due to the observation of a group of no less than 1,180
individuals.

During this expedition, 28 Polar Bears (Ursus manitimus), the largest living
terrestrial carnivore, were seen. On two occasions, a female was seen with
cubs, one and two respectively.


Tab. 10.2:  Numbers of mammals seen during the 514 recording periods from the
             moving ship during ARK-XXVII/1.

English name          German name     Scientific 
name               RP  Heli  ORP
--------------------  -------------- 
--------------------------  ----  ----  ---
Bowhead Whale         Grnlandwal     Balaena 
mysticetus             0     1    0
Northern Minke Whale  Zwergwal 
Balaenoptera acutorostrata     4     0    3
Sei Whale             Seiwal 
Balaenoptera borealis          0     0    1
Blue Whale            Blauwal 
Balaenoptera musculus          4     0    8
Fin Whale             Finnwal 
Balaenoptera physalus         41    16   28
Humpback Whale        Buckelwal       Megaptera 
novaeangliae         1     0    3
White-beaked Dolphin  Weischnauzen- 
Lagenorhynchus albirostris     9    17   36
                         delfin
Killer Whale          Schwertwal      Orcinus 
orca                  54     0    7
Narwhal               Narwal          Monodon 
monoceros              0    17    0
Harbour Porpoise      Schweinswal     Phocoena 
phocoena             10     0    4
Sperm Whale           Potthsch        Physeter 
macrocephalus         8     0    2
Northern Bottlenose   Nrdlichen      Hyperoodon 
ampullatus          9     0    3
   Whale                 Entenwal
Bearded Seal          Bartrobbe       Erignathus 
barbatus            8     7    5
Hooded Seal           Klappmtze      Cystophora 
cristata            7     0    1
Ringed Seal           Ringelrobbe     Pusa 
hispida                   7     0   16
Harp Seal             Sattelrobbe     Phoca 
groenlandica          1224    12   14
Polar Bear            Eisbr          Ursus 
maritimus               15     3   10


Data management

All mammal and seabird data are stored in the PolE data set (joirisgmail.com).
Data will made available to the public as summary: joiriscr@gmail.com, and will
soon be published in international scientific journals.


References

Joins C.R. (2000) Summer at-sea distribution of seabirds and marine mammals
     in polar ecosystems: a comparison between the European Arctic seas and
     the Weddell Sea, Antarctic, Journal of Marine Systems, 27, 267-276.

Reeves R.R., Stewart B.S., Clapham P.I., Powel J.A. (2002) Sea mammals of the
     world. A&C Black, London. 528pp.

Shirihai H., Jarrett B. (2006) Whales, Dolphins and Seals - A field guide to
     the Marine Mammals of the World. A&C Black, London. 384pp.

Joins C.R. (2011). Possible Impact of Decreasing Arctic Pack Ice on the Higher
     Trophic Levels - Seabirds and Marine Mammals. In : Advances in
     Environmental Research 23: 227-241.

Jefferson, T.A., Karczmarski, L., Laidre, K., O'Corry-Crowe, G., Reeves,
     R.R., Rojas-Bracho, L., Secchi, E.R., Slooten, E., Smith, B.D., Wang,
     J.Y. & Zhou, K. (2008). Monodon monoceros. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List
     of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded
     on 21 August 2012.

Heide-Jrgensen, M.P., Dietz, R., Laidre, K.L., Richard, P. (2002). Autumn
     movements, home ranges, and winter density of narwhals (Monodon
     monoceros) tagged in Tremblay Sound, Baffin Island. In : Polar Biol
     (2002) 25: 331-341.




11.  GPSOBSERVATIONS IN NORTH-EAST GREENLAND TO DETERMINE VERTICAL AND
      HORIZONTAL DEFORMATIONS OF THE EARTH'S CRUST

      Ralf Rosenau, Katharina Krawutschke                   TU Dresden
      not on board: Mirko Scheinert


Objectives

The main goal of the geodetic work was the re-observation of GPS stations at
up to 10 ice-free locations in the coastal area of North-East Greenland
between 78 and 81N, which were installed and firstly observed during
Polarstern's ARK XXIII/1+2 (2008) and ARK XXIV/3 cruises in 2009.

The network configuration of the stations contains, on the one hand, a
west-east component (stations at the ice edge and close to the coast,
respectively) and covers, on the other hand, the entire area of investigation
between 78 and 81N. A repetition of the GPS observations at marked stations
results in two precise station coordinates, the difference of which yields
information on deformations of the Earth's crust. As independent information,
it delivers a valuable contribution to the validation and improvement of
models of the glacial-isostatic adjustment and of the recent mass balance in
North-East Greenland. The significance of horizontal deformations will be
checked to contribute to the investigation of the tectonic situation in the
area of investigation.


Work at sea and land

Polarstern with its two helicopters provided a basis for the realization of
the work. To reach the locations on land, Polarstern had to sail to positions
close enough to the Greenlandic coast (within the helicopter flight range of
approx. 100 Nm). The geodetic flight programme was fitted to the ship's route
such that no additional anchoring had to be done.

