A.    Cruise Narrative:  IR03



A.1.  Highlights
                     WHP Cruise Summary Information

         WOCE section designation  IR03
Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)  318MSOJOURN4
      Chief Scientist/affiliation  Dr. Thomas Whitworth III/TA&M*
                            Dates  1997.JAN.08 - 1997.FEB.14, 
                             Ship  RV MELVILLE
                    Ports of call  Cape Town, South Africa 
                                   Fremantle, W. Australia
               Number of stations  37
                                               19° 59.09'S
  Stations' geographic boundaries  48° 54.91'E             92° 48.05'E
                                               20° 00.79'N
     Floats and drifters deployed  none
   Moorings deployed or recovered  20
  
             Contributing Authors  none listed
  
   *Texas A&M University o Department of Oceanography o Mail Stop 3146
                      College Station  TX  77843
    EL: 409-845-5872 o FAX: 409-847-8879 o EMAIL: twhitworth@tamu.edu



FINAL CRUISE REPORT
(ODF*)
June 12, 2001
                                             *Oceanographic Data Facility
                                      Scripps Institution of Oceanography
                                                  La Jolla, CA 92093-0214


DESCRIPTION OF MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND CALIBRATIONS


1.  BASIC HYDROGRAPHY PROGRAM

The basic hydrography program consisted of salinity, dissolved oxygen and
nutrient (nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and silicate) measurements made from
bottles taken on CTD/rosette casts, plus pressure, temperature, salinity
and dissolved oxygen from CTD profiles.  40 CTD/rosette casts were made,
usually to within 5-20 meters of the bottom.  One cast at each of 37 WOCE
stations was reported.  Two test casts prior to the first station, and one
cast aborted because of a knotted tag line, were not reported.

The R/V Melville departed from Cape Town, South Africa on January 8, 1997.
The CTD stations were chosen because of their locations along 3 separate
lines of moorings deployed during WOCE95-I3 along 20 deg.S in the Indian
Ocean.  Moorings were recovered during daylight hours; CTD stations were
done at night and numbered chronologically.  The position order was
determined by the best use of ship time to cover all of the target
locations, while avoiding several typhoons near the cruise track.

Stations 1-12 (ICM3W) were a re-occupation of I3 stations 562-551 and
562-573, surrounding moorings M1 through M6.  Stations 13-25 (ICM3C) re-
occupied I3 stations 518-506, near moorings M7 through M13; stations 22-24
were out of longitude sequence and ran east to west between stations 25 and
21.  Stations 26-37 (ICM3E), near moorings M14 through M20, were occupied
from west to east, except station 36 was east of station 37.  The ship
returned to Fremantle, W. Australia on February 14, 1997.

844 bottles were tripped resulting in 839 usable bottles.  No major
problems were encountered during any phase of the operation.  The resulting
data set met and in many cases exceeded WHP specifications.  The
distribution of samples is illustrated in Figures 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2.


FIGURE 1.0: ICM3W sample distribution, stas 1-12
FIGURE 1.1: ICM3C sample distribution, stas 13-25
FIGURE 1.2: ICM3E sample distribution, stas 26-37


There were two gaps in the bathymetry data, between stations 29-30 and
35-36, where depth data were not recorded in the Melville's SeaBeam log
files.  Part of the track between stations 35-36 was traversed again in
transit to station 37; the remainder of the missing data appears as flat
sections in the bottom trace.



2.  WATER SAMPLING PACKAGE

Hydrographic (rosette) casts were performed with a rosette system
consisting of a 24-bottle rosette frame (ODF), a 24-place pylon (General
Oceanics 1015) and 24 2.7-liter PVC bottles (ODF). Underwater electronic
components consisted of an ODF-modified NBIS Mark III CTD (ODF #5) and
associated sensors, Simrad or Benthos altimeter, and Benthos pinger.  The
CTD was mounted horizontally along the bottom of the rosette frame, with a
SensorMedics dissolved oxygen sensor deployed next to the CTD.  The
altimeter provided distance-above-bottom in the CTD data stream.  The
pinger was monitored during a cast with a precision depth recorder (PDR) in
the ship's laboratory.  The rosette system was suspended from a three-
conductor electro-mechanical cable.  Power to the CTD and pylon was
provided through the cable from the ship.  Separate conductors were used
for the CTD and pylon signals.  The dissolved oxygen sensor and altimeter
were interfaced with the CTD, and their data were incorporated into the CTD
data stream.

CTD #3 was used for an aborted test cast; its conductivity and secondary
temperature sensors failed, and it was replaced by CTD #5.  CTD #5 was used
for every cast thereafter, one test cast and stations 1-37.

The deck watch prepared the rosette approximately 30 minutes prior to each
cast.  All valves, vents and lanyards were checked for proper orientation.
The bottles were cocked and all hardware and connections rechecked.  Time,
position and bottom depth were logged by the console operator at arrival on
station.  The rosette was deployed from the starboard A-frame on the main
deck.  Each rosette cast was lowered to within 5-20 meters of the bottom,
unless the bottom returns from both the pinger and altimeter were extremely
poor or the bottom depth exceeded the range of the instrumentation.

Bottles on the rosette were each identified with a unique serial number.
Usually these numbers corresponded to the pylon tripping sequence, 1-24,
where the first (deepest) bottle tripped was bottle #1.  During station 27,
the bottles were inadvertently tripped out of the usual sequence because
the pylon ramp shaft was not reset after the previous cast.  The trip
sequence, deepest to shallowest, was bottles 20-24, then 1-19, at station
27.  No bottle replacements were necessary during the cruise.  Parts of
bottles were replaced as necessary.

Averages of CTD data corresponding to the time of bottle closure were
associated with the bottle data during a cast.  Pressure, depth,
temperature, salinity and density were immediately available to facilitate
examination and quality control of the bottle data as the sampling and
laboratory analyses progressed.

Recovering the package at the end of deployment was essentially the reverse
of the launching with the additional use of air-tuggers for added
stabilization.  The rosette was moved into the aft hangar for sampling.
The bottles and rosette were examined before samples were taken, and any
unusual situations or circumstances were noted on the sample log for the
cast.

Routine CTD maintenance included soaking the conductivity and CTD O2
sensors in distilled water between casts to maintain sensor stability.  The
rosette was stored in the aft hangar between casts to insure the CTD was
not exposed to direct sunlight or wind, in order to maintain the internal
CTD temperature near ambient air temperature.  Although the aft hangar was
not enclosed on two sides, the CTD was usually shielded from the sun by a
van and partially closed doors.

Rosette maintenance was performed on a regular basis.  O-rings were changed
as necessary and bottle maintenance was performed each day to insure proper
closure and sealing.  Valves were inspected for leaks and repaired or
replaced as needed.  Because bottle 23 was tripped deep instead of in the
thermocline on station 27, it was determined that one endcap on bottle 23
had probably been leaking for a number of recent stations.  The endcap was
changed out before station 30.  The affected samples were quality coded and
comments appear in Appendix D.



3.  UNDERWATER ELECTRONICS PACKAGES

CTD data were collected with a modified NBIS Mark III CTD (ODF #5).  This
instrument provided pressure, temperature, conductivity and dissolved O2
channels, and additionally measured a second temperature and conductivity
as a calibration check and backup.  Other data channels included elapsed-
time, altimeter, accelerometer, water-leak detector and several power
supply voltages.  CTD #5 supplied a non-standard 17-byte (NBIS-format + 2
bytes) data stream at a data rate of 20 Hz.  Modifications to the
instrument included revised pressure and dissolved O2 sensor mountings;
ODF-designed sensor interfaces for O2, FSI PRT and transmissometer;
implementation of 8-bit and 16-bit multiplexer channels; an elapsed-time
channel; instrument ID in the polarity byte and power supply voltages
channels.

Table 3.0 summarizes the winches and serial numbers of instruments and
sensors used during ICM3.


                                | Sensormedics  |          
             Station(s)  | CTD+ | Model 147737  | Winch     
                         | ID#  | Oxygen Sensor |          
             ------------|------|---------------|-----------
             1-37        |  5   |    5-02-22    | After     
             -----------------------------------------------
             + See table below for ODF CTD #5 serial numbers


                  ODF CTD #5 sensor serial numbers:
          ----|---------------|---------------|---------------
              |     Paine     |   Rosemount   |   GO Model   
          ODF |    Model      |  Model 171BJ  |  09035-00151 
          CTD | 211-35-440-05 |  Temperature  | Conductivity 
          ID# |   Pressure    | PRT1  | PRT2  | COND1 | COND2
          ----|---------------|-------|-------|-------|-------
           5  |     77017     | 15407 | 15046 | E197  | E184 

TABLE 3.0:  ICM3 Instrument/Sensor Serial Numbers


The CTD pressure sensor mounting had been modified to reduce the dynamic
thermal effects on pressure.  The sensor was attached to a section of
coiled stainless-steel tubing that was connected to the end-cap pressure
port.  The transducer was also insulated.  The NBIS temperature
compensation circuit on the pressure interface was disabled; all thermal
response characteristics were modeled and corrected in software.

The O2 sensor was deployed in a pressure-compensated holder assembly
mounted separately on the rosette frame and connected to the CTD by an
underwater cable.  The O2 sensor interface was designed and built by ODF
using an off-the-shelf 12-bit A/D converter.

The secondary CTD temperature and conductivity sensors, mounted in a single
turret, could have been used to calculate coherent salinities if the
primary sensors failed.  However, they were primarily used as a secondary
temperature calibration reference, eliminating the need for mercury or
electronic DSRTs as calibration checks.

The General Oceanics (GO) 1015 24-place pylon was used in conjunction with
an ODF-built deck unit and external power supply instead of a GO pylon deck
unit.  This combination provided generally reliable operation and positive
confirmation of each trip attempt during this leg.  The tripbox had its own
circuitry to generate and confirm bottle trips.  In addition, the pylon
emitted trip/confirmation messages into the CTD data stream as an
additional check on bottle tripping.  The acquisition software averaged CTD
data corresponding to the rosette trip as soon as the trip was initiated
until the trip confirmed, typically 5-6.4 seconds on ICM3.



4.  NAVIGATION AND BATHYMETRY DATA ACQUISITION

P-code navigation data were acquired from the ship's Trimble Tasman GPS
receiver via RS-232.  Data were logged automatically at one-minute
intervals by one of the Sun Sparcstations.  Underway bathymetry was logged
every 2 minutes by the ship's computer system, recording the Sea Beam 2000
center-beam depth.  Unedited depth data were later corrected according to
Carter [Cart80], then merged with the navigation data to provide a time-
series of underway position, course, speed and bathymetry data.  These data
were used for all station positions, PDR depths, and for bathymetry on
vertical sections.



