A.  CRUISE NARRATIVE (AR25)

A.1  Highlights 

                        WHP Cruise Summary Information

                      WOCE section designation  AR25
             Expedition designation (ExpoCode)  06MT45_4

           Chief Scientist and his affiliation  Jens Meincke/IfMH*

                                         Dates  1999 AUG 13 - 1999 AUG 31
                                          Ship  R/V METEOR
                                 Ports of call  St. John's - Rendsburg
                                                
                            Number of stations  46

                                                           65°31.19'N
               Stations' Geographic boundaries  49°22.91'W            27°14.59'W
                                                           51°54.77'N

                  Floats and drifters deployed  see section 4.2; LEG 2
                Moorings deployed or recovered  8 recovered and redeployed

                          Contributing Authors  J. Meincke
                                                O. Plähn 
                                                K. Bulsiewicz 
                                                I. Schlimme
                                                G. Kahl 
________________________________________________________________________________

              *Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Hamburg
                  Troplowitzstraße 7   22529 Hamburg   GERMANY
                 TEL: +49-40-4123-5985    FAX: +49-40-4123-4644
                     EMAIL: meincke@ifm.uni-hamburg.d400.de
________________________________________________________________________________




                              METEOR-BERICHTE 00-4

                              North Atlantic 1999
                     Cruise No. 45 18 May -4 November 1999

                                   Edited by:
                 Friedrich Schott, Jens Meincke, Gerrit Meinecke, 
                         Susanne Neuer and Walter Zenk

                             Editorial Assistance:
       Frank Schmieder Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen

                               Leitstelle METEOR 
                Institut für Meereskunde der Universität Hamburg
                                      2000 


The METEOR-Berichte are published in an irregular sequence. They are working
    papers for people who are occupied with this specific expedition and are
    intended as reports for the funding institutions.

The opinions expressed within the METEOR-Berichte are only those of the
authors. 

Ý The reports are obtainable at:

                 Leitstelle METEOR   Institut für Meereskunde
                 Troplowitzstr. 7    22529 Hamburg    GERMANY


The METEOR expeditions are funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and
    the Bun-desministerium für Bildung und Forschung.


Addresses of the editors:

Prof. Dr. F. Schott, Dr. W. Zenk 
Institut für Meereskunde
Düsternbrooker Weg 20 24105 Kiel

Prof. Dr. J. Meincke 
Institut für Meereskunde 
an der Universität Hamburg Troplowitzstraße 7
22529 Hamburg

Dr. G. Meinecke, Frau Dr. S. Neuer 
Fachbereich 5 -Geowissenschaften
Universität Bremen 
Postfach 33 04 40
28334 Bremen


Quotation:

Schott, F., J. Meincke, G. Meinecke, S. Neuer and W. Zenk (2000): North
    Atlantic 1999, Cruise No. 45, 18 May -4 November 1999. METEOR-Berichte,
    Universität Hamburg, 00-4, 161 pp.

                            ISSN 0 9 3 6 -8 9 5 7 2


Table of Contents (Ý for these sections see original report, as above)
Abstract
Zusammenfassung

1 Research Objectives 
  1.1 Introduction
  1.2 Projects

2 Participants

3 Research Programme 3.1 Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) 460
  3.2 VEINS 3.3 CANIGO/ESTOC and DOMEST
  3.4 Sedimentology/Paleoceanography

4 Narrative of the Cruise 4.1 Leg M45/1
  4.2 Leg M45/2 4.3 Leg M45/3
  4.4 Leg M45/4 4.4 Leg M45/5

5 Preliminary Results 
Ý 5.1 Leg M45/1
      5.1.1 Sediment Sampling with Gravity-and Multicorer 
      5.1.2 Particle Flux Measurements with Moored Particle Traps
      5.1.3 Particle Flux Measurements with Drifting Particle Traps 
      5.1.4 Particle Camera System
      5.1.5 DOMEST 
      5.1.6 Deep Ocean Profiler (DOP)
      5.1.7 Field Tests of the Optical Density Sensor OPRA 
      5.1.8 Marine Chemistry
Ý 5.2 Leg M45/2 
      5.2.1 Hydrography Including Nutrients
      5.2.2 Mooring Works 
      5.2.3 Float Works
      5.2.4 Chlorofluorocarbons 
      5.2.5 Marine Chemistry
            5.2.5.1 Marine Carbon Dioxide System, Dissolved Oxygen, Nutrients
            5.2.5.2 Sea Surface fCO2 
            5.2.5.3 Carbon Isotope 13 C
            5.2.5.3 Carbon Isotope 14 C 
      5.2.6 Tracer/Helium/Tritium
      5.2.7 Natural Radionuclides
Ý 5.3 Leg M45/3 
      5.3.1 Moored Boundary Current Array at 53°N and Moored Observations at AR7-W 
      5.3.2 Convection Situation 1998/99 in ADCPs, T/S-Records
      5.3.3 Tomography 
      5.3.4 Water Mass Variability of the Labrador Sea 1998/99 vs Previous Years 
      5.3.5 Shipboard ADCP, LADCP and Pegasus
      5.3.6 DWBC East of the Grand Banks 
      5.3.7 Marine Chemistry
            5.3.7.1 Total Dissolved Carbon Dioxide 
            5.3.7.2 Spectrophotometric ph T Determination
            5.3.7.3 Nutrients and Oxygen 
            5.3.7.4 Sea Surface fCO2
            5.3.7.5 Carbon Isotopes 
            5.3.7.6 Determination of the Carbonate System
      5.3.8 Tritium/Helium Sampling 
      5.3.9 Air-Sea Exchange Observations
      5.3.10 DVS-and Thermosalinograph Observations
  5.4 Leg M45/4 
      5.4.1 Hydrography
      5.4.2 Moorings 
      5.4.3 Tracer Measurements (CFC-11 and CFC-12)
Ý 5.5 Leg M45/5a 
      5.5.1 Underway Geophysics in the North Sea and the Cape Ghir Region
      5.5.2 Sediment Sampling by GeoB 
      5.5.3 Plankton Sampling
      5.5.3 Calcareous Plankton and Paleoceanography of the Azores Front-Current System
  5.6 Leg M45/5b 
      5.6.1 DOMEST
            5.6.1.1 Main Objectives for the M45/5 Cruise 
            5.6.1.2 Results of Field Tests
      5.6.2 Deep Water Tests of the Profiling Instrument Carrier DOP 
      5.6.3 Field Tests of the Optical Density Sensor OPRA
      5.6.4 Particle Flux Measurements with Moored Particle Traps 
      5.6.5 Experiments with Drifting Particle Traps
      5.6.6 Physical Oceanography 
      5.6.7 Sea-Bird Transmissiometer
      5.6.8 Chemical Oceanography 
      5.6.9 Stable Nitrogen Isotopes of Dissolved Nitrate
      5.6.10 Suspended Particulate Matter 
      5.6.11 Trace Metal Sampling
      5.6.12 Carbon Dioxide in Sea-Water 
      5.6.13 Primary Production Measurements

6 Ship's Meteorological Station 
  6.1 Meteorological Conditions During Leg 45/1
  6.2 Meteorological Conditions During Leg 45/2 
  6.3 Meteorological Conditions During Leg 45/3
  6.4 Meteorological Conditions During Leg 45/4 
  6.5 Meteorological Conditions During Leg 45/5

7 Lists (for sections not relevent to leg 4 see original report Ý)
Ý 7.1 Leg M45/1
Ý 7.2 Leg M45/2 
Ý 7.3 Leg M45/3
Ý 7.4 Leg M45/4 
Ý 7.5 Leg M45/5
  7.6 List of Abbreviations

8 Concluding Remarks and Acknowledgements

9 References 3
            


ABSTRACT

METEOR cruise M45 took place in the North Atlantic Ocean in 1999 and consisted 
of five legs.

The research activities during the METEOR cruise M45/1, which started in Malaga 
on 19 May 1999, were related to the scientific programs CANIGO/ESTOC and 
DOMEST. The DOMEST project concentrates on marine technology and data 
transmission, mainly tested in the Canary Island region. On this cruise the 
CANIGO/ESTOC project concentrated on seafloor and water prob-ing. In the morning 
of June 8 the RV METEOR arrived in Lisbon.

During the second leg (Lisbon -St. John's) the aim was the investigation of 
water mass spread-ing and mixing within the eastern basin of the eastern North 
Atlantic. The work was part of the yearly field programmes of the 
"Sonderforschungsbereich" SFB 460. Elements of the repeat hydrographic survey in 
the Iceland Basin included observations with CTD and rosette sampler. For 
determining deep circulation and water mass transformation, nutrients and tracer 
samples (CFCs, tritium/helium) were taken. In addition an array of moored 
current meters for monitoring the Over-flow Water close to the Reykjanes Ridge 
was recovered. The array was then partly redeployed for an additional year. 
RAFOS float observations for the determination of the drift of Labrador Sea 
Water in the eastern basin were continued during M45/2.

The third leg (St. John's -St. John's) focussed on the deep circulation and 
water mass distribution of the Labrador and Irminger seas, also within the 
context of the SFB 460. The distribution of water masses and circulation was 
studied along standard repeat sections using current profiling, hydrography and 
tracer (Freon, tritium/helium) observations. In the Labrador Sea, a number of 
tomography, convection and boundary current moorings were recovered and rede-
ployed for measuring deep convection activity. A new moored array was deployed 
off the Grand Banks to measure the export of Deep Water out of the Subpolar 
North Atlantic.

The fourth cruise leg (St. John's - Rendsburg) was devoted to mooring work and 
hydrographic measurements on sections normal to the southeastern slope of Green-
land. It was aimed at repeat-edly describing the state of the Denmark Strait 
overflow as one of the contributions to the EU-Project VEINS on the Variability 
of Exchanges in the Northern Seas. Leg M45/4 METEOR ended on 1 September in the 
ship yard in Rendsburg.

Cruise leg M45/5 started on 1 October 1999 in Bremen and ended on 3 November 
1999 in Las Palmas. It was subdivided into two parts with an interim stay in Las 
Palmas during 20 -22 October. During the first leg (M45/5a), sedimentological 
investigations and plankton sampling were carried out in the North Sea, Azores 
Frontal System and off Cape Ghir (NW Africa) with the purpose to collect data on 
the reconstruction of paleo-environmental conditions of these regions. During 
the second leg (M45/5b), equipment testing, mooring work and water column 
measurements were carried out. Water column sampling, including primary produc-
tion and particle flux measurements, were carried out around the time-series
station ESTOC (European Station for Time-series in the ocean, Canary Islands) as 
well as off Cape Ghir. 


ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 

Die METEOR-Reise M45 fand 1999 im Nordatlantischen Ozean statt und bestand aus 
fünf Fahrtab- schnitten.

Die durchgeführten Untersuchungen während der METEOR-Reise M45/1, die am 19. 
Mai 1999 in Malaga begann, bezogen sich auf die wissenschaftlichen Programme 
CANIGO/ESTOC und DOMEST. Das DOMEST-Programm beschäftigt sich mit mariner 
Technologie und Datenübertragung, die vor allem in der Region der Kanarischen 
Inseln durchgeführt wurde. Das CANIGO/ESTOC-Programm konzentrierte sich auf 
Meersbodenuntersuchungen und Wasserprobennahme. Am Morgen des 8. Juni lief 
METEOR in Lissabon ein.

Während des zweiten Fahrtabschnitts (Lissabon -St. John's) bestand das Ziel 
darin, die Ausbreitung und Vermischung von Wassermassen im östlichen Becken des 
subpolaren Nordatlantiks zu untersuchen. Die Arbeiten gehören zu den jährlich 
durchgeführten Feldprogrammen des Kieler Sonderforschungsbereichs SFB 460. Im 
einzelnen wurde eine wiederholte Aufnahme der hydrographischen Schichtung mit 
CTD-Sonde und Kranzwasserschöpfer im Islandbecken ausgeführt. Die Beobachtungen 
zu Tiefenzirkulation und Wassermassentransformation umfaßten auch Nährstoff- 
und Tracermessungen (FCKWs, Tritium/Helium). Ferner wurden verankerte 
Strömungsmesserketten zur Aufzeichnung des Overflow-Wassers am Reykjanesrücken 
aufgenommen und teils für ein weiteres Jahr verankert. Die Beobachtungen mit 
RAFOS-Floats zur Quantifizierung der Drift von Labradorseewasser im östlichen 
Becken wurden auf M45/2 fortgeführt.