Between 3rd of July and 6th of July 2012 Polarstern was located in the range
of helicopter flights to reach the coastal GPS stations. Unfortunately, the
weather situation did not permit flight operations in this period, because of
persistent fog and snow falls all between the Polarstern position and
positions of the planned stations. Moreover, even when the weather conditions
in a direct vicinity of the ship improved slightly and allowed the flight,
very low cloud ceiling on the way towards Greenland and in particular at the
positions of the planned stations (all stations were located in high altitude
areas) prohibited reaching the coast and landing. Three reconnaissance
flights were performed during this period but all had to be cancelled before
reaching Greenland due to a lack of flight permitting visibility and icing
the aircraft. Finally, we were not enable to re-observe any of our planned
GPS stations.


Preliminary results and data management

Due to the lack of flight permitting weather, no data could be collected
during the cruise





APPENDIX

A.1  PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS
A.2  CRUISE PARTICIPANTS
A.3  SHIPS CREW
A.4  STATION LIST





A.1  TEILNEHMENDE INSTITUTE / PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS


              Address
-----------  ------------------------------------------------
AWI          Alfred -Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum fr
              Polar- und Meeresforschung
              Postfach 120161
              27515 Bremerhaven
              Germany
DWD          Deutscher Wetterdienst
              Geschftsbereich Wettervorhersage
              Seesch ifffa h rtsberatu ng
              Bernhard Nocht Str. 76
              20359 Hamburg
              Germany
HeliService  Heli Service International GmbH
              Am Luneort 15
              27572 Bremerhaven
              Germany
IFM-GEOMAR   Leibniz-Institut fr Meereswissenschaften an der
              Christian-Albrechts Universitt zu Kiel
              Wischofstr. 1-3
              24148 Kiel
              Germany
PolE         Laboratory for Polar Ecology
              Rue du Fodia 18
              B-1367 Ramilles
              Belgium
Skidaway IO  Skidaway Institute of Oceanography
              10 Ocean Science Circle
              Savannah, GA-31411/USA
TU Dresden   Technische Universitt Dresden
              Institut fr Planetare Geodsie
              01062 Dresden/Germany
UEA          University of East Anglia
              School of Environmental Sciences
              Norwich, NR4 7TJ
              United Kingdom





A.2  FAHRTTEILNEHMER / CRUISE PARTICIPANTS


Name/               Vorname/    Institut/    Beruf/
Last name           First name  Institute    Profession
------------------  ----------  -----------  -------------------------
Baudorff            Christian   HeliService  Pilot
Beszczynska-Mller  Agnieszka   AWI          Oceanographer
Bogner              Boie        IFM-GEOMAR   Technician
Buldt               Klaus       DWD          Technician
Caesar              Levke       AWI/Student  Student, oceanography
Castro-Morales      Karel       AWI          Oceanographer
Demey               Jeremy      PolE         Ecologist
D'Hert              Diederik    PolE         Ecologist
Gbler-Schwarz      Steffi      AWI          Biologist
Gall                Fabian      HeliService  Mechanic
Greil               Florian     AWI          Physicist
Grimm               Dennis      AWI/Student  Student, oceanography
Heckmann            Hans        HeliService  Pilot
Heinze              Jutta       IFM-GEOMAR   Technician
Hempelt             Juliane     DWD          Technician
Hildebrandt         Nicole      AWI          PhD student, biology
Knppel             Nadine      AWI          Technician
Kohls               Katharina   AWI          Biologist
Klling             Jannes      AWI/Student  Student, oceanography
Krawutschke         Katharina   TU Dresden   Geodesist
Lax                 Gordon      AWI/Student  Student, biology
Lebrun              Raphael     PolE         Ecologist
Menze               Sebastian   AWI/Student  Student, oceanography
Mllendorf          Carsten     HeliService  Mechanic
Monsees             Matthias    AWI          Technician
Niehoff             Barbara     AWI          Biologist
Petersen            Imke        AWI/Student  Student, biology
Rentsch             Harald      DWD          Meteorologist
Rizkallah           Imke        AWI/Student  Student, biology
Rosenau             Ralf        TU Dresden   Geodesist
Schade              Hanna       IFM-GEOMAR   Student, chemistry
Schmidt             Katrin      AWI          PhD student, biology
Schramm             Stefanie    Media        Journalist
Schrammar           Chris       IFM-GEOMAR   Student, chemistry
Strz               Michael     AWI          PhD student, oceanography
Stven              Tim         IFM-GEOMAR   PhD student, chemistry
Strothmann          Olaf        AWI          Technician
Stubbins            Aron        Skidaway IO  Biogeochemist
Wager               Natalie     UEA UK       PhD student, chemisty
Walter              Jrg        AWI          Technician
Winkler             Maria       AWI          Student, biology
Wisotzki            Andreas     AWI          Oceanographer
Wolanin             Aleksandra  AWI/Student  PhD student, biology
Zieringer           Moritz      IFM-GEOMAR   PhD student, chemistry