5.  CTD DATA ACQUISITION, PROCESSING AND CONTROL SYSTEM

The CTD data acquisition, processing and control system consisted of a Sun
SPARCstation LX computer workstation, ODF-built CTD and pylon deck units,
CTD and pylon power supplies, and a VCR recorder for real-time analog
backup recording of the sea-cable signal.  The Sun system consisted of a
color display with trackball and keyboard (the CTD console), 18 RS-232
ports, 2.5 GB disk and 8mm cartridge tape.  One other Sun system, a
SPARCstation 5, was networked to the data acquisition system, as well as to
the rest of the networked computers aboard the Melville.  These systems
were available for real-time CTD data display and provided for hydrographic
data management and backup.  One HP 1200C color inkjet printer provided
hardcopy from either of the workstations.

The CTD FSK signal was demodulated and converted to a 9600 baud RS-232C
binary data stream by the CTD deck unit.  This data stream was fed to the
Sun SPARCstation.  The pylon deck unit was connected to the Sun LX through
a bi-directional 300 baud serial line, allowing bottle trips to be
initiated and confirmed by the data acquisition software.  A bitmapped
color display provided interactive graphical display and control of the CTD
rosette sampling system, including real-time raw and processed CTD data,
navigation, winch and rosette trip displays.

The CTD data acquisition, processing and control system was prepared by the
console watch a few minutes before each deployment.  A console operations
log was maintained for each deployment, containing a record of every
attempt to trip a bottle as well as any pertinent comments.  Most CTD
console control functions, including starting the data acquisition, were
initiated by pointing and clicking a trackball cursor on the display at
icons representing functions to perform.  The system then presented the
operator with short dialog prompts with automatically-generated choices
that could either be accepted as defaults or overridden.  The operator was
instructed to turn on the CTD and pylon power supplies, then to examine a
real-time CTD data display on the screen for stable voltages from the
underwater unit.  Once this was accomplished, the data acquisition and
processing were begun and a time and position were automatically logged for
the beginning of the cast.  A backup analog recording of the CTD signal on
a VCR tape was started at the same time as the data acquisition.  A rosette
trip display and pylon control window popped up, giving visual confirmation
that the pylon was initializing properly.  Various plots and displays were
initiated.  When all was ready, the console operator informed the deck
watch by radio.

Once the deck watch had deployed the rosette and informed the console
operator that the rosette was at the surface (also confirmed by the
computer displays), the console operator or watch leader provided the winch
operator with a target depth (wire-out) and maximum lowering rate, normally
60 meters/minute for this package.  The package then began its descent,
building up to the maximum rate during the first few hundred meters, then
optimally continuing at a steady rate without any stops during the down-
cast.

There were occasional problems with the winch used during this leg.  When
problems occurred, the winch operator stopped the descent or recovery in
order to check the winch.  These stops may have caused a slight shift in
CTD oxygen data because the raw oxygen signal shifted as oxygen became
depleted in water near the stationary sensor.  Winch operators attempted to
defer check-stops to up-casts whenever possible.

The console operator examined the processed CTD data during descent via
interactive plot windows on the display, which could also be run at other
workstations on the network.  Additionally, the operator decided where to
trip bottles on the up-cast, noting this on the console log.  The PDR was
monitored to insure the bottom depth was known at all times.

The deck watch leader assisted the console operator by monitoring the
rosette's distance to the bottom using the difference between the rosette's
pinger signal and its bottom reflection displayed on the PDR.  Around
100-200 meters above the bottom, depending on bottom conditions, the
altimeter typically began signaling a bottom return on the console.  The
winch speed was usually slowed to ~30 meters/minute during the final
approach.  The winch and altimeter displays allowed the watch leader to
refine the target depth relayed to the winch operator and safely approach
to within 5-20 meters of the bottom.

Bottles were closed on the up-cast by pointing the console trackball cursor
at a graphic firing control and clicking a button.  The data acquisition
system responded with the CTD rosette trip data and a pylon confirmation
message in a window.  All tripping attempts were noted on the console log.
The console operator then instructed the winch operator to bring the
rosette up to the next bottle depth.  The console operator was also
responsible for generating the sample log for the cast.

After the last bottle was tripped, the console operator directed the deck
watch to bring the rosette on deck.  Once the rosette was on deck, the
console operator terminated the data acquisition and turned off the CTD,
pylon and VCR recording.  The VCR tape was filed.  Usually the console
operator also brought the sample log to the rosette room and served as the
sample cop.



6.  CTD DATA PROCESSING

ODF CTD processing software consists of over 30 programs running under the
Unix operating system.  The initial CTD processing program (ctdba) is used
either in real-time or with existing raw data sets to:

  o Convert raw CTD scans into scaled engineering units, and assign
    the data to logical channels
  o Filter various channels according to specified filtering
    criteria
  o Apply sensor- or instrument-specific response-correction models
  o Provide periodic averages of the channels corresponding to the
    output time-series interval
  o Store the output time-series in a CTD-independent format


Once the CTD data are reduced to a standard-format time-series, they can be
manipulated in various ways.  Channels can be additionally filtered.  The
time-series can be split up into shorter time-series or pasted together to
form longer time-series.  A time-series can be transformed into a pressure-
series, or into a larger-interval time-series.  The pressure calibration
corrections are applied during reduction of the data to time-series.
Temperature, conductivity and oxygen corrections to the series are
maintained in separate files and are applied whenever the data are
accessed.

ODF data acquisition software acquired and processed the CTD data in real-
time, providing calibrated, processed data for interactive plotting and
reporting during a cast.  The 20 Hz data from the CTD were filtered,
response-corrected and averaged to a 2 Hz (0.5-second) time-series.  Sensor
correction and calibration models were applied to pressure, temperature,
conductivity and O2.  Rosette trip data were extracted from this time-
series in response to trip initiation and confirmation signals.  The
calibrated 2 Hz time-series data, as well as the 20 Hz raw data, were
stored on disk and were available in real-time for reporting and graphical
display.  At the end of the cast, various consistency and calibration
checks were performed, and a 2.0-db pressure-series of the down-cast was
generated and subsequently used for reports and plots.

CTD plots generated automatically at the completion of deployment were
checked daily for potential problems.  The two PRT temperature sensors were
inter-calibrated and checked for sensor drift.  The CTD conductivity sensor
was monitored by comparing CTD values to check-sample conductivities, and
by deep theta-salinity comparisons between down- and up-casts as well as
adjacent stations.  The CTD O2 sensor was calibrated to check-sample data.

No casts exhibited conductivity offsets or noise due to biological or
particulate artifacts.  Some casts were subject to noise in the data stream
caused by sea cable or slip-ring problems, or by moisture in interconnect
cables between the CTD and external sensors (i.e. O2).  Intermittent noisy
data were filtered out of the 2 Hz data using a spike-removal filter.  A
least-squares polynomial of specified order was fit to fixed-length
segments of data.  Points exceeding a specified multiple of the residual
standard deviation were replaced by the polynomial value.

Density inversions can be induced in high-gradient regions by ship-
generated vertical motion of the rosette.  Detailed examination of the raw
data shows significant mixing occurring in these areas because of "ship
roll".  In order to minimize density inversions, a ship-roll filter was
applied to all casts during pressure-sequencing to disallow pressure
reversals.

The first few seconds of in-water data were excluded from the pressure-
series data, since the sensors were still adjusting to the going-in-water
transition.  However, some casts exhibited up to a 0.025 sigma theta drop
during the top 10 db, or a sharply increasing density gradient in the top
few meters of the water column.  A time-series data check verified these
density features were probably real: the data were consistent over many
frames of data at the same pressures.  Appendix C details the magnitude of
the larger density drops or gradients for the casts affected.

Pressure intervals with no time-series data can optionally be filled by
double-quadratic interpolation/extrapolation.  The only pressure intervals
missing/filled during this leg were at 0 db, caused by chopping off going-
in-water transition data during pressure-sequencing.

When the down-cast CTD data have excessive noise, gaps or offsets, the up-
cast data are used instead.  CTD data from down- and up-casts are not mixed
together in the pressure-series data because they do not represent
identical water columns (due to ship movement, wire angles, etc.).  It was
not necessary to use any up-casts for ICM3 CTD data.

There is an inherent problem in the internal digitizing circuitry of the
NBIS Mark III CTD when the sign bit for temperature flips.  Raw temperature
can shift 1-2 millidegrees as values cross between positive and negative, a
problem avoided by offsetting the raw PRT readings by ~1.5 deg.C.  The
conductivity channel also can shift by 0.001-0.002 mS/cm as raw data values
change between 32768/32767, where all the bits flip at once.  This is
typically not a problem in shallow to intermediate depths because such a
small shift becomes negligible in higher gradient areas.

Raw CTD conductivity traversed 32768/32767 at ~1430+/-200 db (~3.72+/-0.18
deg.C theta) during most ICM3 casts.  There is no apparent salinity shift
seen during this leg because the +0.001 PSU effect typical of the
digitizing problem is lost in the higher gradients at these depths vs
deeper water.

Appendix C contains a table of CTD casts requiring special attention.  ICM3
CTD-related comments, problems and solutions are documented in detail.



7.  CTD LABORATORY CALIBRATION PROCEDURES

Pre-cruise laboratory calibrations of CTD pressure and temperature sensors
were used to generate tables of corrections applied by the CTD data
acquisition and processing software at sea.  These laboratory calibrations
were also performed post-cruise.

Pressure and temperature calibrations were performed on CTD #3 and CTD #5
at the ODF Calibration Facility in La Jolla.  The pre-cruise calibrations
were done in November and December 1996, prior to the ICM3 expedition.  CTD
#5 was calibrated post-cruise in March 1997.  Details of only the CTD #5
calibrations are included in this document, since it was the only CTD used
for ICM3 reported data.

The CTD pressure transducer was calibrated in a temperature-controlled
water bath to a Ruska Model 2400 Piston Gage pressure reference.
Calibration data were measured pre-/post-cruise at -0.97/-0.05 deg.C to a
maximum loading pressure of 6080 db, and 28.84/30.31 deg.C to 1190 db.
Figures 7.0 and 7.1 summarize the CTD #5 laboratory pressure calibrations
performed in December 1996 and March 1997.


FIGURE 7.0: Pressure calibration for ODF CTD #5, December 1996.
FIGURE 7.1: Pressure calibration for ODF CTD #5, March 1997.


Additionally, pre-cruise dynamic thermal-response step tests were conducted
on the pressure transducer to calibrate dynamic thermal effects.  These
results were combined with the static temperature calibrations to optimally
correct the CTD pressure.

CTD PRT temperatures were calibrated to an NBIS ATB-1250 resistance bridge
and Rosemount standard PRT in a temperature-controlled bath.  The primary
and secondary CTD temperatures were each offset by ~1.5 deg.C to avoid the
0-point discontinuity inherent in the internal digitizing circuitry.