Im dritten Abschnitt (St. John's -St. John's) wurde, wiederum im Rahmen des SFB 
460, die Tiefenzirkulation und Wassermassenverteilung in der Labrador- und 
Irminger See untersucht. Hierzu wurden Standardschnitte über das westliche 
Randstromgebiet abgefahren, auf denen profilierende Strommessungen, CTD-
Hydrographie und Tracermessungen (Freon, Tritium/Helium) eingesetzt wurden. In 
der Labradorsee wurden eine Reihe von Tomographie-, Konvektions- und 
Randstromverankerungen geborgen und durch neue Verankerungen ersetzt. Östlich 
der Grand Banks wurde ein Randstrom-Array zur Messung des Tiefenwasserexportes 
aus dem subpolaren Nordatlantik eingerichtet.

Der vierte Abschnitt (St. John's - Rendsburg) unter der Leitung des Instituts 
für Meereskunde der Universität Hamburg hatte Verankerungsarbeiten und 
hydrographische Messungen entlang der Südostküste Grönlands von Kap Farvel bis 
zur Dänemarkstraße zum Ziel. Sie dienten der Zustandsbeschreibung der Overflow-
Komponenten im nordwestlichen Atlantik, die im Rahmen des EU-Projektes VEINS 
(Variability of Exchanges in the Northern Seas) für den Zeitraum 1997-2000 
wiederholt gewonnen werden. Nach Abschluß von M45/4 war METEOR vom 1. bis zum 
29. September in der Werft in Rendsburg.

Der fünfte Fahrtabschnitt begann am 1. Oktober 1999 in Bremen und endete in Las 
Palmas am 3. November 1999. METEOR 45/5 war unterteilt in zwei Teilabschnitte.
Während des ersten Teilab-schnittes (M45/5a) wurden sedimentologische 
Untersuchungen und Planktonfänge in der Nordsee, im Azorenfrontsystem und vor 
Cape Ghir (NW Africa) durchgeführt, um Daten für die Rekon-struktion des 
Paleoklimas dieser Regionen zu gewinnen. Während des zweiten Teilabschnittes 
wurde Gerätetests, Verankerungsarbeiten und Wassersäulenmessungen durchgeführt.
Wassersäulenunter-suchungen, einschliesslich Primärproduktion und 
Partikelflußmessungen wurden in der Umgebung der europäischen Zeitserienstation 
ESTOC (European Station for Time-series in the Ocean, Canary Islands) wie auch 
vor Cape Ghir durchgeführt. 


1 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES 
 
1. 1 INTRODUCTION 

METEOR-cruise 45 took place in the North Atlantic Ocean with measurements north 
of 40°N during three legs as well as in the Gulf of Cadiz, around the Azores 
and the Canary Islands during 2 legs (Fig. 1). The cruise began on 18 May 1999 
in Malaga and ended on 4 November 1999 in Las Palmas. METEOR-cruise 45 combined 
activities of physical oceanography, marine chemistry, meteorological and geo-
logical working groups (Table 1). 

The research activities during METEOR cruise M45/1 were related to the scienti-
fic programs CANIGO/ESTOC and DOMEST. At the beginning of the cruise the struc-
tures of the near-surface sediments, which reflect the effects of paleooceano-
graphic and paleoclimatic variability in the sedimentation processes, has been 
continuously monitored at high resolution with the PARASOUND echosounder system 
in the Gulf of Cadiz. Near the Canary Islands, the scientific work was focused 
on the nationally funded project DOMEST. 

New devices like the integrated Multi Sensor Device (sediment trap, CTD and 
micro controller with acoustic underwater communication), the deep sea YoYo 
profiling vehicle, deep sea winch system and the optical refractometer were 
tested successfully for their functioning on board and in the deep ocean. 

Parallel to the DOMEST activities, scientific work related to the EU funded 
CANIGO/ESTOC project has been carried out. The ESTOC sediment trap mooring was 
turned around and the La Palma mooring was recovered without replacement. In 
addition vertical profiles with the high resolution particle-camera system ParCa 
were recorded, drifting sediment traps were used twice in the ESTOC region and 
intense water column sampling and probing with multi-pumps and a rosette 
watersampler was carried out at ESTOC and DOMEST locations, performed by the 
marine chemistry working group. 

The objectives during the second and the third leg were regional investigations 
of the thermohaline circulation in the western and eastern basins within the 
context of the Sonderforschungsbereich SFB 460 "Dynamics of thermohaline 
circulation variability" at the University of Kiel. The main objectives during 
the SFB 460 related cruise legs were hydrographic measurements as well as 
intense mooring work, supplemented with marine chemistry, tracer, meteorological 
measurements and float deployment. 

The subpolar North Atlantic has a significant impact on the moderate climate 
conditions of Europe. The southward export of North Atlantic Deep Water from 
this region parallels the export from the continental slope of America. It is 
the "cold limb" of the global thermohaline circulation cell. North Atlantic Deep 
Water consists of a blend of overflow waters from the sills between Greenland, 
Iceland and Scotland.  Additional components are Labrador Sea Water and mixing 
products of Mediterranean Water and Antarctic Bottom Water. 

The formation of the Deep Water components and its transports and paths are 
variable and the different mooring arrays maintained or newly deployed are 
aimed at investigating the formation process of Labrador Sea Water by the 
ADCP/CTD and tomography mooring array in the Labrador Sea and to record 
continously the variability of the Labrador Sea export by the western boundary 
current mooring array. The hydrographic surveys will allow to investigate the 
spreading paths and year to year differences of the different water masses. 
Further, a "float park" releases deep drifters into the mid depth circulation of 
the eastern basin to determine pathways of the cold water masses. 

Besides the hydrographic and mooring work distributions of total dissolved inor-
ganic carbon and total alkalinity were measured at the hydrocast locations of 
the SFB 460 related cruise legs. Nutrients and dissolved oxygen were determined 
in parallel. This combined analysis will allow the calculation of the penetra-
tion of anthropogenic CO2 into the water column. Additionally, a system to 
continously monitor the CO2 partial pressure in surface waters and air was 
operated during the two legs. This will allow calculating the CO2 flux between 
atmosphere and ocean. 

Cruise leg M45/4 was a contribution to the EC-project VEINS (Variability of 
exchanges in the Northern Seas). Eighteen countries are contributing to field 
work and modeling of the transport fluctuations through the major ocean passages 
between the Arctic Ocean and the Northern North Atlantic. This cruise focussed 
on the fluxes of water masses in the area from the Denmark Strait to the 
southern tip of Greenland.  It is a repeat of METEOR-cruise M39/5 in 1997 and of 
Valdivia cruise 173 in 1998. 

For logistical reasons, cruise leg M45/5 was subdivided into two parts, the 
first covering the sedimentological investigations in the North Sea, Azores 
frontal system and off NW Africa, the second part focusing on instrument testing 
and water column investigations. The harbour of Las Palmas was visited in-
between the two parts in order to exchange scientists and equipment. The cruise 
took place with international collaboration of Portuguese and Spanish 
scientists. 
 

FIG. 1: Cruise track of the 5 legs of METEOR cruise M 45. For details of the 
        work in the Skagerrak and the North Sea see Fig. 8. 2 


TAB. 1: Legs and chief scientist of METEOR cruise No. 45. 3 

Leg M45/1  18.05.1999 - 09.06.1999, 
     Chief scientist: Dr. G. Meinecke 
           Malaga, Spain - Lisbon, Portugal 

Leg M45/2  10.06.1999 - 09.07.1999, 
     Chief scientist: Dr. W. Zenk 
           Lisbon, Portugal - St. John's, Canada 

Leg M45/3  10.07.1999 - 11.08.1999, 
     Chief scientist: Prof. Dr. F. Schott 
           St. John's, Canada - St. John's, Canada 

Leg M45/4  12.08.1999 - 31.08.1999, 
     Chief scientist: Prof. Dr. J. Meincke 
           St. John's, Canada - Rendsburg, Germany 

           Werft/Ship yard:    01.09.1999 - 29.09.1999 
           Transfer to Bremen: 30.09.1999

Leg M45/5a 01.10.1999 - 25.10.1999, 
     Chief scientist: Frau Dr. S. Neuer 
           Bremen, Germany -Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain 

Leg M45/5b 26.10.1999 - 4.11.1999, 
     Chief scientist: Frau Dr. S. Neuer 
           Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain - Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain 

           Coordination: Prof. Dr. F. Schott 
           Masters:      Captain S. Bülow Captain M. Kull 
 

1.2  PROJECTS 

The Sonderforschungsbereich SFB 460 "Dynamics of thermohaline circulation 
variability" started in 1996 at Kiel University. Main objective of the SFB 460 
is to investigate the variability of the watermass formation and transport 
processes in the subpolar North Atlantic and to gain an understanding of its 
role in the dynamics of the thermohaline circulation and the ocean uptake of 
anthropogenic CO2 . The variability of circulation and water mass distribution 
are closely related with climate changes in northern Europe through the North 
Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). These connections were a central issue of the SFB 
research during cruise M45. The interaction of the measuring and the modelling 
groups within the SFB 460 will allow improved interpretation of the measured 
data. 

A wide range of hydrographic, tracer and current measurement techniques were 
applied to investigate the variability of the circulation of the subpolar North 
Atlantic. A new component of the second funding phase of the SFB 460 (1999-2002) 
is to extend the major measurement area from the subpolar gyre measuring the 
deep water export towards the subtropical Atlantic. Part of the measurements 
during M45 were designated to investigate the western boundary deep water export 
from the subpolar to the subtropical gyre. 

VEINS (Variability of Exchanges in the Northern Seas) is an EU-MAST Project 
focussing on the variability of oceanic fluxes between the Arctic Ocean and the 
Northern North Atlantic for a period of three years. Its objective is to develop 
a cost-efficient array for the long-term monitoring of the polar and subpolar 
contributions to the decadal climate variability. VEINS aims at a synoptic 
coverage of fluxes through Fram Straits, the Western Barents Shelf, the Iceland-
Scotland Ridge and the Denmark Straits, including the continental slope of SE-
Greenland. 

The goal of CANIGO (Canary Islands Azores Gibraltar Observations) Subproject 3 
is to quantitatively determine the influence of coastal upwelling and Saharan 
dust on the magnitude and composition of particle flux in the Canary region, and 
to investigate how this influence varied through the last glacial and intergla-
cial period. The main aim of the first work package “Flux of dissolved and 
particulate matter in the water column" is to quantify particle flux and to 
determine its composition on seasonal and interannual time scales along a zonal 
transect at 29°N to be able to discern autochtonous export production from the 
eolian input and deep and shallow sources of advected particulate matter. The 
main goal of the second work package “Flux variability through the last glacial- 
interglacial cycle" is to study the variability of accumulation rates of 
environmentally sensitive parameters and atmospheric dust through the last 
glacial-interglacial cycle across an upwelling margin. 

The aim of the project DOMEST (Data transfer in the ocean and technology to 
record participle transport into the deep ocean) is the development of a moored 
sensor network in the deep sea. The advanced sensors will provide high-
resolution data on particle fluxes and element concentrations in the open ocean 
and can be accessed from land via satellite and acoustic transmission. Communi-
cation under water will be performed through a bidirectional acoustic high-speed 
telemetry. Above water, a low-earth-orbit (leo) satellite network will establish 
the data transport between the moored system and a landbased ground station. The 
system will be deployed at 4000 m water depth over a maximum duration of one year. 