A.3  SCHIFFSBESATZUNG / SHIP'S CREW


Name                         Rank
---------------------------  -----------
Schwarze, Stefan             Master
Grundmann, Uwe               1. Offc.
Farysch, Bernd               Ch. Eng.
Fallei, Holger               2. Offc.
Lesch, Florian               2. Offc.
Rackete, Carola              2. Offc.
Pohl, Claus                  Doctor
Hecht, Andreas               R.Offc.
Smnicht, Stefan             2. Eng.
Minzlaff, Hans-Ulrich        2. Eng.
Holst, Wolfgang              3. Eng.
Scholz, Manfred              Elec. Tech.
Dimmler, Werner              Electron.
Hebold, Catharina            Electron.
Nasis, Ilias                 Electron.
Himmel, Frank                Electron.
Voy, Bernd                   Boatsw.
Reise, Lutz                  Carpenter
Scheel, Sebastian            A.B.
Brickmann, Peter             A.B.
Winkler, Michael             A.B.
Hagemann, Manfred            A.B.
Schmidt, Uwe                 A.B.
Guse, Hartmut                A.B.
Wende, Uwe                   A.B.
Bcker, Andreas              A.B.
Preuner, Jrg               Storek.
Teichert, Uwe                Mot-man
Schtt, Norbert              Mot-man
EIsner, Klaus                Mot-man
Plehn, Markus                Mot-man
Pinske, Lutz                 Mot-man
Mller-Homburg, Ralf-Dieter  Cook
Silinski, Frank              Cooksmate
Martens, Michael             Cooksmate
Czyborra, Brbel             1. Stwdess
Wckener, Martina            Stwdss/KS
Gaude, Hans-Jrgen           2. Steward
Silinski, Carmen             2.Stwdess
NN                           2.Steward
Mller, Wolfgang             2.Steward
Sun, Yong Shen               2.Steward
Yu, KwokYuen                 Laundrym.





A.4  STATIONSLISTE / STATION LIST PS 80


                                 Gear 
Position     Position     Depth
  Station       Date     Time   Abbrev. 
Action            Latitude     Longitude     (m)
----------  ----------  -----  ------ 
-------------------  ------------  ------------ 
------
PS80/001-1  17.06.2012  04:08  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  64 59.93' N   5 22.09' E 
673.2
PS80/001-2  17.06.2012  04:13  HN      on 
ground/max depth  64 59.93' N   5 22.07' E 
673.2
PS80/002-1  17.06.2012  15:19  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  66 59.93' N   6 31.15' E 
1250
PS80/002-2  17.06.2012  15:24  HN      on 
ground/max depth  66 59.93' N   6 31.16' E 
1251.2
PS80/003-1  18.06.2012  03:10  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  68 59.96' N   7 43.97' E 
2683.7
PS80/003-2  18.06.2012  03:14  HN      on 
ground/max depth  68 59.95' N   7 43.85' E 
2670.2
PS80/003-3  18.06.2012  03:24' NFLOAT  on 
ground/max depth  68 59.99' N   7 43.65' E 
2683
PS80/003-4  18.06.2012  03:26  FLOAT   on 
ground/max depth  69 00.07' N   7 43.65' E 
2685.7
PS80/004-1  18.06.2012  09:08' NFLOAT  on 
ground/max depth  69 59.76' N   8 07.05' E 
3070
PS80/005-1  18.06.2012  15:37  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  70 59.67' N   8 36.41' E 
2825.1
PS80/005-2  18.06.2012  15:47  HN      on 
ground/max depth  70 59.48' N   8 36.29' E 
2827.8
PS80/005-3  18.06.2012  16:05  BONGO   on 
ground/max depth  70 59.18' N   8 35.99' E 
2827.5
PS80/005-4  18.06.2012  16:27' NFLOAT  on 
ground/max depth  70 58.76' N   8 35.43' E 
2827.3
PS80/005-5  18.06.2012  16:29  FLOAT   on 
ground/max depth  70 58.78' N   8 35.01' E 
2828
PS80/006-1  18.06.2012  22:09' NFLOAT  on 
ground/max depth  71 59.91' N   9 11.78' E 
2528.1
PS80/007-1  19.06.2012  03:48  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  73 00.00' N   9 46.11' E 
2243.5
PS80/007-2  19.06.2012  03:49  HN      on 
ground/max depth  72 59.98' N   9 46.07' E 
2243.6
PS80/007-3  19.06.2012  04:18  HN      on 
ground/max depth  72 59.99' N   9 45.76' E 
2244.8
PS80/007-4  19.06.2012  04:31  HN      on 
ground/max depth  72 59.86' N   9 45.50' E 
2246.1
PS80/007-5  19.06.2012  04:42  FLOAT   on 
ground/max depth  72 59.74' N   9 45.16' E 
2248
PS80/008-2  19.06.2012  15:56  HN      on 
ground/max depth  75 00.03' N  11 06.17' E 
2481.2
PS80/008-1  19.06.2012  16:27  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  74 59.97' N  11 05.88' E 
2481.4
PS80/008-3  19.06.2012  17:24  FLOAT   on 
ground/max depth  74 59.66' N  11 05.05' E 
2482.1
PS80/009-1  20.06.2012  03:55  HN      on 
ground/max depth  77 00.29' N  11 59.13' E 
769.5
PS80/009-2  20.06.2012  03:58  FLOAT   on 
ground/max depth  77 00.45' N  11 59.45' E 
756.3
PS80/010-1  20.06.2012  07:08  HN      on 
ground/max depth  77 35.08' N  10 58.60' E 
354.7
PS80/011-1  20.06.2012  09:43  HN      on 
ground/max depth  77 59.63' N  10 01.03' E 
169
PS80/012-1  20.06.2012  14:30  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.97' N   9 29.94' E 
172
PS80/012-2  20.06.2012  14:33  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.98' N   9 30.01' E 
175.5
PS80/013-1  20.06.2012  15:17  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.09' N   9 19.83' E 
206.5
PS80/014-1  20.06.2012  16:03  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.95' N   9 10.53' E 
223
PS80/015-1  20.06.2012  16:54  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.10' N   9 00.07' E 
221.2
PS80/016-1  20.06.2012  17:45  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.06' N   8 49.98' E 
235.5
PS80/017-2  20.06.2012  19:01  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 50.05' N   8 29.77' E 
130.5
PS80/017-3  20.06.2012  19:04  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 50.09' N   8 29.77' E 
211.5
PS80/017-1  20.06.2012  19:06  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.12' N   8 29.77' E 
211.5
PS80/017-4  20.06.2012  19:09  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 50.14' N   8 29.77' E 
590
PS80/018-1  20.06.2012  20:23  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.03' N   8 12.08' E 
919
PS80/019-1  20.06.2012  21:53  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.94' N   7 49.69' E 
983.7
PS80/020-2  20.06.2012  23:13  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 51.09' N   8 01.06' E 
894.7
PS80/020-1  20.06.2012  23:16  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 51.10' N   8 01.04' E 
891.2