Standard and PRT temperatures were measured at 7 or more different bath
temperatures between -1 and 32  deg.C during November 1996 and March 1997.
A minimal temperature re-check was done in December 1996 after installing a
new pressure sensor on CTD #5.  Since the data points were not identical to
the November run, a combination of the November and December calibrations
was used for shipboard temperature correction.  The December results were
more heavily weighted at the two extrema, and the November results gave
shape at middle temperatures.

Figures 7.2 and 7.3 summarize the laboratory calibrations performed on the
CTD #5 primary PRT during November and December 1996.  Figure 7.4
summarizes the combined correction used during the cruise.  Figure 7.5
summarizes the post-cruise CTD #5 primary PRT calibration performed in
March 1997.


FIGURE 7.2: Primary PRT Temperature Calibration for ODF CTD #5, November 1996.
FIGURE 7.3: Primary PRT Temperature Calibration for ODF CTD #5, December 1996.
FIGURE 7.4: Primary PRT Temperature Calibration for ODF CTD #5, Combined 
            Nov.+Dec. 1996.
FIGURE 7.5: Primary PRT Temperature Calibration for ODF CTD #5, March 1997.


These laboratory temperature calibrations were referenced to an ITS-90
standard.  Temperatures were converted to the IPTS-68 standard during
processing in order to calculate other parameters, including salinity and
density, which are currently defined in terms of that standard only.  Final
calibrated CTD temperatures are reported using the ITS-90 standard.



8.  CTD CALIBRATION PROCEDURES

A redundant PRT sensor was used on CTD #5 as a temperature calibration
check while at sea.  CTD conductivity and dissolved O2 were calibrated to
in situ check samples collected during each rosette cast.

Other than the first test cast, which is not reported, ODF CTD #5 was used
during the entire leg, stations 1-37.  Final pressure, temperature,
conductivity and oxygen corrections were determined during post-cruise
processing.


8.1.  CTD #5 PRESSURE

Pre-cruise pressure calibration data were applied to CTD #5 raw pressures
during each cast.  Down-cast surface pressures were automatically adjusted
to 0 db as the CTD entered the water; any difference between this value and
the calibration value was automatically adjusted during the top 50
decibars.

Post-cruise laboratory pressure calibration data showed a shift of less
than +0.5 db in the pressure correction at cold or warm bath temperatures.
Differences in pre-/post-cruise bath temperatures were normalized before
comparing the results.  The 0.5-db shift is less than one-fifth the
magnitude of the WOCE accuracy specification of 3 db, so no further
pressure correction was warranted.  The shipboard CTD pressures, corrected
to the pre-cruise calibration, were used for final pressure data.

Corrected PDR bottom depths were compared to CTD depths plus distance-
above-bottom values during shipboard processing.  These differences were
too variable to be useful in verifying final pressures.  Residual pressure
offsets at the end of each up-cast (the difference between the last
pressure in-water and 0 db) were monitored during the cruise to check for
shifts in the pressure calibration.  The residual differences averaged
+0.55 db, about the same amount as the pre-/post-cruise pressure
calibration differences.  Final adjusted ICM3 CTD pressures should be well
within the desired WOCE standards.


8.2.  CTD #5 TEMPERATURE

A second Rosemount PRT sensor (PRT2 = S/N 15046) was deployed as a second
temperature channel and compared with the primary PRT channel (PRT1 = S/N
15407) on all casts to monitor for drift.  The response times of the
primary and secondary PRT sensors were matched, then preliminary corrected
temperatures were compared for a series of standard depths from each CTD
down-cast.

Comparison of the two CTD #5 PRTs showed consistent differences of about
0.001 deg.C at pressures deeper than 2000 decibars throughout the leg.
There is no indication of any significant drift in the CTD #5 PRTs during
ICM3.  A stable conductivity correction also indicated no shift in the
primary PRT.


FIGURE 8.2.0: summarizes the shipboard comparison between the primary and
              secondary PRT temperatures.
FIGURE 8.2.0: Shipboard comparison of CTD #5 primary/secondary PRT channels, 
              pressure>2000db.


A weighted combination of the two pre-cruise laboratory calibrations for
the CTD #5 primary temperature sensor (PRT1) was applied to all shipboard
CTD data.  A description of how these two calibrations were combined, and a
plot of the result, can be found in Section 7 (CTD Laboratory Calibration
Procedures).

Post-cruise laboratory calibrations indicated that CTD-5 PRT1 temperatures
shifted up to +0.0005 deg.C, indicating a slightly more negative
correction.  This was not a significant change, so the shipboard data with
the pre-cruise combined calibration applied were used for final CTD
temperatures.  The pre- to post-cruise laboratory calibration shift for the
primary temperature sensor on CTD #5 was one-fourth the magnitude of the
WOCE accuracy standard of 0.002 deg.C.  ICM3 CTD temperatures should be
well within the WOCE accuracy specifications.

ODF discovered a small error in the algorithm used to convert ITS90
temperature calibration data to IPTS68; this error affected ICM3 data.  ODF
temperature calibrations are reported on the ITS90 temperature scale, but
ODF internally maintains these calibrations for CTD data processing on the
IPTS68 scale.  The error involved converting ITS90 calibrations to IPTS68.
The amount of error is close to linear with temperature: approximately
-0.00024 degC/degC, with a -0.00036 degC offset at 0 degC.  Previously
reported data were low by 0.00756 degC at 30 degC, decreasing to 0.00036
degC low at 0 degC.  Data reported as ITS90 were also affected by a similar
amount.  The ICM3 temperatures were corrected for this error, then an
additional correction to CTD conductivity was calculated to return CTD
salinities to their previous values.


8.3.  CTD #5 CONDUCTIVITY

The corrected CTD rosette trip pressure and temperature were used with the
bottle salinity to calculate a bottle conductivity.  Differences between
the bottle and CTD conductivities were then used to derive a conductivity
correction.  This correction is normally linear for the 3-cm conductivity
cell used in the Mark III CTD.

Conductivity differences above and below the thermocline were fit to CTD
conductivity for each station to determine conductivity slopes.  Figure
8.3.0 shows the individual preliminary conductivity slopes.


FIGURE 8.3.0: ICM3 CTD #5 preliminary conductivity slopes by station number.


These preliminary conductivity slopes were then fit to station number, with
outlying values (4,2 standard deviations) rejected.  The mean of these
conductivity slopes was calculated and applied to each cast.

Once the conductivity slope was applied, residual CTD conductivity offset
values were calculated for each cast using bottle conductivities deeper
than 1400 db.  Figure 8.3.1 illustrates the ICM3 preliminary conductivity
offset residual values.


FIGURE 8.3.1: ICM3 CTD #5 preliminary conductivity offsets by station number.


Smoothed offsets were applied to each cast; no adjustments to these offsets
were required, based on deep theta-salinity comparisons of adjacent casts.
Cast-by-cast comparisons showed less than a 0.002 mS/cm total drift in the
conductivity sensor offset and no slope changes over the entire leg.

The final ICM3 conductivity slopes are summarized in Figure 8.3.2.  Figure
8.3.3 summarizes the final conductivity offsets.


FIGURE 8.3.2: ICM3 CTD #5 conductivity slope corrections by station number.
FIGURE 8.3.3: ICM3 CTD #5 conductivity offsets by station number.


Since the pre-cruise CTD temperature and pressure calibrations were used
for final data, the shipboard CTD conductivity corrections were considered
final.  However, the conductivities were adjusted with a quadratic
temperature-dependent correction to compensate for the change in
temperatures caused by fixing the ITS90 to IPTS68 conversion error, noted
at the end of Section 8.2.  The change in salinity values after the
combined temperature and conductivity changes was insignificant, within
+/-0.0002 PSU.  The adjusted ICM3 temperature and conductivity correction
coefficients are tabulated in Appendix A.


SUMMARY OF RESIDUAL SALINITY DIFFERENCES

Figures 8.3.4, 8.3.5 and 8.3.6 summarize the ICM3 residual differences
between bottle and CTD salinities after applying the conductivity
corrections.  Only CTD and bottle salinities with final quality code 2
(acceptable) were used to generate these figures and statistics.  Residual
differences exceeding +/-0.025 PSU are included in the calculations for
averages and standard deviations, even though they are not plotted.


FIGURE 8.3.4: Salinity residual differences vs pressure (after correction).
FIGURE 8.3.5: Salinity residual differences vs station # (after correction).
FIGURE 8.3.6: Deep salinity residual differences vs station # (after 
              correction).


The CTD conductivity calibration represents a best estimate of the
conductivity field throughout the water column.  3-sigma from the mean
residual in Figures 8.3.5 and 8.3.6, or +/-0.0067 PSU for all salinities
and +/-0.0014 PSU for deep salinities, represents the limit of
repeatability of the bottle salinities (Autosal, rosette, operators and
samplers).  This limit agrees with station overlays of deep theta-salinity.
Within most casts (a single salinometer run), the precision of bottle
salinities appears to be better than 0.001 PSU.  The precision of the CTD
salinities appears to be better than 0.0005 PSU.

Deep ICM3 theta-salinity properties were compared with casts at the same
locations from the WOCE95-I3 cruise.  Although different standard batches
were used for salinity analyses, the two data sets compared well, less than
0.0005 PSU difference overall in salinity.


8.4.  CTD DISSOLVED OXYGEN

A single brand new O2 sensor was used during all of ICM3.

There are a number of problems with the response characteristics of the
SensorMedics O2 sensor used in the NBIS Mark III CTD, the major ones being
a secondary thermal response and a sensitivity to profiling velocity.
Stopping the rosette for as little as half a minute, or slowing down for a
bottom approach, can cause shifts in the CTD O2 profile as oxygen becomes
depleted in water near the sensor.  All winch stops or slow-downs that may
have affected CTD oxygen data are documented in Appendix C.

Because of these same stop/slow-down problems, up-cast CTD O2 data cannot
be optimally calibrated to O2 check samples.  Instead, down-cast CTD O2
data are derived by matching the up-cast rosette trips along isopycnal
surfaces.  The differences between CTD O2 data modeled from these derived
values and check samples are then minimized using a non-linear least-
squares fitting procedure.

After analyzing post-cruise laboratory calibrations, it was decided to use
shipboard CTD corrections as final for all parameters, including oxygen.
CTD oxygen data changed insignificantly (maximum 0.0017 ml/l in warm water)
as a result of adjustments to temperature and conductivity corrections from
the ITS90 to IPTS68 conversion error mentioned at the end of Section 8.2.

Figures 8.4.0 and 8.4.1 show the residual differences between the corrected
CTD O2 and the bottle O2 (ml/l) for each station.  Only CTD and bottle
oxygens with final quality code 2 (acceptable) were used to generate these
figures and statistics.  Residual differences exceeding +/-0.5 ml/l are
included in the calculations for averages and standard deviations, even
though they are not plotted.