2  PARTICIPANTS 

TAB. 2: PARTICIPANTS OF METEOR CRUISE NO. 45 LEG 4
        (for participants of other legs see complete report)
 
            Name                    Speciality       Institute 
            ----------------------  ---------------  ---------
         1. Meincke, Jens           Chief Scientist  IfMH 
         2. Bassek, Dieter          Meteorology      DWD 
         3. Bulsiewicz, Klaus       Tracer           UBL 
         4. Classen, Nikolaus       Oceanography     IfMH 
         5. Hargreaves, Geoffrey    Moorings         POL 
         6. Holfort, Jürgen         Oceanography     IfMH 
         7. Kahl, Gerhard           Meteorology      DWD 
         8. Knuth, Edmund           Meteorology      DWD 
         9. Nerger, Wolf-Christian  Oceanography     IfMH 
        10. Plähn, Olaf             Tracer           IOW 
        11. Rabe, Berit             Oceanography     IfMH 
        12. Read, John              Moorings         CEFAS 
        13. Rinas, Knud             Oceanography     IfMH 
        14. Rudels, Bert            Oceanography     FIMR 
        15. Schlimme, Ingo          Tracer           IfMK 
        16. Schulze, Klaus          Oceanography     IfMH 
        17. Verch, Norbert          Oceanography     IfMH 
        18. Wüllner, Helmut         Moorings         IfMH 
 

TAB. 3: PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS 
 
BSH     Bundesamt für Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie 
        Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 78 
        20597 Hamburg - Germany 

CEFAS   Centre for Environment 
        Fisheries & Aquaculture Science 
        Lowestoft Laboratory 
        Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT - England 
         
CSIC    Unidad de Gestión de Buques Oceanográficos 
        Instituto de Ciencias del Mar CSIC 
        Paseo Juan de Borbon s/n 
        08039 Barcelona - Spain 
 
DWD     Deutscher Wetterdienst 
        Geschäftsfeld Seeschiffahrt 
        Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 76 
        20359 Hamburg - Germany 
         
FIMR    Finnish Institute for Marine Research 
        P.O. Box 33 
        Lyypekinkuja 3a 
        00931 Helsinki - Finland 
         
GEO     Geomar 
        Forschungszentrum für Marine Geowissenschaften 
        Universität Kiel 
        Wischhofstr. 1-3 
        24148 Kiel - Germany 
 
GeoB    Universität Bremen 
        Fachbereich 5, Geowissenschaften 
        Klagenfurter Str. 
        28359 Bremen - Germany 

TAB. 3: PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS (CONTINUED)

ICCM    Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas 
        Dirección General de Universidades e Investigación 
        Consejeria de Educacion 
        35200 Telde, Canary Islands - Spain 
        
IfG     Institut für Geowissenschaften 
        Abteilung Geologie-Paläontologie und Museum 
        Ludewig-Heyn-Str. 10 
        24118 Kiel - Germany 
         
IfMH    Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Hamburg 
        Tropolowitzstr. 7 
        22529 Hamburg - Germany 
        
IfMK    Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel 
        Düsternbrooker Weg 20 
        24105 Kiel - Germany 
        
IFRB    IFREMER Brest 
        Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer 
        B. P. 70, Pointe de diable 
        29280 Plouzané (Brest) - France 
         
IGM     Instituto Geológico e Mineiro 
        Rua Academia das Ciências, 19-2°
        1200 Lisboa - Portugal 
        
IOW     Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde 
        Seestraße 15 
        18119 Rostock-Warnemünde - Germany 

TAB. 3: PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS (CONTINUED)

LDEO    Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory 
        of Columbia University N. Y. 
        61 Route 9W 
        Palisades N. Y. 70964 - USA 
         
Marum   Zentrum für Marine Umweltwissenschaften 
        Universität Bremen 
        Klagenfurter Str. 
        28359 Bremen - Germany 
         
OHB     Raumfahrt + Umwelttechnik OHB-System-GmbH 
        Universitätsallee 27-29 
        28359 Bremen - Germany 
         
ORCA    ORCA Instrumentation 
        5, Rue Pierre Rivoalon 
        29200 Brest - France 

POL     Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory 
        Bidston Observatory 
        Birkenhead, Merseyside L43 7RA - England 
        
RF      R/F Reedereigemeinschaft Forschungsfahrt GmbH 
        Haferwende 3 
        28357 Bremen - Germany 

STN     Atlas 
        Seebaldsbrücker Heerstrasse 235 
        28305 Bremen - Germany 

TAB. 3: PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS (CONTINUED)

UB      Universität Bremen 
        Institut für Umweltphysik, Abt. Tracer-Ozeanographie 
        Bibliotheksstraße 
        28359 Bremen - Germany 
         
UBMCh   Universität Bremen 
        Fachbereich 2 -Biologie/Chemie, Meereschemie 
        Leobener Straße 
        28359 Bremen - Germany
         
UBU     Universität Bremen 
        Institut für Umweltphysik, Abt. Tracer-Oceanographie 
        Bibliotheksstraße 
        28359 Bremen - Germany 
         
UG      Universität Göttingen 
        Institut und Museum für Geologie und Paläontologie 
        Georg-August-Universität Göttingen 
        Goldschmidtstr. 3 
        37077 Göttingen - Germany 

ULPGC   Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 
        Edificio de Ciencias Básicas 
        Campus Universitario Tarifa 
        35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands - Spain 
         
UT      Universität Tübingen 
        Geologisch-und Paläontologisches Institut 
        Sigwartstr. 10 
        72076 Tübingen - Germany 
        

 
3    RESEARCH PROGRAM 
 
3.1  SONDERFORSCHUNGSBEREICH (SFB) 460 

The research program of the SFB is based on a combination of physical-
oceanographic, marine chemistry and meteorological observation programs, which 
work in close interaction with a system of numerical models of moderate (50 km), 
high (15 km) and very high resolution (5 km), allowing simulations of current 
structures and variability over a wide range of space and time scales. The main 
interests at the end of the first SFB phase are, first, the water mass formation 
processes and the circulation of deep water in the subpolar North Atlantic, 
their interaction and integral effects, especially with regard to the uptake of 
anthropogenic CO2 . Second, the variability of the ocean-atmosphere interaction 
is investigated, and modelling investigations of large-scale aspects and causes 
of this variability are supplemented by the analysis of fluxes from different 
meteorological standard models in comparison with observations, with emphasis on 
the fresh water exchange. 

The observations during leg M45/2 continued the series of hydrographic and 
tracer measurements in the eastern North Atlantic. The data will be used for 
exploring mixing time scales and contribution of Iceland Scotland Overflow Water 
(ISOW) to the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). The investigation 
focussed on the NADW fraction which remains in the eastern North Atlantic and on 
Labrador Sea Water (LSW). Leg M45/2 in the Iceland Basin allowed determining 
the overflow characteristics and served as a northern boundary condition for 
overflow studies "downstream" in the deep circulation. 

The determination of hydrographic conditions and of tracer concentrations of the 
water flowing through the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone was an additional focus of 
the research program. 

Furthermore, chemical observations were carried out during the cruise. The goal 
remains to collect and interpret especially the effect of changes in thermoha-
line circulation on the uptake and distribution of anthropogenic CO2 in the 
North Atlantic Ocean. With this knowledge predictions can be made concerning 
climate and the potential for altering the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2. 

Transient tracers (CFCs, bomb tritium) are also a valuable tool to study time 
scales of oceanic processes due to their time dependent input. The concentra-
tions of tritium are a result of the variable input as well as of its radioac-
tive decay. Measuring 3 Helium as well enables us to determine the tritium-
helium age, which is an estimate for the elapsed time since the last contact of 
a water mass with the atmosphere. 

Cruise M45/3 studied the deep circulation in the western subpolar North Atlantic 
which is a critical region for the climate of the North Atlantic region. Here, 
strong water mass transformations take place, with far-reaching consequences. 
This region is formation as well as transformation region of cold water masses, 
which are exported and as a consequence require northward compensating flow of 
warm water masses. 

The deep western boundary current, fed by the Denmark-Strait-Overflow at the 
lowest level and by the Deep Water from the Gibbs-Fracture-Zone above, flows 
along the topography in the Labrador Sea and continues past the Grand Banks. 
Indications exist for a deep cyclonic recirculation cell located between the 
Grand Banks and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, but firm proof of its existence and its 
physical explanation are still unclear. Several sections were operated across 
this deep circulation system. 

A main water mass objective during M45/3 was the Labrador Sea Water (LSW).  
After its formation in late winter in the central Labrador Sea it seems to 
circulate along complicated paths in the western basin and crosses the Mid-
Atlantic Ridge far into the eastern basin. Only much later the LSW export to the 
south within the deep western boundary current takes place. The LSW seems to 
participate also in the recirculation east of the Grand Banks. 

Large differences might exist between different years. Further, the flow paths 
of the LSW are not continuous, but its spreading paths are actually made up by a 
complicated interaction of eddy transport and mean advection. Until recently it 
was believed that the exchange of LSW with the water masses of the Irminger Sea 
takes place on time scales of several years, but recent measurements within WOCE 
indicated that the LSW can progress within less than a year far into the 
Irminger Sea and also that the time scale for the spreading of LSW into the East 
Atlantic is shorter than previously thought. 

Investigations prior to SFB 460 suggested that convection takes place not only 
in the central Labrador Sea, but also at its southern margin. The water mass 
formed there seems to make up the upper part of the deep water export south of 
New Foundland, and as tracer data show, it moves there faster and more directly 
than the LSW. 

The SFB program in the northwestern Atlantic began with a VALDIVIA cruise in 
summer 1996. It aims at investigating the variability of this circulation on 
interannual and longer timescales. So far, not much is known on these scales. 
Large-scale depth changes in the hydrographic distributions of the subpolar 
North Atlantic were observed, but their causes and connections with ocean-
atmosphere-ice exchanges are still unknown. With a METEOR cruise in summer 1997 
and a VALDIVIA cruise in summer 1998 the cruise M45/3 was the fourth annual 
repeat investigation. 

An array of moorings in the convection region and the boundary current of the 
western Labrador Sea is maintained since 1996 and provides information on the 
seasonal and interannual variability of deep convection and its effects on the 
circulation. Much of the work of cruise M45/3 was devoted to retrieving, refur-
bishing and redeploying the various types of moored instrumentation. 


3.2  VEINS 

The ideas on the source waters for the Denmark Strait overflow have undergone 
continuous change. Starting out with being solely Arctic Intermediate Waters 
from the convective centers in the Iceland and Greenland Seas, the strongly 
intensified investigations on the circulation and water mass transformations 
have related the overflow to the waters of the western boundary currents in the 
Nordic Seas. This results in arctic, polar and atlantic contributions to the 
Denmark Strait Overflow. The present concept consists of equal contributions 
from Arctic Intermediate Waters, Arctic Ocean Deep Water and recirculated 
Atlantic Water. 

With this composition it is to be expected, that variations in the source water 
characteristics show up as variations in the Denmark Strait Overflow character-
istics. This has recently been found: There is a significant coherence between 
interannual temperature changes of the DSOW at 64°N and temperature changes in 
the Atlantic Water of the Westspitsbergen Current, with the latter three years 
preceding. The causes for the variability are presently seen in the longer-term 
variability of the atmospheric forcing. These data constitute one of the first 
examples of a direct effect of low frequency atmospheric variability on the for-
mation of North Atlantic Deep Water. 

The field work for the VEINS project south of Denmark Strait is a cooperative 
effort between institutions from Germany, Iceland, Finland and Great Britain. 
The leg M45/4 aims at a repeat description of the large scale distribution of 
the Denmark Strait overflow waters along 6 sections across the continental slope 
east of Greenland using CTD/Rosette measurements. In addition to CFC´s measure-
ments, SF6 will be measured as part of a deliberate tracer release experiment in 
the central Greenland seas. An moored array of recording instruments over the 
east Greenland slope near 64°N will be recovered and deployed again. This array 
consists of 6 currents meters moorings, 2 inverted echo sounders and 1 bottom 
mounted ADCP. The are all near bottom-mounted systems designed to monitor the 
speed and the thickness of the dense overflow layer.