PS80/020-3  21.06.2012  00:24  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 51.19' N   8 00.42' E 
1048
PS80/020-4  21.06.2012  01:34  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 51.48' N   8 01.03' E 
1051
PS80/021-1  21.06.2012  03:31  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.20' N   8 39.82' E 
246.7
PS80/021-2  21.06.2012  04:28  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 50.01' N   8 40.04' E 
246.7
PS80/022-1  21.06.2012  06:35  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 50.88' N   8 22.19' E 
749
PS80/023-1  21.06.2012  08:21  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 50.49' N   8 02.23' E 
1020.7
PS80/024-1  21.06.2012  10:22  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 50.18' N   7 02.23' E 
1436.5
PS80/025-1  21.06.2012  12:52  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 50.41' N   6 00.18' E 
2474.2
PS80/026-1  21.06.2012  16:50  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.00' N   6 51.31' E 
1598
PS80/027-2  21.06.2012  18:28  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.76' N   7 01.01' E 
1460.7
PS80/027-1  21.06.2012  18:39  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.75' N   7 01.34' E 
1455.7
PS80/027-3  21.06.2012  20:01  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.60' N   7 02.00' E 
1448.7
PS80/027-4  21.06.2012  21:23  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.60' N   7 01.69' E 
1457
PS80/028-1  21.06.2012  23:05  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.88' N   7 09.92' E 
1361.7
PS80/029-1  22.06.2012  00:49  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.98' N   7 19.79' E 
1243.7
PS80/030-1  22.06.2012  02:14  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.13' N   7 30.10' E 
1175.2
PS80/031-1  22.06.2012  04:21  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.06' N   8 19.23' E 
809.5
PS80/031-2  22.06.2012  06:18  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 50.05' N   8 20.17' E 
792.2
PS80/032-1  22.06.2012  07:31  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  780 50.05' N   8 00.16' E 
1035.7
PS80/032-2  22.06.2012  09:12  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 49.91' N   8 00.29' E 
1034
PS80/033-1  22.06.2012  12:16  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 50.01' N   7 00.04' E 
1465.2
PS80/033-1  22.06.2012  12:45  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 50.01' N   7 00.01' E 
1466
PS80/034-1  22.06.2012  14:25  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.03' N   7 40.85' E 
1110.2
PS80/035-1  22.06.2012  17:12  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.97' N   6 40.41' E 
1777.2
PS80/036-1  22.06.2012  19:12  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.96' N   6 30.06' E 
1980
PS80/036-2  22.06.2012  19:27  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.96' N   6 30.09' E 
1979.5
PS80/037-2  22.06.2012  20:57  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 50.02' N   5 59.58' E 
2027
PS80/037-1  22.06.2012  21:39  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.02' N   5 59.97' E 
2015.2
PS80/037-3  22.06.2012  23:33  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 50.03' N   5 59.99' E 
2017.7
PS80/037-4  23.06.2012  01:12  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.98' N   5 59.97' E 
2016.5
PS80/037-5  23.06.2012  06:08  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 50.01' N   6 00.04' E 
2471.5
PS80/038-1  23.06.2012  07:54  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 50.27' N   5 30.61' E 
2622.2
PS80/039-1  23.06.2012  09:57  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 49.74' N   5 01.88' E 
2703.2
PS80/040-1  23.06.2012  11:12  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 50.08' N   5 29.49' E 
2623.5
PS80/040-2  23.06.2012  13:15  GLD     on 
ground/max depth  78 50.30' N   5 27.10' E 
2630.3
PS80/041-1  23.06.2012  16:28  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.17' N   6 19.28' E 
2215
PS80/042-1  23.06.2012  18:18  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.06' N   6 09.76' E 
2374.2
PS80/043-1  23.06.2012  20:29  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.12' N   5 49.04' E 
2544.4
PS80/044-1  23.06.2012  22:30  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.19' N   5 39.33' E 
2589.6
PS80/045-1  24.06.2012  01:22  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 44.99' N   5 30.11' E 
2442.2
PS80/045-2  24.06.2012  06:01  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 45.00' N   5 29.96' E 
2469.2
PS80/046-1  24.06.2012  08:20  GLD     on 
ground/max depth  78 51.80' N   5 09.06' E 
2666.3
PS80/047-1  24.06.2012  11:05  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 49.99' N   5 00.00' E 
2716.5
PS80/048-1  24.06.2012  13:37  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 45.00' N   5 15.03' E 
2376
PS80/049-1  24.06.2012  15:28  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.99' N   5 27.37' E 
2626.1