FIGURE 8.4.0: ICM3 O2 residual differences vs station # (after correction).
FIGURE 8.4.1: ICM3 Deep O2 residual differences vs station # (after correction).


The standard deviations of 0.067 ml/l for all oxygens and 0.025 ml/l for
deep oxygens are only intended as indicators of how well the up-cast bottle
and down-cast CTD O2 values match up.  ODF makes no claims regarding the
precision or accuracy of CTD dissolved O2 data.

The general form of the ODF O2 conversion equation follows Brown and
Morrison [Brow78] and Millard [Mill82], [Owen85].  ODF does not use a
digitized O2 sensor temperature to model the secondary thermal response but
instead models membrane and sensor temperatures by low-pass filtering the
PRT temperature.  Insitu pressure and temperature are filtered to match the
sensor response.  Time-constants for the pressure response Taup, and two
temperature responses TauTs and TauTf are fitting parameters.  The Oc
gradient, dOc/dt, is approximated by low-pass filtering 1st-order Oc
differences.  This gradient term attempts to correct for reduction of
species other than O2 at the cathode.  The time-constant for this filter,
Tauog, is a fitting parameter.  Oxygen partial-pressure is then calculated:

    Opp=[c1*Oc+c2]*fsat(S,T,P)*e**(c3*Pl+c4*Tf+c5*Ts+c6*dOc/dt)  (8.4.0)

where:

Opp           = Dissolved O2 partial-pressure in atmospheres (atm);
Oc            = Sensor current (uamps);
fsat(S,T,P)   = O2 saturation partial-pressure at S,T,P (atm);
S             = Salinity at O2 response-time (PSUs);
T             = Temperature at O2 response-time (deg.C);
P             = Pressure at O2 response-time (decibars);
Pl            = Low-pass filtered pressure (decibars);
Tf            = Fast low-pass filtered temperature (deg.C);
Ts            = Slow low-pass filtered temperature (deg.C);
dOc/dt        = Sensor current gradient (uamps/secs).


ICM3 CTD O2 correction coefficients (c1 through c6) are tabulated in
Appendix B.



9.  BOTTLE SAMPLING

At the end of each rosette deployment water samples were drawn from the
bottles in the following order:

 o O2;
 o Nutrients;
 o Salinity.

The correspondence between individual sample containers and the rosette
bottle from which the sample was drawn was recorded on the sample log for
the cast.  This log also included any comments or anomalous conditions
noted about the rosette and bottles.  One member of the sampling team was
designated the sample cop, whose sole responsibility was to maintain this
log and insure that sampling progressed in the proper drawing order.

Normal sampling practice included opening the drain valve and then the air
vent on the bottle, indicating an air leak if water escaped.  This
observation together with other diagnostic comments (e.g., "lanyard caught
in lid", "valve left open") that might later prove useful in determining
sample integrity were routinely noted on the sample log.

Drawing oxygen samples also involved taking the sample draw temperature
from the bottle.  The temperature was noted on the sample log and was
sometimes useful in determining leaking or mis-tripped bottles.

Once individual samples had been drawn and properly prepared, they were
distributed to their respective laboratories for analysis.  Oxygen,
nutrients and salinity analyses were performed on computer-assisted (PC)
analytical equipment networked to Sun SPARCstations for centralized data
analysis.  The analysts for each specific property were responsible for
insuring that their results were updated into the cruise database.



10.  BOTTLE DATA PROCESSING

Bottle data processing began with sample drawing, and continued until the
data were considered to be final.  One of the most important pieces of
information, the sample log sheet, was filled out during the drawing of the
many different samples.  It was useful both as a sample inventory and as a
guide for the technicians in carrying out their analyses.  Any problems
observed with the rosette before or during the sample drawing were noted on
this form, including indications of bottle leaks, out-of-order drawing,
etc.  Oxygen draw temperatures recorded on this form were at times the
first indicator of rosette bottle-tripping problems. Additional clues
regarding bottle tripping or leak problems were found by individual
analysts as the samples were analyzed and the resulting data were processed
and checked by those personnel.

The next stage of processing was accomplished after the individual
parameter files were merged into a common station file, along with CTD-
derived parameters (pressure, temperature, conductivity, etc.).  The
rosette cast and bottle numbers were the primary identification for all
ODF-analyzed samples taken from the bottle, and were used to merge the
analytical results with the CTD data associated with the bottle.  At this
stage, bottle tripping problems were usually resolved, sometimes resulting
in changes to the pressure, temperature and other CTD properties associated
with the bottle.  All CTD information from each bottle trip (confirmed or
not) was retained in a file, so resolving bottle tripping problems
consisted of correlating CTD trip data with the rosette bottles.

Diagnostic comments from the sample log, and notes from analysts and/or
bottle data processors were entered into a computer file associated with
each station (the "quality" file) as part of the quality control procedure.
Sample data from bottles suspected of leaking were checked to see if the
properties were consistent with the profile for the cast, with adjacent
stations, and, where applicable, with the CTD data.  Various property-
property plots and vertical sections were examined for both consistency
within a cast and consistency with adjacent stations by data processors,
who advised analysts of possible errors or irregularities.  The analysts
reviewed and sometimes revised their data as additional calibration or
diagnostic results became available.

Based on the outcome of investigations of the various comments in the
quality files, WHP water sample codes were selected to indicate the
reliability of the individual parameters affected by the comments.  WHP
bottle codes were assigned where evidence showed the entire bottle was
affected, as in the case of a leak, or a bottle trip at other than the
intended depth.


WHP water bottle quality codes were assigned as defined in the WOCE
Operations Manual [Joyc94] with the following additional interpretations:
     
   2 | No problems noted.
   3 | Leaking.  An air leak large enough to produce an
     | observable effect on a sample is identified by a code of
     | 3 on the bottle and a code of 4 on the oxygen.  (Small
     | air leaks may have no observable effect, or may only
     | affect gas samples.)
   4 | Did not trip correctly.  Bottles tripped at other than
     | the intended depth were assigned a code of 4.  There may
     | be no problems with the associated water sample data.
   5 | Not reported.  No water sample data reported.  This is a
     | representative level derived from the CTD data for
     | reporting purposes.  The sample number should be in the
     | range of 80-99.
   9 | The samples were not drawn from this bottle.


WHP water sample quality flags were assigned using the following criteria:
     
   1 | The sample for this measurement was drawn from the water
     | bottle, but the results of the analysis were not (yet)
     | received.
   2 | Acceptable measurement.
   3 | Questionable measurement.  The data did not fit the
     | station profile or adjacent station comparisons (or
     | possibly CTD data comparisons).  No notes from the
     | analyst indicated a problem.  The data could be
     | acceptable, but are open to interpretation.
   4 | Bad measurement.  The data did not fit the station
     | profile, adjacent stations or CTD data.  There were
     | analytical notes indicating a problem, but data values
     | were reported.  Sampling and analytical errors were also
     | coded as 4.
   5 | Not reported.  There should always be a reason
     | associated with a code of 5, usually that the sample was
     | lost, contaminated or rendered unusable.
   9 | The sample for this measurement was not drawn.


WHP water sample quality flags were assigned to the CTDSAL (CTD salinity)
parameter as follows:
     
   2 | Acceptable measurement.
   3 | Questionable measurement.  The data did not fit the
     | bottle data, or there was a CTD conductivity calibration
     | shift during the up-cast.
   4 | Bad measurement.  The CTD up-cast data were determined
     | to be unusable for calculating a salinity.
   7 | Despiked.  The CTD data have been filtered to eliminate
     | a spike or offset.


WHP water sample quality flags were assigned to the CTDOXY (CTD O2)
parameter as follows:
     
   1 | Not calibrated.  Data are uncalibrated.
   2 | Acceptable measurement.
   3 | Questionable measurement.
   4 | Bad measurement.  The CTD data were determined to be
     | unusable for calculating a dissolved oxygen
     | concentration.
   5 | Not reported.  The CTD data could not be reported,
     | typically when CTD salinity is coded 3 or 4.
   7 | Despiked.  The CTD data have been filtered to eliminate
     | a spike or offset.
   9 | Not sampled.  No operational CTD O2 sensor was present
     | on this cast.


Note that CTDOXY values were derived from the down-cast pressure-series CTD
data.  CTD data were matched to the up-cast bottle data along isopycnal
surfaces.  If the CTD salinity is footnoted as bad or questionable, the CTD
O2 is not reported.

Table 10.0 shows the number of samples drawn and the number of times each
WHP sample quality flag was assigned for each basic hydrographic property:


                   Rosette Samples Stations 001-037                   
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
            Reported                  WHP Quality Codes               
             Levels        1       2       3       4       5       7       9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bottle    ||   844   |     0     830       8       1       0       0       5
CTD Salt  ||   844   |     0     843       1       0       0       0       0
CTD Oxy   ||   843   |     0     843       0       0       1       0       0
Salinity  ||   839   |     0     820      10       9       0       0       5
Oxygen    ||   838   |     0     820       8      10       1       0       5
Silicate  ||   839   |     0     830       0       9       0       0       5
Nitrate   ||   839   |     0     830       0       9       0       0       5
Nitrite   ||   839   |     0     830       0       9       0       0       5
Phosphate ||   839   |     0     579     251       9       0       0       5

TABLE 10.0: Frequency of WHP quality flag assignments for ICM3.


Additionally, all WHP water bottle/sample quality code comments are
presented in Appendix D.


11.  PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURES

All pressures and temperatures for the bottle data tabulations on the
rosette casts were obtained by averaging CTD data for a brief interval at
the time the bottle was closed on the rosette, then correcting the data
based on CTD laboratory calibrations.

The temperatures are reported using the International Temperature Scale of
1990.


12.  SALINITY ANALYSIS

EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES

A single Guildline Autosal Model 8400A salinometer (#48-263) was used for
measuring salinity on all stations.  The salinometer was modified by ODF
and contained interfaces for computer-aided measurement.  The water bath
temperature was set and maintained at 24 deg.C.  The salinometer was
located in a temperature-controlled laboratory.

The salinity analyses were performed when samples had equilibrated to
laboratory temperature, within 9-30 hours after collection.  The
salinometer was standardized for each group of analyses (typically one
cast, usually 24 samples) using at least one fresh vial of standard
seawater per group.  A computer (PC) prompted the analyst for control
functions such as changing sample, flushing, or switching to "read" mode.
At the correct time, the computer acquired conductivity ratio measurements,
and logged results.  The sample conductivity was redetermined until
readings met software criteria for consistency.  Measurements were then
averaged for a final result.


SAMPLING AND DATA PROCESSING

Salinity samples were drawn into 200 ml Kimax high-alumina borosilicate
bottles, which were rinsed three times with sample prior to filling.  The
bottles were sealed with custom-made plastic insert thimbles and Nalgene
screw caps.  This assembly provides very low container dissolution and
sample evaporation.  Prior to collecting each sample, inserts were
inspected for proper fit and loose inserts were replaced to insure an
airtight seal.  The draw time and equilibration time were logged for all
casts.  Laboratory temperatures were logged at the beginning and end of
each run.