3.3  CANIGO/ESTOC and DOMEST 

The research activities during the M45/1 as well as the M45/5b cruise are 
related to the scientific programs CANIGO and DOMEST. 

Near the Canary Islands, the scientific work focused on the BMBF funded project 
DOMEST. The DOMEST project started in 1997 and is dedicated to the development 
of data transmission into and from the deep ocean, based on acoustic modems and 
a bi-directional link from the deep ocean via satellite to a land based labora-
tory. The bi-directional data link is based on a sensor network moored in the 
deep ocean near the Canary Islands and consists of three main moorings, the sur-
face buoy unit (SBU), the moored sensor unit (MSU) and the deep ocean bottom 
station (DOBS). With DOMEST, element and particle transport in the deep sea will 
be measured remotely, i. e. without recovering sensors from the deep ocean. 

Data access will be possible at any time via Internet and satellite communica-
tion, including a remote adjustment of sampling intervals of particle traps and 
remote status checks of instruments and download of data. These possibilities 
allow advanced data collection in response to events, such as indicated by 
changes in ocean colour or dust storms, which can in turn be monitored via 
satellites. 

Communication underwater is based on 4 independent acoustic modem clients, com-
bined with different sensors. Bi-directional data transmission between these 
modems is possible up to 2.400 baud. An integrated digital controller, respon-
sible for hand shaking and data management controls each sensor package and 
acoustic modem. A permanent surface buoy is moored in 3.600 m water depth. Above 
the water the OrbComm based satellite network establishes the data transport 
between the moored systems and the land based ground station in Italy where mes-
sages are routed via SMTP into the Internet. 

Within the framework of the deep-sea device testing programme DOMEST the 
following work was done during M45/1:  

1. Service of the permanent surface buoy (SBU). Test of satellite telemetry via 
   OrbComm satellites. 

   Controlling of the GPS-data. Programming and interface tests between the 
   under water (UW) and satellite communication. Test of UW communication via 
   the top buoy as master unit. 

2. Test of UW communication from the ship to devices and also on ships wire down 
   to 3500 m water depth. 

3. Deployment of MSU with UW-Platform (SSP, 200 -500 m water depth with the 
   Multi Sensor Device (3000 m water depth) and the unit for the Deep Ocean 
   Bottom Station (DOBS, 3500 m water depth). 

   Location of the anchor position of MSU and location in the water column via 
   SSP position. 

4. Communication with acoustic modems in SSP, MSD, DOBS and SBU. Test of the 
   total communication, including the satellite link. 

5. Test of Deep Ocean Profiler (DOP) and the optical Refractometer (OPRA). 

A major emphasis of leg M45/5b was the testing of deep-sea research equipment in 
the framework of DOMEST at a station about 100 km north of Tenerife. Tests con-
ducted on this cruise included communication with several instruments via modem 
and the deployment of two moorings to establish a communication link between 
moored instruments and a shore-based laboratory via satellite. 

The work also included maintenance of a large surface buoy, which served as the 
acoustic link between the moored instruments and the satellites. Various tests 
were performed of the underwater communication with equipment attached on the 
ship's wire down to 3500m water-depth. 

Parallel to the DOMEST activities, scientific work related to the EU funded 
CANIGO project was done during M45/1 and M45/5b. Particle flux was be Investi-
gated by servicing two sediment trap moorings (CI mooring and LP mooring) on a 
zonal transect from the shelf to the outer oligotrophic region of the Canary 
archipelago. 

At the ESTOC station standard parameters of hydrography, nutrients, oxygen, 
chlorophyll a and DIC have been determined monthly at since 1994. In addition, 
particle flux was measured with moored traps that have been deployed at the 
station since 1991 and seasonally with free drifting traps. On M45/5b, the 
monthly measurements for October and November were carried out, in addition to 
an extensive set of measurements of the dissolved and suspended trace metal 
content in the water column. Also, for the first time 14 C-based primary 
production measurements were carried out in-situ in parallel to shipboard 
incubation experiments measuring phytoplankton growth rates. 

Two sediment trap moorings, one at ESTOC and the other one between the islands 
of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote and the shelf (EBC, Eastern Boundary Current) 
were exchanged during M45/5b. In addition to sediment traps the ESTOC-mooring 
also contains in-situ pumps for sampling of trace metals, in addition to three 
sediment traps (20-cup collectors). The EBC mooring contains current meters (IfM 
Kiel) in addition to two sediment traps. The particulate material collected will 
be analysed to determine total flux, particulate flux, particulate organic 
carbon, particulate nitrogen, biogenic opal, carbonate and stable isotopes of 
organic matter, and lithogenic material. The trapped material also will be 
investigated for species composition of the planktonic organisms (pteropods, 
foraminifera, coccolithophorids, and diatoms). Particle flux was also investiga-
ted with free-drifting surface tethered traps that were collecting particulate 
material from below the mixed layer both in the DOMEST/ESTOC investigation area 
as well as in the Cape Ghir filament region. 

The coast of Cape Ghir, NW Africa, is the site of prominent upwelling filaments 
that can reach several hundreds of kilometers off shore. They may have important 
implications for particle flux and biogeochemical parameters in the coastal 
margin of these areas. Work in the Cape Ghir filament region during M45/5b 
included hydrographic and biochemical measurements in and across the filament, 
as well as primary productivity and particle flux measurements using drifters. 
The work was aided by satellite observations of ocean colour (SeaWIFS) and ocean 
temperature (AVHRR) and was designed in parallel to a study conducted in 
February 1999 on POSEIDON 248 . 


3.4  SEDIMENTOLOGY/PALEOCEANOGRAPHY 

The first part of M45/5 focused on sedimentological investigations in the North 
Sea, Azores frontal system and Cape Ghir that aimed at the reconstruction of 
paleoenvironmental conditions in these areas. 

The structures of near-surface sediments which reflect the effects of paleo-
oceanographic and paleoclimatic variability during the sedimentation processes, 
were continuously recorded in the three investigation areas with the PARASOUND 
echosounder. Its digital data acquisition is performed with the PARADIGMA system 
developed at the Bremen University. In addition, a survey of the general morpho-
logic setting was achieved by the swath bathymetry system HYDROSWEEP. Both 
acoustic board systems were used on site as a proven tool to find suitable 
locations of sampling sites. 

Thus, echographic measurements provided basic information for sediment sampling. 
After an intensive geophysical survey on selected locations in the North Sea, 
on a profile in the Azores Frontal system and the Cape Ghir area suitable loca- 
tions were sampled with conventional wireline coring techniques (multicorer, 
boxcorer, gravity corer and piston corer) and subsequently analysed using physi-
cal, isotopic, micropaleontological and sedimentological methods.  

a) North Sea 

he aim of the planned studies in the North Sea was to develop a high resolution 
reconstruction of paleoenvironmental conditions in the North Sea area for the 
last 5000 years. 

These investigations, which were carried out within NEBROC (Netherlands Bremen 
Oceanography), are a continuation of the work that has begun during M40/0. 
Continuous sedimentary sequences are restricted to only a few areas in the North 
Sea. Two of the areas, the Skagerrak and the Outer Silver Pit (water depths 
between 20m and 120m) were sampled during M45/5a) by gravity corer and by multi-
corer. Based on a multi-parameter approach this study investigates the impact of 
Late Holocene climatic variations (e.g. the mediaeval warm epoch, the little ice 
age) on the North Sea and the surrounding land areas. 

b) Azores frontal system 

The impact of hydrographic fronts on the population dynamics and on the distri-
bution of fossil planktonic foraminifers (e. g. mixing or separation of faunas) 
is of special interest, because hydrographic fronts are potential areas of 
enhanced production of plankton. The reaction of planktonic foraminifers and 
pteropods to changes of the front was recorded as well as the flux of empty 
tests to the sea floor. The quantitative and qualitative distribution of plank-
tonic and benthic foraminifers, including their stable isotopic composition and 
the distribution of pteropods will facilitate the reconstruction of the Quarter-
nary evolution of the Azores Frontal Zone. The working program included (a) 
sampling of the sediment with a piston corer, (b) sampling of surficial sedi-
ments with a multicorer, (c) vertical multinet hauls down to 2500 m, (d) water 
sampling to provide a description of the water column with respect to the cal-
careous zoo- and phytoplankton, and (e) hydrographic data of the water column 
that were recorded by CTD. All sites were located in 3000 m water depth. The 
transect of 5 sampling stations crossed the area of the recent position of the 
Azores Front, and served to recover recent and late Quaternary frontal dynamics. 

c) Cape Ghir 

The sedimentological investigations in the Cape Ghir area were closely related 
to the recently concluded multidisciplinary EU-project CANIGO (Canary Islands 
Azores Gibraltar Observations), especially to subproject "Particle Flux and 
Paleoceanography in the Eastern Boundary Current System". Aim of this research 
is to investigate the glacial-interglacial history of the influence of coastal 
upwelling, filaments and Saharan dust on the magnitude and composition of 
particle flux in the Canary region. Studies carried out on M45/5 focused 
especially on the under-sampled Cape Ghir filament region which is part of the 
Moroccan upwelling area. The sediments were sampled intensively with multicorer 
and gravity corer, thus complementing sediment samples already obtained on 
previous cruises to the area (M37/1 and M42/4b).  


4    NARRATIVE OF THE CRUISE  

4.1  LEG M45/1 
     (G. Meinecke) 

METEOR cruise M45/1 started on 19 May 1999 in Malaga. At the beginning of this 
cruise, a condensed geological sampling program has been conducted during the 
first four days in the Gulf of Cadiz (Fig. 2).   


Fig. 2: Cruise track and sampling locations in the Gulf of Cadiz. 


The structures of the near-surface sediments have been continuously monitored at 
high resolution with the PARASOUND echosounder system. In addition, a survey of 
the general morphologic setting was achieved HYDROSWEEP. Both acoustic board 
systems were used on site as a proven tool to find suitable locations for 7 
sampling sites on an SW-transect through the Gulf of Cadiz. On these sites, 
sediments samples were taken with gravity- and multi-corer. The sites are 
located on the outer shelf (500 and 580 m water depth) and on the continental 
slope in different depths down to 3029 m water depth. The final location GeoB 
5907 was used to run the single-pump systems, in order to analyse the Mediter-
ranean Outflow Water and to run the first test of the new designed optical 
Refractometer (OPRA). At the end of the tests, METEOR left the Gulf of Cadiz on 
Saturday 22 May with destination Canary Islands (Fig. 3). 

Near the Canary Islands, the scientific work was focused on the national project 
DOMEST. The scientific work schedule started on the 25 May at the DOMEST 
location.  First, the permanent surface buoy had to be maintained. The satellite 
electronics were complete destroyed, due to a leakage into the electronic cases. 
In addition to this, the transducer cable, 30 m below the buoy, has been cut by 
fishery activities. New devices, like the integrated Multi Sensor Device 
(sediment trap, acoustic CTD and micro controller), the deep sea YoYo profiling 
vehicle, deep sea winch system and again the optical Refractometer were tested 
for their functioning on board and in the deep ocean with great success.  After-
wards, acoustic data transmission into the deep ocean were tested again, as well 
as the connection to the OrbComm satellite communication network. On this cruise, 
is was possible to run the first complete "close loop test" for the communica
tion line. Two underwater clients with scientific sensors has been installed 
before this test and each client was tested separately. 


FIG. 3: Cruise track and working locations during RV METEOR cruise M45/1. 