PS80/050-1  24.06.2012  17:26  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.02' N   5 20.70' E 
2636.8
PS80/051-2  24.06.2012  19:00  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 50.06' N   5 06.85' E 
2675.2
PS80/051-1  24.06.2012  19:45  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.02' N   5 06.82' E 
2672.8
PS80/051-3  24.06.2012  21:37  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.99' N   5 06.44' E 
2677.2
PS80/052-2  24.06.2012  23:17  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.93' N   4 39.74' E 
2586.6
PS80/052-1  25.06.2012  00:06  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.99' N   4 39.84' E 
2606.1
PS80/053-1  25.06.2012  05:17  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 49.11' N   4 01.97' E 
2365.4
PS80/053-2  25.06.2012  06:26  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.73' N   4 00.51' E 
2352.7
PS80/053-4  25.06.2012  08:19  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.53' N   3 59.87' E 
2347.4
PS80/053-3  25.06.2012  08:28  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.52' N   3 59.95' E 
2347.2
PS80/053-5  25.06.2012  10:18  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.77' N   4 00.00' E 
2346.7
PS80/053-6  25.06.2012  12:50  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 49.72' N   4 00.51' E 
2351.3
PS80/054-1  25.06.2012  14:36  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.96' N   4 20.26' E 
2409.9
PS80/055-1  25.06.2012  17:12  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.43' N   3 39.72' E 
2313.8
PS80/056-2  25.06.2012  19:13  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.93' N   3 20.09' E 
2397.5
PS80/056-1  25.06.2012  19:41  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.78' N   3 20.00' E 
2395.3
PS80/057-2  25.06.2012  21:38  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.70' N   2 59.48' E 
2475.7
PS80/057-1  25.06.2012  21:58  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.56' N   2 59.17' E 
2469.7
PS80/058-1  26.06.2012  00:43  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.69' N   2 32.08' E 
2534.1
PS80/059-1  26.06.2012  05:40  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 49.99' N   2 43.93' E 
2503
PS80/060-1  26.06.2012  08:14  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 49.83' N   1 36.20' E 
2556
PS80/061-1  26.06.2012  12:46  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 50.00' N   0 24.26' E 
2590.3
PS80/061-3  26.06.2012  17:03  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 50.30' N   0 22.62' E 
2594.3
PS80/061-2  26.06.2012  17:43  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.44' N   0 21.96' E 
2545.4
PS80/062-2  26.06.2012  19:47  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 50.25' N   0 41.86' E 
2426.6
PS80/062-1  26.06.2012  20:26  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.45' N   0 40.82' E 
2432.3
PS80/063-2  26.06.2012  23:03  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.90' N   1 35.76' E 
2500.2
PS80/063-1  26.06.2012  23:54  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.70' N   1 35.32' E 
2499.9
PS80/064-1  27.06.2012  02:51  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.97' N   2 12.77' E 
2497.6
PS80/065-1  27.06.2012  05:43  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.54' N   2 47.36' E 
2455
PS80/065-2  27.06.2012  08:40  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 49.37' N   2 45.33' E 
2458.2
PS80/066-1  27.06.2012  12:46  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 50.12' N   1 35.08' E 
2499.6
PS80/067-2  27.06.2012  14:20  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.89' N   1 54.00' E 
2514.3
PS80/067-1  27.06.2012  14:48  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.91' N   1 53.19' E 
2514.5
PS80/067-3  27.06.2012  16:56  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 50.59' N   1 51.29' E 
2515.1
PS80/067-4  27.06.2012  18:37  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 51.38' N   1 50.25' E 
2557
PS80/068-1  27.06.2012  21:30  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.09' N   1 19.55' E 
2473.5
PS80/069-2  27.06.2012  23:27  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 50.29' N   1 02.12' E 
2469.6
PS80/069-1  27.06.2012  23:57  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.56' N   1 03.51' E 
2523.5
PS80/070-1  28.06.2012  03:07  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.91' N   0 25.12' E 
2537.5
PS80/070-2  28.06.2012  05:47  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 49.77' N   0 25.69' E 
2579.7
PS80/071-1  28.06.2012  09:00  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 50.01' N   0 48.96' W 
2615.4
PS80/072-1  28.06.2012  18:46  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.73' N   0 03.30' E 
2636.7
PS80/072-2  28.06.2012  19:08  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.54' N   0 02.31' E 
2592.3