PSS-78 salinity [UNES81] was calculated for each sample from the measured
conductivity ratios.  The difference (if any) between the initial vial of
standard water and one run at the end as an unknown was applied linearly to
the data to account for any drift.  The data were added to the cruise
database.  839 salinity measurements were made and 60 vials of standard
water were used.  On test station 998, all 24 bottles were tripped at
~1745db; salinity samples were drawn but not analyzed.  The estimated
accuracy of bottle salinities run at sea is usually better than 0.002 PSU
relative to the particular standard seawater batch used.

The original analyses for station 5 samples were lost because of a full
floppy disk; there was no hard disk on the salinity PC.  The disk was
checked before each successive run, plus data were hardcopied sample-by-
sample, to insure this did not happen again.  No other problems with
salinity analyses were noted.


LABORATORY TEMPERATURE

The temperature stability in the salinometer laboratory was fair.  The lab
temperature rose over 1 deg.C during the first 7 samples of the second
test-cast analysis, causing the run to be aborted.  That problem was
resolved before the first WOCE cast, and the lab temperature generally
stayed within 1 deg.C of the Autosal bath temperature for the rest of the
leg.


STANDARDS

At least one fresh vial of IAPSO Standard Seawater (SSW) Batch P-125 was
used to standardize the salinometer for each run of samples.



13.  OXYGEN ANALYSIS

EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES

Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed with an ODF-designed automated
oxygen titrator using photometric end-point detection based on the
absorption of 365nm wavelength ultra-violet light.  The titration of the
samples and the data logging were controlled by PC software.  Thiosulfate
was dispensed by a Dosimat 665 buret driver fitted with a 1.0 ml buret.
ODF used a whole-bottle modified-Winkler titration following the technique
of Carpenter [Carp65] with modifications by Culberson et al. [Culb91], but
with higher concentrations of potassium iodate standard (approximately
0.012N) and thiosulfate solution (50 gm/l).  Standard solutions prepared
from pre-weighed potassium iodate crystals were run at the beginning of
each session of analyses, which typically included from 1 to 3 stations.
Several standards were made up during the cruise and compared to assure
that the results were reproducible, and to preclude the possibility of a
weighing or dilution error.  Reagent/distilled water blanks were
determined, to account for presence of oxidizing or reducing materials.


SAMPLING AND DATA PROCESSING

Samples were collected for dissolved oxygen analyses soon after the rosette
sampler was brought on board.  Using a Tygon drawing tube, nominal 125ml
volume-calibrated iodine flasks were rinsed twice with minimal agitation,
then filled and allowed to overflow for at least 3 flask volumes.  The
sample draw temperature was measured with a small platinum resistance
thermometer embedded in the drawing tube.  Reagents were added to fix the
oxygen before stoppering.  The flasks were shaken twice to assure thorough
dispersion of the precipitate, once immediately after drawing, and then
again after about 20 minutes.  The samples were analyzed within 1-15 hours
of collection, and then the data were merged into the cruise database.

Thiosulfate normalities were calculated from each standardization and
corrected to 20 deg.C.  The 20 deg.C normalities and the blanks were
plotted versus time and were reviewed for possible problems.  New
thiosulfate normalities were recalculated after the blanks had been
smoothed as a function of time, if warranted.  These normalities were then
smoothed, and the oxygen data were recalculated.

Sample temperatures were measured at the time the samples were drawn from
the rosette bottle, and these temperatures were useful in indicating
whether or not a bottle tripped properly.

838 oxygen measurements were made, with no major problems with the
analyses.


VOLUMETRIC CALIBRATION

Oxygen flask volumes were determined gravimetrically with degassed
deionized water to determine flask volumes at ODF's chemistry laboratory.
This is done once before using flasks for the first time and periodically
thereafter when a suspect bottle volume is detected.  The volumetric flasks
used in preparing standards were volume-calibrated by the same method, as
was the 10 ml Dosimat buret used to dispense standard iodate solution.


STANDARDS

Potassium iodate standards, nominally 0.44 gram, were pre-weighed in ODF's
chemistry laboratory to +/-0.0001 grams.  The exact normality was
calculated at sea after the volumetric flask volume and dilution
temperature were known.  Potassium iodate was obtained from Johnson Matthey
Chemical Co.  and was reported by the supplier to be >99.4% pure.  All
other reagents were "reagent grade" and were tested for levels of oxidizing
and reducing impurities prior to use.


DUPLICATE MEASUREMENTS

On test station 998, all 24 bottles were tripped at ~1745db.  Oxygen
samples were analyzed for each of the bottles.  Bottle 9 failed to trip and
no oxygen value could be obtained.  Bottle 22 oxygen was drawn but not
analyzed; no reason was documented.  Bottle 6 was documented as having a
"funny end point" and its value was 1.7 µM/kg higher than the average.
Table 13.0 shows the standard deviation of the remaining 21 samples.


                Oxygen (µM/kg) Mean         164.5  
                ----------------------------------
                Standard Deviation (µM/kg)    0.28 
                ----------------------------------
                Number of Samples Used       21    

TABLE 13.0: test station 998 Oxygen



14. NUTRIENT ANALYSIS

EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES

Nutrient analyses (phosphate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite) were performed
on an ODF-modified 4-channel Technicon AutoAnalyzer II, generally within
one hour after sample collection.  Occasionally samples were refrigerated
up to 12 hours at 2-6 deg.C.  All samples were brought to room temperature
prior to analysis.

The methods used are described by Gordon et al. [Gord92].  The analog
outputs from each of the four colorimeter channels were digitized and
logged automatically by computer (PC) at 2-second intervals.

Silicate was analyzed using the technique of Armstrong et al. [Arms67].  An
acidic solution of ammonium molybdate was added to a seawater sample to
produce silicomolybdic acid which was then reduced to silicomolybdous acid
(a blue compound) following the addition of stannous chloride.  Tartaric
acid was also added to impede PO4 color development.  The sample was passed
through a 15mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 660nm.

A modification of the Armstrong et al. [Arms67] procedure was used for the
analysis of nitrate and nitrite.  For the nitrate analysis, the seawater
sample was passed through a cadmium reduction column where nitrate was
quantitatively reduced to nitrite.  Sulfanilamide was introduced to the
sample stream followed by N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride
which coupled to form a red azo dye.  The stream was then passed through a
15mm flowcell and the absorbance measured at 540nm.  The same technique was
employed for nitrite analysis, except the cadmium column was bypassed, and
a 50mm flowcell was used for measurement.

Phosphate was analyzed using a modification of the Bernhardt and Wilhelms
[Bern67] technique.  An acidic solution of ammonium molybdate was added to
the sample to produce phosphomolybdic acid, then reduced to
phosphomolybdous acid (a blue compound) following the addition of
dihydrazine sulfate.  The reaction product was heated to ~55 deg.C to
enhance color development, then passed through a 50mm flowcell and the
absorbance measured at 820m.


SAMPLING AND DATA PROCESSING

Nutrient samples were drawn into 45 ml polypropylene, screw-capped "oak-
ridge type" centrifuge tubes.  The tubes were cleaned with 10% HCl and
rinsed with sample twice before filling.  Standardizations were performed
at the beginning and end of each group of analyses (typically one cast,
usually 24 samples) with an intermediate concentration mixed nutrient
standard prepared prior to each run from a secondary standard in a low-
nutrient seawater matrix.  The secondary standards were prepared aboard
ship by dilution from primary standard solutions.  Dry standards were pre-
weighed at the laboratory at ODF, and transported to the vessel for
dilution to the primary standard.  Sets of 5-6 different standard
concentrations were analyzed periodically to determine any deviation from
linearity as a function of concentration for each nutrient analysis.  A
correction for non-linearity was applied to the final nutrient
concentrations when necessary.  In addition, a "deep seawater" high
nutrient concentration check sample was run with each station as an
additional check on data quality.

After each group of samples was analyzed, the raw data file was processed
to produce another file of response factors, baseline values, and
absorbances.  Computer-produced absorbance readings were checked for
accuracy against values taken from a strip chart recording.  The data were
then added to the cruise database.

Nutrients, reported in micromoles per kilogram, were converted from
micromoles per liter by dividing by sample density calculated at 1 atm
pressure (0 db), in situ salinity, and an assumed laboratory temperature of
25 deg.C.

On test station 998, all 24 bottles were tripped at ~1745db.  Nutrient
samples were drawn but not analyzed.  839 nutrient samples were analyzed.


STANDARDS

Na2SiF6, the silicate primary standard, was obtained from Aesar Chemical
Company and was reported by the suppliers to be >98% pure.  Primary
standards for nitrate (KNO3), nitrite (NaNO2), and phosphate (KH2PO4) were
obtained from Johnson Matthey Chemical Co. and the supplier reported
purities of 99.999%, 97%, and 99.999%, respectively.


COMPARISONS WITH I3 NUTRIENT DATA

No major problems were encountered with the measurements other than poor
laboratory temperature consistency.  Nitrate, silicate and nitrite values
compare with I3 overall.  However, phosphate values from ICM3 are
consistently offset higher than those from I3.  The offset between the two
cruises was worse in the first 12 stations on the ICM3 leg (>4%), then
lessens to about 2% in subsequent stations.  Deep N:P ratios for the first
12 stations give a value of ~13.7, while subsequent stations give a value
of ~14.2.  This latter value (~14.2) is more consistent with measurements
from other regions of the Indian Ocean, including I3.  Since nitrates
compare well, this points to suspect phosphate data.

Unfortunately, no conclusive reason can be found for the higher ICM3 data.
Since this is an offset rather than a gradual change from low to high
concentrations, this is most likely a baseline (i.e. distilled water)
problem.  The standards checked out well.  Unfortunately, the water used
for the "deep" check sample was changed between Stations 12 and 13, so is
of no help.  Standards were changed here as well, but the analyst reported
good agreement between the old and new standards.  There were no analytical
changes made between the first group and second group of stations (station
12 to station 13).  The same group of standards (same maker, lot number,
weighing analyst) were used on both cruises, and all standards within each
cruise compared well.  The analytical chemistries, standards, and data
processing methods were the same for both cruises.



REFERENCES

Arms67.
     Armstrong, F. A. J., Stearns, C. R., and Strickland, J. D. H., "The
     measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means
     of the Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment," Deep-Sea
     Research, 14, pp. 381-389 (1967).

Bern67.
     Bernhardt, H. and Wilhelms, A., "The continuous determination of low
     level iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the
     AutoAnalyzer," Technicon Symposia, I, pp. 385-389 (1967).

Brow78.
     Brown, N. L. and Morrison, G. K., "WHOI/Brown conductivity,
     temperature and depth microprofiler," Technical Report No. 78-23,
     Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1978).