From aboard METEOR a request for CTD data (sensor was located in 2000 m water 
depth) was send via satellite to Italy, routed back via satellite to the surface 
buoy, transferred to the acoustic underwater modem and send into the deep sea as 
an acoustic data stream to the deep ocean bottom station (DOBS). From here the 
request was passed through acoustically to the multi sensor device (MSD) which 
itself asked the CTD sensor for data and send these data back to the surface 
buoy as an acoustic data stream. Here these data were transferred to the 
satellite transceiver and send back via satellite to Italy. In Italy the data 
were routed back to the mobile satellite station aboard METEOR. This complete 
test takes only 8 minutes from request to answer. Parallel to the DOMEST 
activities, scientific work related to the EU funded CANIGO/ESTOC project has 
been done. The ESTOC sediment trap mooring was maintained and finally the La 
Palma mooring was recovered without replacement. In addition, vertical pro- 
files with the high resolution particle camera system ParCa were recorded at 
defined locations, drifting sediment traps were used twice in the ESTOC region 
and intense water column sampling and probing with multi-pumps and a rosett 
watersampler for has been done at ESTOC and DOMEST locations, performed by the 
marine chemistry working group. The scientific work was finished on 4 June and 
METEOR left the Canary Island region with destination to the Portuguese Sound 
Sources Moorings IO1 and IO2 father in the north. 

On 6 June, is was planned to recover the IO1 mooring. The recovery failed and 
the mooring could not be recovered due to a collapsed top buoyancy of the 
mooring line. At the next day, the IO2 mooring was recovered without any 
problems and the scientific work for this cruise ends and METEOR started its 
transit to Portugal. In the morning of 8 June METEOR arrived in the harbour of 
Lissabon and a very successful scientific cruise found its end. 


4.2  LEG M45/2 
     (W. Zenk) 

On 11 June METEOR left her berth at the inshore site of Doca de Alcântara in 
Lisbon. On board were scientists, students and technicians from Kiel, Bremen and 
Warnemünde. After leaving the mouth of river Targus at Cascais we headed north 
towards a test station (Fig. 4). This was reached three days later after we had 
abandoned the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of Spain at the western entrance of 
the Bay of Biscay. Until then, all continuously recording vessel mounted 
systems, thermosalinograph, acoustic Doppler current meter profiler (ADCP), 
HYDROSWEEP and chemistry loggers, had become and remained fully operational for 
most of the expedition time. After successful completion of the test station 
which turned out to be a revisit of the nearby Transient Tracer in the Ocean 
(TTO) station 115 (inbound of the EEZ) we preceded towards Porcupine Sea Bight. 


FIG. 4: Cruise track and station map of METEOR leg M45/2. 
          o CTD station    * Station theta/S    Ý APEX float 
          ~ RAFOS float deployment              § RAFOS float recovery 
          ø mooring deployed/recovered  


For the next six days, 14 -20 June, we occupied the hydrographic section at the 
southern base of the Iceland Basin. The region had first been sampled by the 
Sonderforschungsbereich 460 (SFB) with METEOR (M39/2) in May 1997 and again 
with POSEIDON in August 1998 (cruise no. 242). The new section of M45/2 consists 
of 14 CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth) stations (no. 311 -348) between the 
continental rise off southwestern Ireland at ~15°W and the southern side of the 
Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone (CGFZ) at ~35°W. Occasionally stronger westerly 
winds and some fog at the northern rim of the Azores High reduced our cruising 
speed. The routine CTD work (see Table 7.2.1) included extended collection of 
water samples for a variety of physical, tracer and chemical analyses including 
salinity, dissolved oxygen, CFC (Freon 11 & 12), CO2 , helium, tritium, 
13C/14C, thorium, protectinium, and nutrient salts. 

The sequence of CTD stations was interrupted by the 100% successful recovery of 
the four current meter moorings (Table 7.2.2) of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 
Transport array (M, A, R, T). The latter were moored since the POSEIDON cruise 
in August 1998. We also reequipped our RAFOS float park (Sta. 345) with four 
instruments and launched three profiling APEX drifters on request of Bundesamt 
für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie in Hamburg at Sta. 338, 345, and 348 (Table 
7.2.3). 

With the completion of the southern section we had also crossed the 
North Atlantic Current at approximately 29°W reaching the eastern limb of the 
subpolar gyre with surface temperatures well below 12°C.  From midday of 20-21 
June we occupied the meridional section at 35°W through Charlie Gibbs Fracture 
Zone (Sta. 348-356). It enables the exchange of water masses between the eastern 
and the western basins of the North Atlantic. 

At Sta. 357 METEOR reached the initial point of a further cross section between 
the southern end of the Reykjanes Ridge and the just recovered MART array. The 
southern end of this section cuts at 29 3/4°W again through the eastern extent of 
Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone. There we launched a set of four current meter 
moorings on a line orthogonal to the two channel entrances. As acronyms for this 
array we chose the abbreviation of its location: C, G, F, Z (Sta. 361, 363, 367, 
368). After all current meter mooring works was finished, METEOR paid a revisit 
to the historic TTO station 121 at our modern Sta. 371. 

The next days we headed northwestward where we encountered much more stormy 
conditions. In spite of the rough seas we located a freely drifting RAFOS float 
(# 416) by means of repeat internet links with the computer of Systeme ARGOS in 
Toulouse and a shipborne direction finder in the afternoon of 26 June and 
retrieved it intact. It had been deployed from METEOR in May 1997 and recorded 
the drift of Labrador Sea Water at intermediate depths (~ 1500 m) for an 18 
months period. 

After the RAFOS recovery along the way to the northern crossing of the Iceland 
Basin we reached its easternmost extension on the peak of Hutton Bank. During 26 
-30 June a repetition of the hydrographic section A of cruise M39/2 from May 
1997 (Sta. 373 -387) was carried out.  The routine CTD work with water sampling 
was only interrupted by the deployment of the three remaining RAFOS floats at 
Maury Channel (Sta. 377 -379) and the exchange of sound source mooring IM1 (Sta. 
382). 

After the completion of section A METEOR sailed northward to an additional 
section (I) which was occupied between 30 June and 1 July (Sta. 388 -394). Work 
carried out on section I will be a valuable base for the planned current meter 
array on the shoulder of the Reykjanes Ridge in the summer of 2000.  A final CTD 
section (L) paralleled the 2800 m isobath from its northern extend to about 57°N 
(Sta. 395 -399).  Due to the forecast of severe weather conditions beyond this 
station we run out of time for further CTD soundings and headed for St. John's. 

Approaching to the Grand Banks on the way to Canada METEOR stopped for her 
ultimate CTD station (No. 400) of Leg M45/2 in the afternoon of 5 July. This 
station represents a revisit to TTO station no. 214 and GEOSECS station no. 03 
in the central Newfoundland Basin. It will allow valuable comparisons of 
chemical parameters referenced to the situation in July 1972 and September 1981, 
respectively. 

In summary, we had gathered 65 CTD profiles and collected over 1200 water sam-
ples for tracer and chemical analyses. Eight RAFOS floats and three APEX floats 
were launched, one float could be recovered after its two-year mission. Four 
current meter moorings were recovered, other four moorings were newly deployed, 
one was exchanged. In the morning of 8 July METEOR entered the port of St. John's 
where Leg M45/2 was terminated. 


4.3  LEG M45/3 
     (F. Schott) 

Cruise M45/3 left the port of St. John's at noon time on Sunday, 11 July for a 
transit leg toward the 53°N section where 5 moorings were to be retrieved, 3 to 
be redeployed (Fig. 5; Table 7.3.1) and closely spaced CTD/LADCP profiles to be 
collected across the boundary current (Fig. 6; Table 7.3.2). The site of mooring 
K7, located at 1200 m water depth, was reached in the evening of 12 July and the 
mooring could be retrieved that same day, although shifting fog caused some un-
certainties as to the location after surfacing. On 13 July three moorings (K8, 
K19, K10) could be retrieved intact and on 14 July the redeployment of the first 
two (K28, K29) of the three planned stations followed at locations spread 
further out than the original 5-mooring array was. 

The final retrieval along that section, of mooring K16, was accomplished on 15 
July. While CTD stations were carried out along the section, a quick evaluation 
of the two-year long deep records of K16 was performed. It showed that the Deep 
Western Bounday Current (DWBC) had decayed at the coastal distance of that Loca-
tion, and it was therefore concluded to locate the third redeployment mooring, 
K27, further inshored than originally planned. In between the mooring opera-
tions, a total of 13 deep CTD/LADCP casts were taken along the 53°N section. 
With M45/3, we have now four coverages of that section, beginning in 1996. 


FIG. 5: Locations of mooring work during METEOR cruise M45/3 in July and August 
        1999. 


From the outward end of the 53°N section, a section along the axis of the 
Labrador Sea brought us to station K24, the first of the tomography stations 
which was retrieved on 17 July. From K24 toward the Labrador coast, the WOCE-AR7 
section was covered by a total of 15 CTD/LADCP casts, with increased resolution 
towards the western boundary. On 17 July the Tomography/convection station K21 
and associated 3 navigation transponders were recovered. The redeployment of 
that station, called K31, was scheduled for later in the trip, in order to have 
time to refurbish instruments and analyze data. On one of the CTD casts, a num-
ber of the retrieved Seacat recorders were lowered in a high-frequency sampling
mode to obtain a post-calibration. 

The third tomography mooring, K22 at the western end of the section, and its 3 
transponders were recovered on 19 July and immediately redeployed with available 
exchange instrumentation, as station K32. Then we moved northeastward to 
retrieve the cycling CTD mooring K20 (to be replaced by K30) and the fourth 
tomography mooring K23 on 21/22 July. CTD casts were taken along the different 
tomography ray paths for calibration and intercomparison. The tomography 
rede-ployment consisted of a triangle K33, K32 and K31. Station K33 is now 
closer to the other two than in 1998/99 because it is equipped with a less 
powerful sound source. The Labrador Sea part of the work was terminated on 24 
July after deploying K31 with refurbished instrumentation. 


FIG. 6: CTD-Station map of METEOR cruise M45/3 (11 July to 10 August 1999). 


On the 3-day long transfer leg to the southern Grand Banks where the second part 
was to begin, refurbishing of retrieved mooring equipment for redeployment in 
the south was carried out. In an informal evaluation workshop, participants 
discussed calibrations and first results during this time period. One of the 
striking results from the moored ADCP and Seacat recordings over the past winter 
as well as from the water mass distributions this summer, was that Labrador Sea 
convection activity was at its weakest during winter 1998/99 in a decade. On a 
more touristic note, a number of whales were encountered over the shelf, and 
during a technical stop, a couple of whale watching outings were made with the 
rubber dinghy.  

South of the Grand Banks, where the coldwater export out of the subpolar North 
Atlantic is concentrated, four moorings were deployed during 27-29 July in the 
depth range 2000-4300 m (K101-1 to K104-1), to be out for two years. Each de-
ployment was preceded by HYDROSWEEP surveys.  After passing the about 200 km 
wide range of the southward coldwater flow with 3-4°C temperatures we suddenly 
encountered the Gulfstream with 18-23°C water, which made the parkas on deck 
disappear and the shorts come out. 

Since our own previous surveys of the Irminger Sea and other evidence, including 
TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry maps that we received on board suggested small Energe-
tic cells and eddies in this region, the station spacing was kept at <25 nm, 
over the deep New England Basin. The 48°N WOCE section was followed until 41°W 
with a total of 20 deep CTD/LADCP/tracer stations occupied along that line. The 
course then changed northward to 45°N and from there a second boundary section 
was occupied (Profiles 75-87, Fig. 6), running into Flemish Cap past the posi-
tion of mooring K 18 which was recovered on 4 August. 

Overall the sections south of the Grand Banks with CTDs 45-87 enclosed a box 
with densely sampled CTD/LADCP profiles that should yield a good base for box 
budget analyses of the North Atlantic Current and Deep Western Boundary Current. 
During 6-8 August a third and final deep boundary section was carried out 
northwestward of Flemish Cap, where we had earlier sections from M39 in 1997 and 
Valdivia in 1996. A total of 15 deep stations could be taken along that section 
from the Cap down to the deep sea basin, before we had to terminate the station 
work on Sunday noon in order to arrive on Tuesday morning, 10 August, in St. 
John's. The leg M45/3 ended with a reception on board METEOR on 11 August 1999, 
given to inform the local authorities and scientific community about the cruise 
and to thank for the support and help during this and earlier cruises, especial-
ly the help by the Canadian Coastguard, received during the previous year's 
operations. 