PS80/072-3  28.06.2012  20:31  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 50.19' N   0 04.79' E 
2589
PS80/072-4  28.06.2012  21:39  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.85' N   0 03.84' E 
2592.6
PS80/072-5  28.06.2012  23:12  HN      on ground/max depth  78 49.11' 
N   0 01.73' E  2576.4
PS80/073-1  29.06.2012  01:28  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.01' N   0 14.98' W 
2621.9
PS80/074-1  29.06.2012  04:18  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.49' N   0 51.97' W 
2583
PS80/074-2  29.06.2012  07:32  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 49.57' N   0 50.79' W 
2603
PS80/075-1  29.06.2012  09:58  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 49.83' N   2 00.65' W 
2672.1
PS80/076-1  29.06.2012  17:52  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.03' N   1 05.50' W 
2504.1
PS80/077-1  29.06.2012  21:29  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.04' N   0 33.30' W 
2642.4
PS80/078-1  30.06.2012  01:16  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.21' N   1 21.56' W 
2641.8
PS80/079-1  30.06.2012  08:37  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.18' N   2 24.00' W 
2617.7
PS80/079-2  30.06.2012  08:46  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.13' N   2 24.44' W 
2617.7
PS80/079-3  30.06.2012  10:43  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 48.69' N   2 30.22' W 
2605.2
PS80/079-4  30.06.2012  12:27  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 48.38' N   2 35.17' W 
2593
PS80/080-1  30.06.2012  18:01  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 49.87' N   2  3.46' W 
2666.2
PS80/081-1  30.06.2012  20:00  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.34' N   1 44.81' W 
2663.9
PS80/082-1  01.07.2012  05:05  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 30.08' N   2 01.41' W 
2646.8
PS80/083-1  01.07.2012  07:38  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 30.30' N   2 04.44' W 
2584.4
PS80/084-1  01.07.2012  10:28  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 29.16' N   2 28.52' W 
2713.1
PS80/085-1  01.07.2012  13:00  ZODIAK  on 
ground/max depth  78 42.71' N   2 10.87' W 
2680.4
PS80/086-1  01.07.2012  16:38  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.21' N   1 53.83' W 
2666.4
PS80/087-1  01.07.2012  20:49  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.39' N   2 40.67' W 
2563.4
PS80/088-1  02.07.2012  05:40  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  79  9.40' N   1 32.14' W 
2594
PS80/088-2  02.07.2012  07:45  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  79 10.05' N   1 31.20' W 
2601.8
PS80/089-1  02.07.2012  12:46  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 57.12' N   2 57.53' W 
2455.8
PS80/090-1  02.07.2012  14:00  ZODIAK  on 
ground/max depth  78 58.45' N   3 13.15' W 
2355.2
PS80/091-1  03.07.2012  13:13  HN      on 
ground/max depth  79 40.03' N  11 59.99' W 
267.4
PS80/091-2  03.07.2012  13:48  BONGO   on 
ground/max depth  79 40.21' N  11 59.64' W 
261.2
PS80/091-3  03.07.2012  14:15  BONGO   on 
ground/max depth  79 40.32' N  11 59.43' W 
263.5
PS80/091-4  03.07.2012  14:32  BONGO   on 
ground/max depth  79 40.43' N  11 59.22' W 
262.3
PS80/091-5  03.07.2012  14:47  BONGO   on 
ground/max depth  79 40.54' N  11 58.97' W 
262.3
PS80/091-6  03.07.2012  15:23  BONGO   on 
ground/max depth  79 40.22' N  11 59.43' W 
264.6
PS80/091-7  03.07.2012  15:42  BONGO   on 
ground/max depth  79 40.34' N  11 59.19' W 
263.8
PS80/092-1  03.07.2012  17:13  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  79 50.04' N  12  0.08' W 
163.1
PS80/093-1  03.07.2012  18:32  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  79 45.18' N  11 59.62' W 
230.3
PS80/094-1  03.07.2012  19:34  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  79 40.11' N  12  0.47' W 
265.2
PS80/095-1  03.07.2012  20:40  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  79 34.88' N  12 03.41' W 
226.1
PS80/096-1  03.07.2012  21:52  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  79 30.12' N  11 55.47' W 
249.5
PS80/097-1  04.07.2012  00:21  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  79 24.92' N  11 28.82' W 
252.7
PS80/098-1  04.07.2012  12:21  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  79 22.90' N  11 26.27' W 
251.7
PS80/099-1  04.07.2012  14:00  EF      on 
ground/max depth  79 22.28' N  11 15.46' W 
255.7
PS80/100-1  04.07.2012  14:54  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  79 20.01' N  11 06.55' W 
247.6
PS80/101-1  04.07.2012  16:24  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  79 15.11' N  11 01.21' W 
254.8
PS80/102-1  04.07.2012  18:13  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  79  9.88' N  10 43.23' W 
302.2