Carp65.
     Carpenter, J. H., "The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the
     Winkler dissolved oxygen method," Limnology and Oceanography, 10, pp.
     141-143 (1965).

Cart80.
     Carter, D. J. T., "Computerised Version of Echo-sounding Correction
     Tables (Third Edition)," Marine Information and Advisory Service,
     Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Wormley, Godalming, Surrey. GU8
     5UB. U.K. (1980).

Culb91.
     Culberson, C. H., Knapp, G., Stalcup, M., Williams, R. T., and
     Zemlyak, F., "A comparison of methods for the determination of
     dissolved oxygen in seawater," Report WHPO 91-2, WOCE Hydrographic
     Programme Office (Aug 1991).

Gord92.
     Gordon, L. I., Jennings, J. C., Jr., Ross, A. A., and Krest, J. M., "A
     suggested Protocol for Continuous Flow Automated Analysis of Seawater
     Nutrients in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean
     Fluxes Study," Grp. Tech Rpt 92-1, OSU College of Oceanography Descr.
     Chem Oc. (1992).

Joyc94.
     Joyce, T., ed. and Corry, C., ed., "Requirements for WOCE Hydrographic
     Programme Data Reporting," Report WHPO 90-1, WOCE Report No. 67/91,
     pp. 52-55, WOCE Hydrographic Programme Office, Woods Hole, MA, USA
     (May 1994, Rev. 2). UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT.

Mill82.
     Millard, R. C., Jr., "CTD calibration and data processing techniques
     at WHOI using the practical salinity scale," Proc. Int. STD Conference
     and Workshop, p. 19, Mar. Tech. Soc., La Jolla, Ca. (1982).

Owen85.
     Owens, W. B. and Millard, R. C., Jr., "A new algorithm for CTD oxygen
     calibration," Journ. of Am. Meteorological Soc., 15, p. 621 (1985).

UNES81.
     UNESCO, "Background papers and supporting data on the Practical
     Salinity Scale, 1978," UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No.
     37, p. 144 (1981).







                                         APPENDIX A

            WOCE97-ICM3:  CTD Temperature and Conductivity Corrections Summary

         PRT    ITS-90 Temperature Coefficients          Conductivity Coefficients
 Sta/  Response   corT = t2*T**2 + t1*T + t0     corC = ct2*corT**2 + ct1*corT + c1*C + c0
 Cast Time(secs)    t2         t1         t0        ct2         ct1          c1        c0

001/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01567
002/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01570
003/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01573
004/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01576
005/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01579
006/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01582
007/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01585
008/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01588
009/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01591
010/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01594

011/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01597
012/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01600
013/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01603
014/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01606
015/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01609
016/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01612
017/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01615
018/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01618
019/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01621
020/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01624

021/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01627
022/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01630
023/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01633
024/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01636
025/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01639
026/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01642
027/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01645
028/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01648
029/02   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01651
030/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01654

031/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01657
032/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01660
033/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01663
034/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01666
035/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01669
036/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01672
037/01   .22    1.6572e-05 -4.0599e-04 -1.4960  1.33146e-06 2.19221e-04 -7.35321e-04 0.01675







                           


                   SUMMARY OF WOCE97-ICM3 CTD OXYGEN TIME CONSTANTS
                               (time constants in seconds)

                     Temperature           | Pressure | O2 Gradient
                 Fast(TauTf) | Slow(TauTs) |  (Taup)  |   (Tauog)  
                 ------------|-------------|----------|------------
                    16.0     |    512.3    |   13.0   |    16.0    


              WOCE97-ICM3: Conversion Equation Coefficients for CTD Oxygen
                             (refer to Equation 8.4.0)

 Sta/     OcSlope       Offset       Plcoeff      Tfcoeff       Tscoeff     dOc/dtcoeff
 Cast      (c1)          (c2)         (c3)          (c4)          (c5)          (c6)

001/01  6.85265e-05   2.09466e-01  3.48700e-04   1.14038e-02  -1.60779e-02   7.58541e-07
002/01  1.07427e-04  -1.89521e-02  5.04177e-04  -5.40731e-04  -1.34328e-02   1.97202e-07
003/01  1.98686e-04   1.70785e-02  5.87752e-05  -6.60179e-04  -3.45476e-02   2.39883e-07
004/01  1.62989e-04   5.36197e-02  9.75913e-05  -1.06538e-03  -2.80033e-02  -3.82415e-07
005/01  1.61051e-04   3.30164e-02  1.23651e-04  -5.71853e-03  -2.41724e-02   3.50914e-07
006/01  1.80514e-04  -1.24865e-02  1.34347e-04  -1.06248e-03  -3.01220e-02   8.75088e-07
007/01  1.53970e-04   4.28565e-02  1.29166e-04  -4.93122e-04  -2.54351e-02   9.74213e-07
008/01  1.56373e-04   3.47457e-02  1.32857e-04  -5.66029e-03  -2.25341e-02   1.08212e-06
009/01  1.37569e-04   6.26948e-02  1.36340e-04  -1.03018e-02  -1.28265e-02   6.54936e-07
010/01  1.66656e-04   4.97826e-03  1.41286e-04  -1.70343e-02  -1.60852e-02   2.50733e-06

011/01  1.49874e-04   4.46876e-02  1.34769e-04  -1.04479e-02  -1.63094e-02   3.29535e-07
012/01  1.49118e-04   4.52499e-02  1.34017e-04  -6.54158e-03  -1.83342e-02   3.48449e-07
013/01  1.95091e-04  -4.74004e-03  9.06865e-05  -7.06031e-03  -2.92754e-02  -8.75338e-07
014/01  1.74594e-04   2.35631e-02  1.08473e-04   3.72299e-03  -3.35158e-02   4.14521e-07
015/01  1.68748e-04   1.69809e-02  1.23843e-04  -8.17985e-03  -2.20109e-02   6.49542e-07
016/01  1.69140e-04   2.82550e-02  1.13673e-04  -6.37085e-03  -2.37957e-02   9.35490e-07
017/01  1.70618e-04   4.23813e-03  1.32944e-04  -8.61803e-03  -2.28884e-02  -9.52904e-08
018/01  1.60196e-04   7.85741e-03  1.44966e-04  -1.24095e-02  -1.75805e-02  -3.12027e-07
019/01  1.64978e-04   2.91461e-02  1.21651e-04  -5.10728e-03  -2.51254e-02   2.88410e-07
020/01  1.66257e-04   2.60097e-02  1.22729e-04  -8.73202e-03  -2.20151e-02   2.43296e-07

021/01  1.66015e-04   1.83741e-02  1.28132e-04  -5.97364e-03  -2.35063e-02  -6.67608e-07
022/01  1.63039e-04   1.98278e-02  1.31465e-04  -1.06976e-02  -1.98101e-02   1.73888e-06
023/01  1.55938e-04   2.64910e-02  1.37141e-04  -1.14040e-02  -1.72166e-02   2.48695e-06
024/01  1.65796e-04   1.68249e-02  1.30632e-04  -8.59104e-03  -2.23233e-02   9.75165e-07
025/01  1.63990e-04   1.50798e-02  1.34079e-04  -9.52077e-03  -2.10605e-02   1.70855e-06
026/01  2.02251e-04   8.71563e-03  4.94564e-05  -8.68184e-03  -2.97404e-02   1.12165e-07
027/01  1.39587e-04   3.64036e-02  1.64445e-04  -9.05775e-03  -1.51019e-02   1.11197e-06
028/01  1.61767e-04   2.02686e-02  1.30770e-04  -8.01802e-03  -2.17032e-02   4.87416e-07
029/02  1.58663e-04   2.47385e-02  1.34311e-04  -7.38854e-03  -2.11448e-02   3.83759e-07
030/01  1.60164e-04   1.93714e-02  1.36413e-04  -1.01659e-02  -1.94391e-02   1.24249e-06

031/01  1.57034e-04   2.74181e-02  1.35065e-04  -7.90612e-03  -2.01414e-02   6.76008e-07
032/01  1.56029e-04   3.29188e-02  1.32305e-04  -7.02339e-03  -2.13411e-02   1.16119e-06
033/01  1.55254e-04   3.01498e-02  1.36068e-04  -5.04383e-03  -2.26469e-02  -5.24700e-07
034/01  1.57627e-04   2.38620e-02  1.37957e-04  -9.30608e-03  -2.06421e-02   1.03771e-06
035/01  1.59867e-04   2.71807e-02  1.32824e-04  -6.13846e-03  -2.38606e-02  -8.00108e-08
036/01  1.56038e-04   2.75938e-02  1.36674e-04  -5.28057e-03  -2.31612e-02   8.37644e-07
037/01  1.64041e-04   1.30133e-02  1.37295e-04  -6.52043e-03  -2.38022e-02   9.28094e-07







                             APPENDIX C


         WOCE97-ICM3:  CTD SHIPBOARD AND PROCESSING COMMENTS

               Key to Problem/Comment Abbreviations             
      ------|-------------------------------------------------------
      DG/DI | density gradient/inversion in top 10db, data         
            | consistent/smooth in time-series ctd; possibly real  
      BQ    | bottle oxygen value(s) questionable/missing, need to 
            | estimate for ctdoxy fit                        
      OF    | ctdoxy fit off more than 0.02 ml/l (deeper) or 0.10  
            | ml/l (shallower) compared to bottle data and/or      
            | nearby ctd casts                               
      SR    | extensive ship-roll during cast; potential for       
            | density inversions and noisy Oxygen               
      WS    | winch stopped to check possible winch problem;       
            | potential shift in ctdoxy signal                  
      ------|-------------------------------------------------------
               Key to Solution/Action Abbreviations             
      ------|-------------------------------------------------------
      DO    | despiked Oxygen                                
      DS    | despiked Salinity (changed Temperature and/or        
            | Conductivity)                                  
      DU    | down/up ctdoxy differ or similar features at         
            | different pressures in this area; but downcast ctd   
            | Salinity and Oxygen structures often correspond well 
            | with each other                                
      EB    | used nearby bottles and/or casts to estimate bottle  
            | oxygen value(s) for ctdoxy fit                    
      GD    | downcast high-gradient areas Deeper than upcast, ok  
            | if (upcast) bottles do not match (downcast) ctdoxy in
            | these areas                                    
      NA    | no action taken, use default quality code 2          
      NR    | cast not processed, not reported with final data     
      O3    | quality code 3 Oxygen in .ctd file for pressures     
            | specified                                      
      S3    | quality code 3 Salinity in .ctd file for pressures   
            | specified                                      