4.4  LEG M45/4 
     (J. Meincke)  

METEOR left St. John's on Aug. 13, 08.00 LT and headed to the southern tip of 
Greenland. The hydrographic work comprising of vertical profiling of Tempera-
ture and salinity and water sampling at 10 to 20 levels for analysis of CFC's 
along section 6 (Fig. 7) was started with station #512 on Aug. 17, 00.52 UTC. 

When the section was finished (station #521) the vessel moved on to the area of 
section 3 to recover the 8 moored instrument arrays that were deployed in 1998 
by RV "Valdivia". This activity took all day Aug. 19 and was successful except 
for one inverted echo sounder on position 63°21.9'N 036°03.4'W, which could 
neither be contacted acoustically nor released. In the following period until 
Aug. 22 the hydrographic work along section 3 (stations #530-# 536) and section 
4 (stations #537-# 545) was completed. Late on Aug. 22 the redeployment of the 8 
moored arrays of current meters, inverted echo sounder and acoustic doppler 
current profiler was started and took until Aug. 23, 16.25 UTC. 

During the night Aug. 22/23 an HYDROSWEEP survey was made along the mooring 
line. The last part of the scientific program consisted of hydrographic work 
along section 2 (stations #554-# 560) and section 1 (stations #561-# 571). When 
completed on Aug. 26, 08.00 UTC at position 64°45.1'N 027°14.6'W the vessel took 
course for Rendsburg, where it was berthed on Aug 31, 16.00 LT. In addition to 
to the work done when the ship was stopped during stations there was continuous 
recording of atmospheric data, sea surface temperature and salinity and the 
current profile from the surface to 400m depth throughout the cruise leg. The 
weather conditions during the period of station work were fine, all instrumenta-
tion worked up to expectation. The resulting data sets are of high quality. 


4.5  LEG M45/5 
     (S. Neuer) 

METEOR departed Bremen's Europahafen on 1 October 1999 at 10: 00 for the fifth 
leg of cruise M45. The scientific crew onboard included 8 scientists from the 
Department of Geosciences in Bremen, four from the Marine Geology Department of 
the University of Tübingen, one scientist from the University of Göttingen and 
one scientist from the Geology Institute in Lisbon, as well as two meteorolo-
gists from the German Meteorological Service in Hamburg. Several guests, 
including 15 journalists accompanied the ship to Bremerhaven. The press coverage 
on this departure day concluded a week of public relation activities, including 
an Open Ship Day that focused on marine science topics and the preparation for 
this cruise. The guests disembarked the ship on 13:30 with the tugboat 'Bremen'. 
High winds on the same day of Bft 8 with gusts up to Bft 9-10 did not allow the 
projected coring at the first coring site southeast of Helgoland but, instead, 
an echosounder profile was recorded. The ship took course to the second working 
area in the Skagerrak (Fig. 8), which was reached on the evening of Oct. 2. 
Beginning with a PARASOUND profile at 57°53'N, 009° 31'E, three sites were cored 
with multicorer and gravity corer on Oct. 3 in water depths of 300-460 m. Winds 
were weakening from Bft. 10 to Bft. 7 during the same day. 


FIG. 7: Positions of the CTD profiles acquired during M45/4 and hydrographic 
        sections. The mooring array is located along section 


The next coring site off the southeast coast of England (Outer Silver Pit) was 
reached on Oct. 5 and after conducting a PARASOUND survey one coring station was 
sampled with multicorer and gravity corer in 55m water depth (at 54°08'N, 
002°20'E). Much improved weather and much weaker winds accompanied the transit 
through the English canal and into the Azores working area.The ship reached the 
northernmost stationin the evening of Oct. 9 and a multinet, multicorer and 
piston corer were deployed at 43°22.2'N, 022°29.3'W. The second station north of 
the islands had to be cancelled because appropriate water depths could not be 
found. Water depths exceeded the necessary 3000m mark and the bathymetric charts 
proved to be inaccurate. Instead a suitable station was found just south of the 
island of São Miguel at 36°33.2'N, 025°56.9'W. Three more stations followed with 
increasing distance from the islands covering the area of the recent Azores 
frontal system. Each station was sampled with a multinet, multicorer and piston 
corer and the final station was covered on October 14 at 31°36.6'N, 028°01'W. 
Water was filtered continuously during the transit from the North Sea to the 
Azores to sample for planktonic foraminifera. The final working area of the 
first part of M45/5, off Cape Ghir (Morocco) was reached on October 17 at 
30°53'N, 011°00'W. On the following two days, two PARASOUND and HYDROSWEEP 
profiles were recorded north and south of the Cape Ghir canyon, yielding much 
needed bathymetric information of the area. Seven stations were sampled along 
these transects with multicorer and gravity corer. After concluding work off 
Cape Ghir the ship took course to Las Palmas where the ship called port in the 
evening of October 20. During the 1.5d stay in port equipment and most of the 
scientific crew were exchanged. 

The ship left port again on October 22 for the second part of M45/5 with 28 
scientists on board. The scientific crew included 13 members of the Geosciences 
Department in Bremen/Marum (Marine Environmental Sciences Institute),two 
scientists from the Marine Chemistry department in Bremen, two scientists from 
the Institute for Marine Sciences in Kiel, 5 scientists from the Canary 
Institute for Marine Sciences in Telde, Gran Canaria, one scientist from the 
University of Las Palmas, two members of OHB, an aeronautics company in Bremen, 
one member from STN Atlas and the two meteorologists from Hamburg. 


FIG. 8: Stations and the three working areas of M45/5a (Bremen to Las Palmas). 
FIG. 9: Cruise track and stations of M45/5 b (Las Palams-Las Palmas). 


The ship left port at 10: 00 in the morning with course to the ESTOC station 
(Fig. 9). Five expandable bathythermographs (XBT) were deployed underway and 
after a midway test station, work commenced on the same day at ESTOC (29°10'N, 
15°30'W) 100 km north of Las Palmas with the monthly sampling program for 
October and the deployment of a NOAA drifter. Also, some initial equipment tests 
were carried out. On the following day, a moored surface buoy and an underwater 
platform could be successfully recovered at the DOMEST site, 20 nm further west 
of ESTOC, despite of high swell. The ship remained at the station for the 
following three days and water column sampling and equipment tests were carried 
out in addition to drifter-bound rate experiments. On October 27 the DOMEST 
surface buoy and the underwater platform were deployed again at 29°10.2'N, 
15°56.2'W after having been serviced onboard ship. The ship then took course to 
the EBC (Eastern Boundary Current) station east of the islands Fuerteventura and 
Lanzarote at 28°44'N, 013°18'W where a current meter and sediment trap mooring 
was exchanged and water column sampling was carried out. Subsequently the ship 
headed north to the Cape Ghir filament region and water column sampling and 
drifter-bound experiments were carried out on the following two days until 
October 30. The station locations were guided by satellite remote sensing of 
both temperature and ocean colour tracing the site of strongest upwelling/ 
filament activity. On the transit back from the Cape Ghir filament region to the 
DOMEST/ESTOC area, three additional water column stations were sampled in a 
distance of 60 nm of each other. 

The DOMEST surface buoy was serviced again on Nov. 1 and, in the following 
night, the monthly sampling program for November was carried out at the ESTOC. 
On the morning of the same day, the sediment trap mooring CI 11 was recovered in 
the ESTOC area. More equipment tests were conducted on station and the station 
work was concluded with the deployment of a NOAA drifter in the afternoon.  
The ship left the ESTOC in the evening of November 2 and arrived in port as 
scheduled in the morning of November 3. 

Due to mostly good weather and excellent collaboration between the ship's and 
scientific crews, the cruise could be completed successfully. A total of 5 
foreign countries (Denmark, Great Britain, Portugal, Spain and Morocco) issued 
working permissions so that METEOR could conduct research in their waters. 


5.4    LEG M45/4

5.4.1  HYDROGRAPHY

The hydrographic measurements were done with 2 Seabird CTD´s (Table 10). At 
station 557, an instrument was attached to the rosette for testing purposes. 
At a pressure of about 1900 dbar this instrument imploded and damaged the CTD 
(SB3). After several short test profiles at the following station it was 
concluded, that the CTD could not be repaired on board and following stations 
were done with the second CTD (SB1). Apart from a pressure offset in air of 
1.14 dbar (SB3) respective 1.33 dbar (SB3), a com-parison with the reversing 
thermometers showed that no additional in situ calibration of temperature and 
pressure were necessary. Bottle salinities were determined with an AUTOSAL 
salinometer, which was cali-brated using standard seawater. The conductivity 
showed a time independent offset, after calibration the accuracy for 
conductivity (respective salinity) is better then 0.003 (Fig. 57).


Fig. 57: Difference in temperature (a) and conductivity (b) between CTD
         (SB3) and bottle data after calibration.


At section 1 (Fig. 58) the Denmark Strait Overflow water can be clearly seen 
as a layer of low salinity and temperature sitting on the Greenland slope. This 
layer can be traced till the southernmost section 6, although with increasing 
temperature and salinity due to mixing with ambient water. In comparison with 
previous cruises (METEOR 39/5 and VALDIVIA 173, Fig. 59) it can be noted: There 
was more overflow water than in 1997 and 1998, it was fresher and colder and its 
CFC-concentration (see below) was higher than seen before. It is concluded that 
the overflow was composed of more water from shallower levels in the source area 
north of Denmark Strait. The amount of deep water from the Labrador Sea was 
found to be less and with slightly higher temperature and salinity than in the 
preceding years. This result is consistent with the reduced convective formation 
of Labrador Sea Water observed in recent years. The preliminary analysis has 
also revealed a reduced fraction of high salinity components in the Atlantic 
Irminger Water. This corresponds to the recently observed eastward expansion of 
the subpolar waters in the Northwestern North Atlantic, which has terminated an 
increased influx of saline waters to the north of Denmark Strait found in 1997 
and 1998.


Fig. 58: Salinity (a) and potential temperature (b) along section 1.
Fig. 59: Composite/S diagrams of cruise M45/4 (lines) compared to 
         M39/5 (+)  and VALDIVIA 173 (o).


Tab. 10: Coefficients of the in situ conductivity calibration:

         Conductivity = Conductivity(raw) + a0 + a1* Pressure
         ----------------------------------------------------
                  CTD       a0              a1
                  ---  --------------  --------------
                  SB3  +9.70443784e-3  -2.91765989e-7
                  SBE  +3.02555052e-3  -1.55125204e-7 


5.4.2  MOORINGS

The current and temperature data from the recovered Aandera meters was available 
short after recovery. Data from the inverted echo sounders needs more processing 
and is still not available. The mooring array also included for the first time a 
SeaCat instrument so that high quality salinity time record is available. 
Surprisingly very low salinity values (Fig. 60) were found for a period of 
approximately 90 days, the respective T/S characteristics were not found in any 
of the corresponding hydrographic sections. Corresponding characteristics were 
just found in one station of the northernmost section 1 during the Valdivia 173 
cruise in 1998. 


5.4.3  TRACER MEASUREMENTS (CFC-11 AND CFC-12)
       (O. Plähn, K. Bulsiewicz, I. Schlimme)

Two Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) components, CFC-11 and CFC-12, were analyzed 
during the cruise M45/4. After sampling, 20 mL of water were transferred from 
precleaned 10 L Niskin bottles to a purge and trap unit. The gases were then 
separated on a gaschromatographic column and detected with an Electron Capture 
Detector (ECD). A standard gas was used to convert the ECD signals in concentra- 
tions. The efficiency of the ECD was very stable in time, the observed temporal 
variations were about 6% for both components. To correct the temporal drift of 
the ECD, a calibration curve with six different gas volumes was taken before and 
after each station assuming that the temporal change between two calibra-tion 
curves is linear in time.