PS80/103-1  04.07.2012  20:29  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  79  4.78' N  10 36.83' W 
343.2
PS80/104-1  04.07.2012  21:48  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  79  0.15' N  10 27.79' W 
302.1
PS80/105-1  04.07.2012  23:04  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 54.99' N  10 38.53' W 
259.1
PS80/106-1  05.07.2012  00:17  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.90' N  10 40.25' W 
383.9
PS80/107-1  05.07.2012  02:07  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 44.94' N  10 24.78' W 
328.8
PS80/108-1  05.07.2012  03:37  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 39.99' N  10 15.62' W 
216.3
PS80/109-1  05.07.2012  04:59  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 35.07' N  10 24.21' W 
209.7
PS80/110-1  05.07.2012  06:52  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 30.00' N  10 59.84' W 
201.8
PS80/111-1  05.07.2012  22:15  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.13' N  11 30.49' W 
235.6
PS80/112-1  06.07.2012  00:15  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.98' N  11 59.87' W 
207
PS80/113-1  06.07.2012  03:25  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.56' N  12 27.31' W 
257.1
PS80/114-1  06.07.2012  08:38  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 45.23' N  12 47.17' W 
218.6
PS80/115-1  06.07.2012  16:52  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.94' N  10 59.87' W 
329.3
PS80/116-1  06.07.2012  18:38  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.86' N  10 26.83' W 
377
PS80/116-2  06.07.2012  19:14  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.58' N  10 26.95' W 
388.4
PS80/117-1  06.07.2012  21:17  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.83' N  10 00.44' W 
312.5
PS80/118-1  06.07.2012  23:24  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 48.82' N   9 29.91' W 
224.2
PS80/119-1  07.07.2012  00:53  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.05' N   9 00.24' W 
223.5
PS80/120-1  07.07.2012  02:08  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.94' N   8 30.05' W 
284.7
PS80/121-1  07.07.2012  03:31  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.00' N   7 59.84' W 
180
PS80/122-1  07.07.2012  04:46  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.85' N   7 30.46' W 
194.9
PS80/122-2  07.07.2012  05:12  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 49.80' N   7 30.54' W 
181.6
PS80/123-1  07.07.2012  09:15  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 42.38' N   7 01.07' W 
233.7
PS80/124-1  08.07.2012  00:10  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.31' N   6 30.58' W 
286
PS80/125-1  08.07.2012  02:17  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.57' N   6 02.16' W 
340.6
PS80/126-1  08.07.2012  04:05  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.85' N   5 42.03' W 
422
PS80/127-1  08.07.2012  06:13  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.50' N   5 22.02' W 
637.4
PS80/127-2  08.07.2012  06:54  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 48.96' N   5 23.60' W 
582.8
PS80/127-3  08.07.2012  07:36  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 48.40' N   5 25.04' W 
523.4
PS80/128-1  08.07.2012  10:55  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.39' N   4 57.37' W 
1043.3
PS80/129-1  08.07.2012  16:45  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 44.25' N   4 02.75' W 
1760.5
PS80/130-1  08.07.2012  19:47  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.55' N   4 35.14' W 
1389.5
PS80/130-2  08.07.2012  21:10  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.96' N   4 35.78' W 
1389.9
PS80/131-1  08.07.2012  22:59  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.33' N   4 15.57' W 
1663.2
PS80/132-1  09.07.2012  01:35  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.44' N   3 56.34' W 
1922.5
PS80/132-2  09.07.2012  03:34  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.13' N   3 55.40' W 
1932.8
PS80/132-3  09.07.2012  05:28  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 50.36' N   3 56.36' W 
1941.6
PS80/132-4  09.07.2012  07:16  HN      on 
ground/max depth  78 50.06' N   3 59.66' W 
1924
PS80/133-1  09.07.2012  10:23  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.64' N   3 39.74' W 
2139.7
PS80/134-1  09.07.2012  13:14  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 49.90' N   3 19.68' W 
2348.8
PS80/135-1  09.07.2012  15:52  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 50.07' N   3 02.82' W 
2466.4
PS80/136-1  09.07.2012  21:18  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 49.51' N   1 29.05' W 
2643.4
PS80/137-1  10.07.2012  04:51  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 59.32' N   0 01.27' W 
2544.5





PS80/138-1  10.07.2012  07:20  MOR     on ground/max depth  79  0.20' 
N   0 00.63' E  2558.2
PS80/139-1  10.07.2012  11:46  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  79  9.12' N   1 28.77' W 
2596.6
PS80/140-1  10.07.2012  16:56  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 59.08' N   2 56.97' W 
2437.8
PS80/141-1  11.07.2012  03:41  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 29.84' N   2 04.67' W 
2774.5
PS80/142-1  11.07.2012  07:40  MOR     on 
ground/max depth  78 34.97' N   1 00.01' W 
2801.4
PS80/142-2  11.07.2012  09:00  ZODIAK  on 
ground/max depth  78 34.58' N   1 02.21' W 
2794.8
PS80/143-1  11.07.2012  12:13  ZODIAK  on 
ground/max depth  78 46.03' N   0 07.38' W 
2635.3
PS80/144-1  11.07.2012  20:02  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 52.70' N   2 27.10' E 
2454.8
PS80/145-1  11.07.2012  22:28  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 48.66' N   2 45.85' E 
2458.4
PS80/146-1  12.07.2012  00:41  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 46.26' N   3 07.74' E 
2440.1
PS80/147-1  12.07.2012  03:01  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 43.57' N   3 26.30' E 
2356.6
PS80/148-1  12.07.2012  05:19  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 40.55' N   3 48.77' E 
2326.2
PS80/149-1  12.07.2012  07:36  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 37.33' N   4 08.66' E 
2351.3
PS80/150-1  12.07.2012  09:52  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 34.23' N   4 29.40' E 
2357.6
PS80/151-1  12.07.2012  12:03  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 31.16' N   4 49.52' E 
2284.3
PS80/152-1  12.07.2012  14:01  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 28.06' N   5 09.80' E 
2001.9
PS80/153-1  12.07.2012  15:51  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 24.99' N   5 29.02' E 
1868.7
PS80/154-1  12.07.2012  17:42  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 21.99' N   5 48.60' E 
1723.9
PS80/155-1  12.07.2012  19:29  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 18.94' N   6 08.47' E 
1841.7
PS80/156-1  12.07.2012  21:17  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 15.90' N   6 28.20' E 
1840.3
PS80/157-1  12.07.2012  23:20  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78 12.83' N   6 47.15' E 
2461.8
PS80/158-1  13.07.2012  01:37  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78  9.85' N   7 06.49' E 
3031.2
PS80/159-1  13.07.2012  04:09  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78  6.83' N   7 27.49' E 
3454.4
PS80/160-1  13.07.2012  10:09  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78  3.66' N   7 45.05' E 
3078.2
PS80/161-1  13.07.2012  12:30  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  78  0.66' N   8 03.83' E 
2342.9
PS80/162-1  13.07.2012  14:33  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  77 57.54' N   8 23.13' E 
1879.3
PS80/163-1  13.07.2012  16:11  CTD/RO  on 
ground/max depth  77 55.01' N   8 38.98' E 
1501.2