   Cast     Problem/Comment                  Solution/Action           
   -------|--------------------------------|----------------------------
   998/01 | TEST cast 1; CTD #3            | NR/Aborted ~1700m after   
          | Conductivity failed 1505db     | tripping all 24 btls      
          | down, PRT2 data bad            |                        
   -------|--------------------------------|----------------------------
   997/01 | TEST cast 2: CTD #5, data ok   | NR                     
   -------|--------------------------------|----------------------------
   005/01 | DI/-0.015                      | NA/may be real            
          |                                |                        
          | OF/-0.04 to -0.08 ml/l         | O3/3456-3682db            
          | compared to nearby btls/casts  |                        
   -------|--------------------------------|----------------------------
   006/01 | DI/-0.01                       | NA/may be real            
          |                                |                        
          | BQ/surface+bottom              | EB/surface+bottom         
   -------|--------------------------------|----------------------------
   007/01 | DI/-0.01                       | NA/may be real            
   -------|--------------------------------|----------------------------
   010/01 | DG/+0.15, 0-4db, ctdT drops    | NA/may be real            
          | -0.2 deg.C top 6db;            |                        
          | ctdS/ctdoxy low at surface     |                        
          |                                |                        
          | SR/unstable Temperature,       | DS/S3/6-16db              
          | numerous density inversions    |                        
 





   Cast     Problem/Comment                  Solution/Action          
   -------|--------------------------------|-------------------------
   011/01 | DI/-0.025, 0-6db, Temperature  | NA/may be real           
          | rises 0.08 deg.C               |                       
   -------|--------------------------------|-------------------------
   012/01 | DI/-0.01                       | NA/may be real           
   -------|--------------------------------|-------------------------
   014/01 | DI/-0.02, 0-6db                | NA/may be real           
          |                                |                       
          | OF/WS/5.5 mins. at 436db, max. | O3/436-440db; otherwise, 
          | +0.25 ml/l compared to nearby  | ctdoxy similar to upcast 
          | area                           |                       
   -------|--------------------------------|-------------------------
   016/01 | kink in wire end of cast       | reterminate wire after   
          |                                | cast                  
   -------|--------------------------------|-------------------------
   017/01 | WS/1.5 mins. at 28db, 3 mins.  | NA/no apparent effect on 
          | at 1014db, slow to 40m/min     | ctdoxy                
          | rest of down                   |                       
   -------|------------------------------- |-------------------------
   018/01 | WS/2 mins. at 1194db, 1 min.   | NA/ctdoxy drops around   
          | at 1374db, 3.5 mins. at        | 1400db down + up         
          | 1400db, 2.5 mins. at 2280db:   |                       
          | brake trouble/testing          |                       
          |                                |                       
          | OF/max.+0.04 ml/l at btm       | O3/4066-4114db/btm       
          | compared to btls, nearby       |                       
          | casts; shifts after small      |                       
          | slowdown                       |                       
   -------|--------------------------------|-------------------------
   019/01 | large wire angle last part of  | NA                    
          | upcast; ship traveled 1.7      |                       
          | miles during cast              |                       
   -------|--------------------------------|-------------------------
   021/01 | OF/max. +0.40 ml/l, down-up    | DU/GD 15-30m top 450db   
          | ctdoxy very different          |                       
          |                                |                       
          | BQ/bottom 2 bottles            | EB/bottom             
   -------|--------------------------------|-------------------------
   023/01 | DI/-0.01                       | NA/may be real           
   -------|--------------------------------|-------------------------
   025/01 | SR/OF/max. -0.12 ml/l at       | O3/0-16db, O3/106-110db, 
          | surface, max. +/-0.10 ml/l to  | DU/GD 10-15m 20-350db    
          | 320db; very noisy raw ctdoxy   |                       
          | data due to shiproll           |                       
   -------|--------------------------------|-------------------------
   027/01 | WS/1 min. at 1222db to adjust  | NA/no apparent effect on 
          | level wind                     | ctdoxy                
   -------|--------------------------------|-------------------------
   028/01 | DG/+0.04 at surface            | NA/may be real           
   -------|--------------------------------|-------------------------
   029/01 | ABORT near surface for knotted | NR                    
          | tag line                       |                       
   -------|--------------------------------|-------------------------
   030/01 | BQ/surface                     | EB/surface            
   -------|--------------------------------|-------------------------
   031/01 | DI/-0.01                       | NA/may be real           
   -------|--------------------------------|-------------------------
   033/01 | DI/-0.01                       | NA/may be real           
          |                                |                       
          | WS/2.5 mins. at 5152db, winch  | NA/short, temporary drop 
          | op. radio died                 | just below stop          
   -------|--------------------------------|-------------------------
   036/01 | odd offset section in rawoxy,  | DO/2400-2468db           
          | possible sea-slime             |                       
   -------|--------------------------------|-------------------------
   037/01 | DI/-0.02                       | NA/may be real           







                                 APPENDIX D

                  WOCE97-ICM3:  BOTTLE QUALITY COMMENTS

Remarks for deleted samples, missing samples, PI data comments, and WOCE
codes other than 2 from WOCE97-ICM3/Sojourn4.  Investigation of data may
include comparison of bottle salinity and oxygen data with CTD data, review
of data plots of the station profile and adjoining stations, and rereading
of charts (i.e., nutrients).  Comments from the Sample Logs and the results
of ODF's investigations are included in this report.  Units stated in these
comments are degrees Celsius for temperature, Practical Salinity Units for
salinity, and unless otherwise noted, milliliters per liter for oxygen and
micromoles per liter for Silicate, Nitrate, Nitrite, and Phosphate.  The
first number before the comment is the cast number (CASTNO) times 100 plus
the bottle number (BTLNBR).
   
   
   
STATION 001
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."  PO4 appears high compared with
               I3 data.  Suspect PO4 baseline problem. Footnote PO4
               questionable.
   
   
STATION 002
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."  PO4 appears high compared with
               I3 data.  Suspect PO4 baseline problem. Footnote PO4
               questionable.
   
   
STATION 003
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."  PO4 appears high compared with
               I3 data.  Suspect PO4 baseline problem. Footnote PO4
               questionable.
   
   
STATION 004
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "Squids galore."  PO4 appears high compared with
               I3 data.  Suspect PO4 baseline problem. Footnote PO4
               questionable.
   
   
STATION 005
   
   Cast 1      PO4 appears high compared with I3 data.  Suspect PO4
               baseline problem. Footnote PO4 questionable.
   
   118            Sample log: "Bottle 18 empty. Bottom end cap hanging loose.
               No Samples."  Pressure is 618db.
   
   112         Oxygen value appears 0.10 ml/l high compared to CTDOXY.
               Compared to adjacent stations, value could be interpreted to
               be a little high. Footnote oxygen questionable.  Pressure is
               1232db.
   
   
STATION 006
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."  PO4 appears high compared with
               I3 data.  Suspect PO4 baseline problem. Footnote PO4
               questionable.
   
   124         Oxygen analyst: "Computer hang up while titrating o2 sample.
               Sample lost."  Pressure is 11db.
   
   101         Oxygen analyst: "Sample overtitrated, bad endpoint."  Oxygen
               value looks 0.1 ml/l high compared to adjacent stations and
               CTDOXY. Footnote oxygen bad.  Pressure is 4401db.
   
   
STATION 007
   
   Cast 1      PO4 appears high compared with I3 data.  Suspect PO4
               baseline problem. Footnote PO4 questionable.
   
   115         CTD Conductivity offset during stop for bottle trip.  Offset
               lasts for approximately 25 meters, maybe due to biological
               contamination. High gradient area also.  No CTDOXY is
               calculated because the CTD salinity is coded questionable.
               Footnote CTD salinity questionable and CTD oxygen not
               reported.  Pressure is 1129db.
   
   108         Sample log: "Lanyard caught, bottom end cap failed to close.
               No Sample."  Pressure is 2776db.
   
   104         All sample values wildly off. Values almost match samples
               from about 2000 db. Bottle hung up then closed higher in
               water column. Footnote bottle did not trip as scheduled, all
               values bad.  Pressure is 4020db.
   
   102         Oxygen analyst note: "Funny end-point."  Oxygen value +0.05
               ml/l high compared to CTDOXY trace. Footnote oxygen
               questionable.  Pressure is 4645db.
   
   
STATION 008
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."  PO4 appears high compared with
               I3 data.  Suspect PO4 baseline problem. Footnote PO4
               questionable.
   
   104         Oxy analyst note: "Bad end point."  Oxygen value may be 0.05
               ml/l high compared to CTDOXY and adjacent stations.
               Footnote oxygen questionable.  Pressure is 4125db.
   
   
STATION 009
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."  PO4 appears high compared with
               I3 data.  Suspect PO4 baseline problem. Footnote PO4
               questionable.  All salinity values appear to be 0.001 low
               compared to CTD value. End wormley, standard seawater, value
               appears to be 0.00004 high.  Values within specifications.
   
   
STATION 010
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."  PO4 appears high compared with
               I3 data.  Suspect PO4 baseline problem. Footnote PO4
               questionable.
   
   114         Oxygen value appears 0.15 ml/l high compared to CTDOXY and
               adjacent stations.  Footnote oxygen questionable.  Pressure
               is 1232db.
   
   
STATION 011
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."  PO4 appears high compared with
               I3 data.  Suspect PO4 baseline problem. Footnote PO4
               questionable.
   
   
STATION 012
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."  PO4 appears high compared with
               I3 data.  Suspect PO4 baseline problem. Footnote PO4
               questionable.
   
   123         Delta-S = 0.02 psu. Salinity analyst took 4 runs to get 2
               values to agree. May be salt crystal contamination.
               Footnote salinity questionable.  Pressure is 107db.
   
   
STATION 013
   
   111         Sample Log: "Spigot sticky."  Data are acceptable.  Pressure
               is 1024db.
   
   104         Nutrient analyst: "PO4 seems 0.01 uM high" Footnote po4
               questionable.  Pressure is 2157db.
   
   
STATION 014
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."
   
   
STATION 015
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."
   
   
STATION 016
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "Kink in CTD wire removed; retermination."
   
   101-106     Salinity appears to be 0.002 low on deep bottles compared to
               CTD and adjacent stations. Autosal log okay, no other notes.
               Footnote deep salinities on station 016 questionable.  PI
               agrees.
   
   
STATION 017
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."
   
   
STATION 018
   
   109         Sample Log: "Bottle closed, but had only a few inches of
               water in it. No samples."  Pressure is 2260db.
   
   
STATION 019
   
   114         Oxygen value looks 0.02 ml/l high compared to CTDOXY. Could
               be interpreted high compared to adjacent stations. Footnote
               oxygen questionable.  Pressure is 1094db.
   
   114-113     Sample Log: "Top end caps on bottles 13 and 14 jostled by
               retrieving line during bumpy recovery."  Bottle parameters
               appear okay compared to adjacent stations, except oxygen for
               14.  See 114 oxygen comments.
   
   
STATION 020
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."
   
   
STATION 021
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."
   