During the cruise, the CFC system worked continuously, thus 560 water samples 
from 38 CTD stations were analyzed. The CFC samples were collected from 
different depths covering the whole water column, but the survey was focused on 
the deep water masses. The blanks or CFC-11 and CFC-12 were negligible. Accuracy 
was checked by analyzing about 70 water samples at least twice. It was found to 
be +/- 0.45% for CFC-12 and +/- 0.53% for CFC-11. The saturation at the surface of 
both components was about 100% +/- 5%. The CFC-11/CFC-12 ratio was between 1.9 
and 2.1. The aims of the CFC analysis were to study the circulation and to 
analyze the variability of the deep water masses Labrador Sea Water (LSW), Gibbs 
Fracture Zone Water (GFZW), and Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW) east of 
Greenland. Along five different sections south of the Denmark Strait CFC 
measurements were carried out.


Fig. 60: Data from the SeaCat instrument located in the Denmark Strait
         Overflow Water at section 3. a) Salinity as a function of time (the 
         thick line is is low-pass filtered data) b)/S diagram (the line
         being the low-pass filtered data).
Fig. 61: CFC concentration along section 4.
Fig. 62: Comparison of the CFC concentration between METEOR cruises M39/5
         and M45/4.


Two years ago, CFC's were measured at the same sections during the cruise METEOR 
39/5 (Aug./Sep. 1997). The comparison of the recently collected data with the 
older measurements shows new interesting results. It is known from former 
studies that LSW and DSOW are marked by high CFC concentration, whereas the GFZW 
is characterized by a CFC minimum (Fig. 61). During this cruise, the measured 
concentration in the DSOW were much higher than observed two years ago (Fig. 
62). The mean CFC-12 values increased from 1.7 pmol/kg (1997) to about 2.3 
pmol/kg and the CFC-11 concentration rised from about 3.7 pmol/kg to 4.5 
pmol/kg. Whereas in the density level of the LSW (27.74 - 27.8) the CFC values 
stagnated in the last two years or even decreased some percents.

The increase of freon concentration in the DSOW correlates with a decrease in 
salinity, but the temperature did not change significantly. The stagnation in 
the LSW might be caused by the absence of deep convection in the Labrador Sea in 
the last years. The largest concentration in the LSW were observed at the 
eastern edge of each section. As we did not measured in the eastern Irminger 
Sea, it cannot be excluded that the core of the LSW moved eastward. During the 
cruise METEOR 45/2 in the eastern North-Atlantic, it was observed that the CFC 
concentration in the LSW increased in the last two years. 


6    SHIP'S METEOROLOGICAL STATION

6.1  METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING LEG M 45/1
     (L. Kaufeld, W. Th. Ochsenhirt)

After having left the harbour of Malaga at 19 May at about 10.00 hours, the wind 
blew from southwest with increasing forces 5 to 6 bft. The well known funneling 
effects caused the wind to freshen up in the Strait of Gibraltar. There it 
reached 7 bft from westerly direction despite of only weak pressure differences 
between the Gulf of Cadiz and the Alboran Sea. Due to the short fetch, the wind 
sea was not adapted to this wind force.

The next few days with scientific measurements in the Gulf of Cadiz, a northerly 
breeze blew with force 4 associated with a bright sky. During the two days 
passage to Lanzarote northerly winds with 5 bft were observed.

From 25 to 31 May during the research work north of the Canary Islands, only 
weak winds occurred from northerly directions. The visibility was good to 
excellent: Sometimes the northeastern part of Teneriffa could be seen and once 
even the volcano Pico de Teide in a distance of 120 km. In the morning of 31 
May, an old depression which had penetrated the subtropical ridge and had 
reached the region north of Madeira caused some showers in the ships vicinity.

By the change of the months, a weak depression moved northeastward away from the 
Portuguese coast and a strong anticyclonic ridge extended eastward from the 
Azores high. Since the heat depression over Northwest Africa remained 
stationary, the pressure differences around the Canary Islands intensified. This 
weather development was well forecast several days in advance by the numerical 
model of Deutscher Wetterdienst. On the cruise leg to Lissabon the 
northnortheasterly wind increased to 6 bft during the night to 4 June and 
shortly reached 7 bft.

The last four days of this cruise, METEOR gradually "sailed" into the regime of 
the anticyclonic ridge with weakening winds from northerly directions. For a 
short time they freshed up a little before entering the mouth of the Tejo river.

In the morning of 8 June, this voyage ended in Lissabon with bright sunshine.


6.2  METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING LEG M 45/2
     (G. Kahl)

When METEOR left Lisbon on 11 June 1999, the subtropical anticyclone was 
centered just west of the Bay of Biscay, its central pressure being 1032 hPa. 
Over the Iberian Peninsula, however, low pressure was prevailing, so that the 
vessel had to deal with headwinds up to Beaufort 7 while on her way to the 
position where oceanographic work began on 10 June 1999. While on her way to the 
CGFZ, the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone, the research vessel experienced moderate 
southwesterly winds most of the time. On 19 June, however, the wind force rose 
to 8 Bft during passage of a front. The general circulation consisted of fast 
moving waves that passed between a gale center west of Iceland and the 
aforementioned Azores High. The gale force winds thus did not last very long. 
While work was going on over the CGFZ, METEOR experienced light to moderate 
winds from westerly directions.

Meanwhile however, some intensification of the General Circulation was taking 
place over the North-west Passage, a well developed low of under 990 hPa central 
pressure reaching Davis Strait on 23 June 1999. In due course, a flat low over 
Cape Walloe, Southeastern Greenland, started intensifying during 24 June 1999 to 
lie southwest of Iceland on 25 June 1999 as a gale center of under 985 hPa 
central pressure. 

As the gale center continued eastward Bft 8 was observed on METEOR from 
Southwest, veering West later. Gale force winds of 8 Bft from the northeast were 
blowing on 26 June 1999 while the gale center stalled south of Iceland and 
finally began filling. The seas that had developed in the region hampered 
operations only to a little effect by reducing the ship's speed. Winds abated 
and were light only in the days to follow when the research vessel probed the 
Reykjanes Ridge. When METEOR finally began heading for her next port of call on 
2 July 1999, the general circulation had adopted a more southerly route, a gale 
center with a central pressure of under 985 Pa moving east north of the Azores 
before stalling and filling just west of Ireland. Thus, moderate northeasterly 
winds were observed, veering southeast during 3 July 1999 and finally southwest 
during 4 July 1999 before abating. The low had been detected during 2 July 1999 
west of the Great Lakes as it moved eastward quickly, passing the Strait of 
Belle Isle on 3 July 1999 with of central pressure of under 990 hPa, but then 
turning north and even northwest, thereby starting to fill secondary 
depressions followed on a more southerly course so as not to influence METEOR as 
she proceeded on her way, reaching St. John's, Newfoundland, on 8 July 1999.


6.3  METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING LEG M45/3
     (G. Kahl)

When METEOR left St. John's, Nfld, on 11.07.1999, a gale center over the 
southern part of Baffin Island was governing the general synoptic situation. In 
ist reign, a flat low had just passed Newfoundland and another was due to 
follow. This resultet in light easterly winds while the vessel began her way 
northward into the Labrador Sea. Winds turned to westerly directions soon, 
however, and a secondary low formed over Hudson Bay during 15.07. It developed 
into a gale center when still over the continent, passing the Strait of Belle 
Isle during 17.07. and moving away eastwards later. The METEOR was left 
unmolested because her work had carried her far enough northward. Meanwhile, 
however, another low had been travelling east from the region well west of the 
Great Lakes, developing into a gale center when passing Hudson Bay during 18.07. 
and Goose Bay, Labrador, during 20.07. when southeasterly winds of 6 Bft, 
backing northeast, were observed. The light winds that followed were of short 
duration because the low over Baffin Island was still active. So, the next 
secondary low was formed over Hudson Bay during 21.07., southeasterly winds of 6 
Bft being felt by 22.07. When the research vessel finished probing the Labrador 
Sea region and headed south to the southeastern rim of th Grand Banks, a low 
approaching from the Great Plains had developed into a storm center at the 
western tip of Hudson Bay, and a high had formed over the Maritimes. In 
consequence, light northerly winds accompanied our ship up to the 26.07. 
Meanwhile a low had formed near Cape Cod, Mass., moving northeast and developing 
but slightly. It passed along the south coast of Newfoundland on 28.07. while 
strong southeasterly winds, veering southwest, were felt on the southeastern 
Grand Banks. These tapered off soon, and winds remained light during the last 
days of July. The low in the upper atmosphere over Baffin Island had moved south 
somewhat to lie over northern Quebec. A secondary low had formed over the St. 
Lawrence Seaway during 31.07., moving northeast and developing into a gale 
center east of Hudson Strait during 01.08., then swinging northwest into Baffin 
Island as a storm center by 02.08. At METEOR's position, southwesterly winds up 
to 6 Bft were observed, veering northwest on 03.08. Light winds then 
accompanied the research vessel on her way to the Flemish Cap. During 04.08., a 
low had formed off the coast of South Carolina and had moved slowly along the 
eastern seaboard, thereby developing into a gale center so that southeasterly 
gales of 7 to 8 Bft were observed on 07.08. Winds were light again on 08.08. 
while the METEOR began heading for St. John's, Nfld., but by that day still 
another low had migrated east from a position southwest of the Great Lakes, 
thereby developing into a gale center. In the morning of 09.08., the gale center 
had reached Nova Scotia, swinging northeast to Belle Isle Strait and deepening 
further, strong to gale force southwesterlies ensuing during the last day of the 
voyage. Saint John's was reached by 10.08.1999.


6.4  METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING LEG M45/4
     (G. Kahl)

When METEOR left St. John's, Nfld, on 13.08.1999, a migrating high had just 
passed the city, heading away northeastwards. A trough of low pressure extended 
from the Foxe Basin over North Quebec to New Brunswick. In consequence, light 
southerly winds were accompanying the research vessel out to sea. Another flat 
low, situated over the Great Lakes, was moving east, thereby developing into a 
gale center by 14.08. when over the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It turned northward 
and moved up the west coast of Greenland . Its secondary low, however, continued 
to move east. During 16.08., it was a gale center near Southeastern Greenland. 
The air masses north of the gale center moved against the mountainous coast and 
were diverted to the south where METEOR was experiencing northeasterly gales of 
9 Bft and storm force gusts up to 11 Bft. These conditions reduced her speed 
severely. Half a day was lost before the position where work was to begin was 
reached on 17.08., winds being light and variable by then. Conditions kept being 
favorable while a high was building east of Greenland and the next low moved due 
east from Newfoundland. By 20.08. another low had been swinging northeast from 
Labrador, its movements being influenced by a trough in the upper air that had 
reached eastern Greenland. As it made its way into Denmark Strait, southerly 
winds 7 Bft were felt shortly on the ship's position. Winds continued to be 
blowing from southerly directions, speeds being light to 5 Bft, in the days to 
follow so that oceanographic work was not impeded. On 26.08., however, a low in 
the upper atmosphere had moved to southeastern Greenland, a gale center denoting 
its position at surface level. As METEOR began heading for the Pentland firth, 
southeasterly gales 8 Bft hampered her for a few hours. The last days of the 
voyage continued to be under the influence of the upper air low migrating east 
as our ship was proceeding in the same direction. In consequence, several lows 
and their associated frontal troughs made themselves being felt by strong 
southerly winds up to 7 Bft. Winds abated in the North Sea so that Rendsburg was 
reached by 31.08.1999. 