Abbreviation list:

BONGO   Bongo net cast
CTD/RO  CTD cast with water samples
CAL     Posidonia calibration
FLOAT   float/drifter deployment
GLD     Glider deployment or recovery
HN      Handnet cast
MOR     Mooring recovery or deployment
NFLOAT  NEMO float deployment
MN      Multinet cast
ZODIAK  action from the rubber boat





Die "Berichte zur Polar- und Meeresforschung" (ISSN 1866-3192) werden
beginnend mit dem Heft Nr. 569 (2008) als Open-Access-Publikation
herausgegeben. Ein Verzeichnis aller Hefte einschlielich der Druckausgaben
(Heft 377-568) sowie der frheren "Berichte zur Polarforschung" (Heft 1-376,
von 1981 bis 2000) befindet sich im open access institutional repository for
publications and presentations (ePIC) des AWI unter der URL
http://epic.awi.de. Durch Auswahl "Reports on Polar- and Marine Research"
(via 'browse/type") wird eine Liste der Publikationen sortiert nach
Heftnummer innerhalb der absteigenden chronologischen Reihenfolge der
Jahrgnge erzeugt.

To generate a list of all Reports past issues, use the following URL:
http://epic.awi.de and select "browse"/"type" to browse "Reports on Polar and
Marine Research". A chronological list in declining order, issues
chronological, will be produced, and pdf-icons shown for open access
download.


Verzeichnis der zuletzt erschienenen Hefte:

Heft-Nr. 648/2012 - "Interannual and decadal variability of sea ice drift,
concentration and thickness in the Weddell Sea", by Sandra Schwegmann

Heft-Nr. 649/2012 - "The Expedition of the Research Vessel 'Polarstern' to
the Arctic in 2011 (ARK-XXVI/3 - TransArc)", edited by Ursula Schauer

Heft-Nr. 650/2012 - "Combining stationary Ocean Models and mean dynamic
Topography Data", by Grit Freiwald

Heft-Nr. 651/2012 - "Phlorotannins as UV-protective substances in early
developmental stages of brown algae", by Franciska S. Steinhoff

Heft-Nr. 652/2012 - "The Expedition of the Research Vessel 'Polarstern' to
the Antarctic in 2012 (ANT-XXVIII/4)", edited by Magnus Lucassen

Heft-Nr. 653/2012 - "Joint Russian-German Polygon Project East Siberia 2011
-2014: The expedition Kytalyk 2011", edited by Lutz Schirrmeister, Lyudmila
Pestryakova, Sebastian Wetterich and Vladimir Tumskoy

Heft-Nr. 654/2012 - "The Expedition of the Research Vessel 'Polarstern' to
the Antarctic in 2012 (ANT-XXVIII/5)", edited by Karl Bumke

Heft-Nr. 655/2012 - "Expeditions to Permafrost 2012: 'Alaskan North Slope /
Itkillik', 'Thermokarst in Central Yakutia' and 'EyeSight-NAAT-Alaska',
edited by Jens Strauss, Mathias Ulrich and Marcel Buchhorn

Heft-Nr. 656/2012 - "The Expedition of the Research Vessel 'Sonne' to the
Manihiki Plateau in 2012 (So 224)", edited by Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben

Heft-Nr. 657/2012 - "The Expedition of the Research Vessel 'Polarstern' to
the Antarctic in 2011 (ANT-XXVIII/1) ", edited by Saad El Naggar

Heft-Nr. 658/2013 - "The Expedition of the Research Vessel 'Polarstern' to
the Arctic in 2012 (ARK-XXVII/2)", edited by Thomas Soltwedel

Heft-Nr. 659/2013 - "Changing Polar Regions - 25th International Congress on
Polar Research, March 17-22, 2013, Hamburg, Germany, German Society for Polar
Research", edited by Eva-Maria Pfeiffer, Heidemarie Kassens, and Ralf
Tiedeman

Heft-Nr. 660/2013 - "The Expedition of the Research Vessel 'Polarstern' to
the Arctic in 2012 (ARK-XXVII/1)", edited by Agnieszka Beszczynska-Mller




CCHDO Data Processing Notes

File Online Carolina Berys
      Date: 2016-01-20
      Current Status: unprocessed

File Online Carolina Berys
      Date: 2016-01-20
      Current Status: unprocessed

File Online Carolina Berys
      Date: 2016-01-20
      Current Status: unprocessed

File Submission Robert M. Key
      Date: 2016-01-18
      Current Status: unprocessed
      Notes
      Problem with frozen nutrients. Data omitted. These data are at 78N in
      the GIN. Bit north of the 75N "repeat" line

File Submission Robert M. Key
      Date: 2016-01-18
      Current Status: unprocessed
      Notes
      Problem with frozen nutrients. Data omitted. These data are at 78N in
      the GIN. Bit north of the 75N "repeat" line

File Submission Robert M. Key
      Date: 2016-01-18
      Current Status: unprocessed
      Notes
      Problem with frozen nutrients. Data omitted. These data are at 78N in
      the GIN. Bit north of the 75N "repeat" line


File Submission Jerry Kappa
      Date: 2016-02-03
      Current Status: processed
      Notes
      The final pdf version of the cruise report for 75N 2016 is ready to go
      online.  It includes all of the PI-generated data reports with linked
      figures and tables, the CCHDO summary pages and CCHDO Data Processing
      Notes.