   101-102     Oxygen values about 0.1 ml/l high compared to CTDOXY and
               adjacent stations. PI agrees.  Footnote oxygen questionable.
   
   
STATION 022
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."
   
   
STATION 023
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."
   
   123         Probable end-cap leak, shows up as noticeable Delta-S, but
               at a depth with a sharp salinity and oxygen gradient.  PI:
               "All bottle properties should be coded as bad for bottle 23
               on stations 023-025 and 027-030."  Pressure is 101db.
   
   105         Nutrient analyst: "PO4 seems 0.03 uM high" PI agrees.
               Footnote po4 questionable.  Pressure is 3054db.
   
   
STATION 024
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."
   
   123         Probable end-cap leak, shows up as noticeable Delta-S, but
               at a depth with a sharp salinity and oxygen gradient.  PI:
               "All bottle properties should be coded as bad for bottle 23
               on stations 023-025 and 027-030."  Pressure is 108db.
   
   
STATION 025
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."
   
   123         Probable end-cap leak, shows up as large Delta-S.  PI: "All
               bottle properties should be coded as bad for bottle 23 on
               stations 023-025 and 027-030."  Pressure is 108db.
   
   
STATION 026
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."
   
   
STATION 027
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "O2 draw temperatures indicate bottom bottle is
               20 - pylon shaft pointer is at 19 (surface bottle).
               Therefore, suspect surface bottle is 19, bottom bottle is
               20."  Bottle trip order is 20-24, then 1-19.
   
   124         Oxygen analyst note: "Funny end point."  PI: "Oxygen value
               looks perfect on theta- o2 plots." Oxygen value acceptable.
               Pressure is 2023db.
   
   123         Probable end-cap leak, shows up as large Delta-S.  PI: "All
               bottle properties should be coded as bad for bottle 23 on
               stations 023-025 and 027-030."  Pressure is 2131db.
   
   
STATION 028
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."
   
   123         Probable end-cap leak, shows up as large Delta-S.  PI: "All
               bottle properties should be coded as bad for bottle 23 on
               stations 023-025 and 027-030."  Pressure is 108db.
   
   101         Salinity value about 0.0026 higher than CTD and adjacent
               stations. Footnote salinity questionable. PI agrees.
               Pressure is 3194db.
   
   
STATION 029
   
   223         Probable end-cap leak, shows up as large Delta-S.  PI: "All
               bottle properties should be coded as bad for bottle 23 on
               stations 023-025 and 027-030."  Pressure is 105db.
   
   208         Sample log: "Petcock on bottle 8 gone - no samples."
               Pressure is 2865db.
   
   
STATION 030
   
   124         Sample log: "Lanyard stuck in bottom of bottle 24, water
               coming out as rosette brought aboard. No water for samples."
               Pressure is 13db.
   
   123         Probable end-cap leak, shows up as large Delta-S.  PI: "All
               bottle properties should be coded as bad for bottle 23 on
               stations 023-025 and 027-030."  Pressure is 108db.
   
   
STATION 031
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."
   
   123         Marine tech log: "Changed end-cap on bottle 23." Bottle 23
               on all previous stations has large Delta-S. Starting with
               station 31, bottle 23 has better agreement with CTDSAL.
               Pressure is 107db.
   
   
STATION 032
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "Forgot O2 draw temperature."
   
   
STATION 033
   
   105         Sample log: "Lanyard caught in top end cap bottle 5, didn't
               seat properly." Salinity value off by 0.06 psu from CTD
               value and adjacent stations.  Nutrient values equally bad.
               Footnote bottle leaking and all bottle parameters bad.
               Pressure is 3884db.
   
   103         Delta-S greater than 0.002, oxygen +0.08 ml/l high.  No
               apparent reason, footnote oxygen and salinity questionable.
               PI agrees.  Pressure is 4568db.
   
   101         Delta-S greater than 0.003 psu.  No apparent reason,
               footnote salinity questionable. PI agrees.  Pressure is
               5202db.
   
   
STATION 034
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."
   
   
STATION 035
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."
   
   
STATION 036
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."
   
   
STATION 037
   
   Cast 1      Sample Log: "No comments."
   
   
   
   
WHPO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact     Data Type     Data Status  Summary  
--------  ----------  ------------  -------------------------------------------
01/23/98  Whitworth   SUM/CTD       Submitted  Steve Rutz did the ftp  
          
03/15/00  Whitworth   CTD/BTL       Data are Public    
          I have conferred with Bruce Warren, and we agree that the ICM3 data 
          from 1997 can be made public.
          
12/13/00  Buck        CTD/BTL/SUM   Website Updated  Data added to website  
          Added to Non-WHP website. Note, the cruise dates are: Jan 08 - Feb 14, 
          1997 also known as ICM03W
          
06/19/01  Swift       CTDTMP        Update Needed 
          An oceanographically-insignificant error in CTDTMP data for this 
          cruise has been found (ca. -0.00024*T - 0.00036 degC).  A data update 
          is forthcoming. In the interim the corrected data files can be 
          obtained from: ftp://odf.ucsd.edu/pub/HydroData/woce/crs
          
06/20/01  Johnson     CTD           Data Update; Processing error corrected
          revised data available by ftp  ODF has discovered a small error in the 
          algorithm used to convert ITS90 temperature calibration data to 
          IPTS68.  This error affects reported Mark III CTD temperature data for 
          most cruises that occurred in 1992-1999.  A complete list of affected 
          data sets appears below.

          ODF temperature calibrations are reported on the ITS90 temperature 
          scale.  ODF internally maintains these calibrations for CTD data 
          processing on the IPTS68 scale.  The error involved converting ITS90 
          calibrations to IPTS68.  The amount of error is close to linear with 
          temperature: approximately -0.00024 degC/degC, with a -0.00036 degC 
          offset at 0 degC.  Previously reported data were low by 0.00756 degC 
          at 30 degC, decreasing to 0.00036 degC low at 0 degC.  Data reported 
          as ITS90 were also affected by a similar amount.  CTD conductivity 
          calibrations have been recalculated to account for the temperature 
          change.  Reported CTD salinity and oxygen data were not significantly 
          affected.
          
          Revised final data sets have been prepared and will be available soon 
          from ODF (ftp://odf.ucsd.edu/pub/HydroData).  The data will eventually 
          be updated on the whpo.ucsd.edu website as well.
          IPTS68 temperatures are reported for PCM11 and Antarktis X/5, as 
          originally submitted to their chief scientists.  ITS90 temperatures 
          are reported for all other cruises.

          Changes in the final data vs. previous release (other than temperature 
          and negligible differences in salinity/oxygen):
          S04P:  694/03 CTD data were not reported, but CTD values were reported 
          with the bottle data.  No conductivity correction was applied to these 
          values in the original .sea file.  This release uses the same 
          conductivity correction as the two nearest casts to correct salinity.
          AO94:  Eight CTD casts were fit for ctdoxy (previously uncalibrated) 
          and resubmitted to the P.I. since the original release.  The WHP-
          format bottle file was not regenerated.  The CTDOXY for the following 
          stations should be significantly different than the original .sea file 
          values:
              009/01 013/02 017/01 018/01 026/04 033/01 036/01 036/02 
          I09N: The 243/01 original CTD data file was not rewritten after 
          updating the ctdoxy fit.  This release uses the correct ctdoxy data 
          for the .ctd file.  The original .sea file was written after the 
          update occurred, so the ctdoxy values reported with bottle data should 
          be minimally different.
          ======================================================================
          DATA SETS AFFECTED:
          WOCE Final Data - NEW RELEASE AVAILABLE:
            WOCE Section ID   P.I.                 Cruise Dates
            ------------------------------------------------------------
            S04P             (Koshlyakov/Richman)  Feb.-Apr. 1992
            P14C             (Roemmich)            Sept. 1992
            PCM11            (Rudnick)             Sept. 1992
            P16A/P17A        (JUNO1)  (Reid)       Oct.-Nov. 1992
            P17E/P19S        (JUNO2)  (Swift)      Dec. 1992 - Jan. 1993
            P19C             (Talley)              Feb.-Apr. 1993  
            P17N             (Musgrave)            May-June 1993
            P14N             (Roden)               July-Aug. 1993
            P31              (Roemmich)            Jan.-Feb. 1994
            A15/AR15         (Smethie)             Apr.-May 1994   
            I09N             (Gordon)              Jan.-Mar. 1995
            I08N/I05E        (Talley)              Mar.-Apr. 1995
            I03              (Nowlin)              Apr.-June 1995
            I04/I05W/I07C    (Toole)               June-July 1995
            I07N             (Olson)               July-Aug. 1995
            I10              (Bray/Sprintall)      Nov. 1995   
            ICM03            (Whitworth)           Jan.-Feb. 1997

          non-WOCE Final Data - NEW RELEASE AVAILABLE:
            Cruise Name       P.I.                 Cruise Dates
            ------------------------------------------------------------
            Antarktis X/5    (Peterson)            Aug.-Sept. 1992
            Arctic Ocean 94  (Swift)               July-Sept. 1994
            Preliminary Data - WILL BE CORRECTED FOR FINAL RELEASE ONLY
              NOT YET AVAILABLE: 
            Cruise Name       P.I.                 Cruise Dates
            ------------------------------------------------------------
            WOCE-S04I        (Whitworth)           May-July 1996   
            Arctic Ocean 97  (Swift)               Sept.-Oct. 1997
            HNRO7            (Talley)              June-July 1999
            KH36             (Talley)              July-Sept. 1999

          "Final" Data from cruise dates prior to 1992, or cruises which 
              did not use NBIS CTDs, are NOT AFFECTED.
          post-1991 Preliminary Data NOT AFFECTED:
            Cruise Name       P.I.                 Cruise Dates
            ------------------------------------------------------------
            Arctic Ocean 96  (Swift)               July-Sept. 1996
            WOCE-A24 (ACCE)  (Talley)              May-July 1997
            XP99             (Talley)              Aug.-Sept. 1999
            KH38             (Talley)              Feb.-Mar. 2000
            XP00             (Talley)              June-July 2000
           
12/27/02  Bartolacci  Cruise ID     Website Updated  
          changed line # from icm03 to ir03  I have added ICM03 current meter 
          cruise to the IR03 repeat cruises: IR03_b € expocode: 318MSOJOURN4 € 
          Jan 08 - Feb 14, 1997 € Melville/USA € Chief Scientist Whitworth

          I have woce format checked the files, completed minor edits where 
          needed, created exchange and net cdf files, an index.html page and 
          station tracks.  This cruise is filed as ir03_b and awaits linking to 
          the website tables.
          
02/10/03  Kappa       Cruise ID     Website Updated  
          changed line # from icm03 to ir03 in metadatabase  
          
02/26/03  Kappa       DOC           Cruise Reports Assembled
          PDF and TEXT cruise reports contain Final ODF CTD and BTL data 
          reports, and these WHPO Data Processing Notes