6.5  METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS DURING LEG M45/5
     (G. Kahl)

When METEOR began her voyage from Bremen on the first of October, 1999, a gale 
center on the south coast of Iceland was governing the North Sea. So she was 
greeted by strong Westerlies of 7 Bft and gale force thundersqualls even as she 
ventured into German Bight. Going north along the coast of Jutland, these calmed 
down on 02.10. and 03.10. while on METEOR scientific work was done on the Skaw. 
Meanwhile, the gale center had moved away to the Norwegian Sea, but a secondary 
low had formed and reached western Norway. In its wake strong to gale force 
Northwesterlies accompanied the ship on her way to the Silver Pit where winds 
calmed down a bit. By 5 October, a High had formed over the British Isles and 
Ireland, and when the ship headed for the Straits of Dover, there were light 
northerly winds only.

Passing the Bay of Biscay, METEOR was lucky in being met by the subtropical high 
being situated north of the Acores, extending a wedge into the area. So only 
moderate northwesterlies of 4 Bft were observed, and on her way on to the first 
probing position just north of the Acores, conditions were sometimes calm. 

When METEOR went further south past the Azores reaching the vicinity of the 
Great METEOR Bank she was continually under the influence of high pressure so 
that only light winds were felt. The last mentioned position was probed on 14 
October when course was changed to the east. On her way to Cape Ghir the ship 
continued to be under the influence of subtropical high pressure so that light 
northerly winds were observed and scientific work was unhampered. When near the 
coast of Morocco, there were moderate Northerlies of 3 to 5 Bft.

METEOR called at Las Palmas de Gran Canaria from 20 October to 22 October, 1999. 
During the time that the ship was working in the Cape Ghir region and was 
calling at Las Palmas, a tropical storm called IRENE had developed east of the 
Lesser Antilles, made her way past the Bahamas and near the Eastern Seaboard of 
the U.S.A. There, IRENE successfully transformed into a storm of the 
temperate latitudes, and when METEOR put out to sea again on 22 October, Ex-
IRENE was south of Greenland, its central pressure being estimated as 945 hPa. 
Thus, she was a very prominent feature of the synoptic chart indeed. The General 
Circulation was greatly intensified, and as a result a cold front passed METEOR 
while working on the DOMEST position just north of Tenerife on 24 October. Mean 
winds were of the order of 5 Bft before and after the frontal passage, veering 
from west to northwest and later abating again. So there were no strong winds, 
but in the wake of Ex-IRENE swell up to 5 m height was observed while the ship 
stayed at the DOMEST position until 27 October.

In fact, the outbreak of cold air masses was such that a Low over and to the 
north of the Canary Islands was formed, central pressure being 1008 hPa before 
it slowly filled during the next few days. METEOR was in the center of the Low 
and experienced light winds only as she headed to the Cape Ghir Region again, 
probing it intensively up to the end of October. Light to moderate northerly 
winds were observed there. During 01 November the DOMEST position was visited 
again. Meanwhile, in the General Circulation, which had been intensified again 
by storm force remnants of a tropical storm called JOSÉ, a storm center of 960 
hPa was near the Faroeer Islands on 31 October, moving north and filling but 
slowly. A secondary low had formed on its cold front just east of the Azores on 
01 November, moving to Cape Finisterre and further on to the northeast. Its cold 
front reached the Canary Islands during 01 November. Northeasterlies were strong 
in and just behind the frontal passage, 6 Bft being observed for some hours 
before winds abated again.

METEOR called at Las Palmas on 03 November 1999. 



7 LISTS (see original report* for all other lists)

7.6  List of Abbreviations

     AAIW    Antarctic Intermediate Water
     ADCP    Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
     CANIGO  Canary Islands Gibraltar Observations
     CCD     Calcite Compensation Depth
     CFC     Chlorofluorocarbons
     CGFZ    Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone
     CRM     Certified Reference Material
     CTD     Conductivity, Temperature, Depth (Pressure)
     DCM     Deep Chlorophyll Maximum
     DIC     Dissolved Carbon Dioxide
     DOBS    Deep Ocean Bottom Station (DOMEST)
     DOMEST  Datenübertragung im Ozean und Meßtechnik zur hochauflösenden 
             Erfassung des Stofftransportes in der Tiefsee
     DOP     Deep Ocean Profiler (DOMEST)
     DSOW    Denmark Strait Overflow Water
     DWBC    Deep Western Boundary Current
     EBC     Eastern Boundary Current
     ECD     Electron Capture Detector
     ESTOC   European Station of Time Series, Canary Islands
     FFT     Fast Fourier Transformation
     GFZW    Gibbs Fracture Zone Water
     GKG     Großkastengreifer (Box Corer)
     IMW     Intermediate Mediterranean Water
     ISOW    Iceland Scotland Overflow Water
     JGOFS   Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
     KL      Kastenlot (Piston Corer)
     LADCP   Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
     LDW     Lower Deep Water
     LSW     Labrador Sea Water
     MART    Mid-Atlantic Ridge Transport
     MSD     Multi Sensor Device (DOMEST)
     MSU     Moored Sensor Unit
     MLD     Mixed Layer Depth
     MN      Multinet
     MUC     Multicorer
     MOW     Mediterranean Overflow Water
     MW      Mediterranean Water
     NAC     North Atlantic Current
     NACW    North Atlantic Central Water
     NADW    North Atlantic Deep Water
     NAO     North Atlantic Oscillation
     NEBROC  Netherlands Bremen Oceanography
     NOAA    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
     SBU     Surface Buoy Unit (DOMEST)
     SPM     Suspended Particulate Matter
     SPMW    Subpolar Mode Water
     SSP     Sub Surface Platform
     SST     Sea Surface Temperature
     SW      Surface Water
     VEINS   Variability of Exchanges in the Northern Seas
     WOCE    World Ocean Circulation Experiment

     * The reports are obtainable at:

             Leitstelle METEOR 
             Institut für Meereskunde
             Troplowitzstr. 7 
             22529 Hamburg Germany



8 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The 45 th of RV METEOR served a multidisciplinary group of projects in 
the North Atlantic Ocean. All groups and institutions involved helped to 
support the coordination work. It is our particular pleasure to  thank 
the captains S. Bülow and M. Kull and crew of all cruise legs for the 
flexible, friendly and very helpful attitude and professional assistance 
during deployments of the complex moored arrays and the various kinds of 
shipboard measurement programs.   

The participants of M45/5 are grateful to Dr. Llinas and his group at 
the Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas in Telde, Gran Canaria, for 
invaluable logistic help during M45/5 in Las Palmas. We further note 
the efficient and competent help of the ship's agents Flick Canarias in 
the port of Las Palmas, especially Ms. Evelyne Jüptner. Furthermore, the 
participants of M45/5 thank Robert Davenport and Peer Helmke, both at 
Universtiy of Bremen, for supplying the most recent satellite images of 
the investigation areas to the ship, often times involving late hours 
and weekends. The satellite images were created from ground station data 
collected by Dr. Francisco Eugenio Gonzalez, EUITT (Universidad de Las 
Palmas de Gran Canaria). Data production and distribution were provided 
respectively by the SeaWiFS Project (Code 970.2) and the Distributed 
Active Archive Center (Code 902) at the Goddard Space Flight Center, 
Greenbelt, MD 20771 and was sponsored by NASA's Mission to Planet Earth 
Program.   

This research was in part funded by the EU-project CANIGO (MAS3-PL95-
0443). Special thanks is expressed to Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 
(DFG) for making available the shiptime and funding for cruise M45. 
Projects of the Sonderforschungsbereich 460 during several cruise legs 
were also founded by the DFG. The VEINS program of leg M45/4 was funded 
by the European Comission under the MAST III program. 



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JOHNSON, K. M. and D. W. R. WALLACE, 1992: The single-operator 
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JOHNSON, K. M., K. D. WILLS, D. B. BUTLER, W. K. JOHNSON, and C. S. 

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JOHNSON ET AL., 1998: Coulometric TCO2 analysis for marine studies: 
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KÖRTZINGER, A., H. THOMAS, B. SCHNEIDER, N. GRONAU, L. MINTROP and J. C. 

DUINKER, 1996: At-sea intercomparison of two newly designed underway 
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LAMPITT, R. S., 1985: Evidence for the seasonal deposition of detritus 
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MÜLLER, T. J., 1999: Determination of salinity. Determination of 
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NEUER, S., G. FISCHER, V. RATMEYER and G. WEFER, 1997: Deep-water 
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NEUER, S. and cruise participants, 1999: Report and preliminary results 
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RATMEYER, V. and G. WEFER, 1996: A high resolution camera system 
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ROSSBY, T., 1999: On gyre interactions. Deep-Sea Res. II, 46, 139-164.

SCHOTT, F., K. P. KOLTERMANN, L. STRAMMA, A. SY, R. ZAHN und W. ZENK, 1999:
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PUBLICATIONS FROM METEOR EXPEDITIONS IN OTHER REPORTS

Gerlach, S. A., J. Thiede, G. Graf und F. Werner (1986): 
    Forschungsschiff Meteor, Reise 2 vom 19. Juni bis 16. Juli 1986. 
    Forschungsschiff Poseidon, Reise 128 vom 7. Mai bis 8 Juni 1986. 
    Ber. Sonderforschungsbereich 313, Univ. Kiel, 4, 140 S.

Siedler, G., H. Schmickler, T. J. Müller, H.-W. Schenke und W. Zenk 
    (1987): Forschungsschiff METEOR, Reise Nr. 4, Kapverden -Expedition, 
    Oktober - Dezember 1986. Ber. Inst. f. Meeresk., 173, Kiel, 123 S.

Wefer, G., G. F. Lutze, T. J. Müller, O. Pfannkuche, W. Schenke, G. 
    Siedler und W. Zenk (1988): Kurz-bericht über die METEOR -Expedition 
    Nr. 6, Hamburg -Hamburg, 28 Oktober 1987 - 19 Mai 1988. Berichte, 
    Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen, 4, 29 S.

Müller T. J., G. Siedler und W. Zenk (1988): Forschungsschiff METEOR, 
    Reise Nr. 6, Atlantik 87/88, Fahrtabschnitte Nr. 1-3, Oktober-Dezember 
    1987. Ber. Inst. f. Meeresk., 184, Kiel, 77 S.

Lutze, G. F., C. O. C. Agwu, A. Altenbach, U. Henken-Mellies, C. Kothe, 
    N. Mühlhan, U. Pflaumann, C. Samtleben, M. Sarnthein, M. Segl, Th.  
    Soltwedel, U. Stute, R. Tiedemann und P. Wein-holz (1988): Bericht über die 
    METEOR-Fahrt 6-5, Dakar -Libreville, 15.1.-16.2.1988. Berichte -Reports, 
    Geol. Paläont. Inst., Univ. Kiel, 22, 60 S.

Wefer, G., U. Bleil, P. J. Müller, H. D. Schulz, W. H. Berger, U. 
    Brathauer, L. Brück, A. Dahmke, K. Dehning, M. L. Durate-Morais, F. 
    Fürsich, S. Hinrichs, K. Klockgeter, A. Kölling, C. Kothe, J. F. 
    Makaya, H. Oberhänsli, W. Oschmann, J. Posny, F. Rostek, H. Schmidt, 
    R. Schneider, M. Segl, M. Sobiesiak, T. Soltwedel und V. Spieß (1988): 
    Bericht über die METEOR -Fahrt M 6-6, Libreville - Las Palmas, 18.2.1988 -
    23.2.1988. Berichte, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Universität Bremen, 3, 97 S.

Hirschleber, H., F. Theilen, W. Balzer, B. v. Bodungen und J. Thiede 
    (1988): Forschungsschiff METEOR, Reise 7, vom 1 Juni bis 28 September 
    1988, Ber. Sonderforschungsbereich 313, Univ. Kiel, 10, 358 S. 



METEOR-BERICHTE LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

89-1 (1989) Meincke, J.        GRÖNLANDSEE 1988-Expedition, Reise Nr. 8, 
            Quadfasel, D.        27 Oktober 1988 - 18 Dezember 1988.
                                   Universität Hamburg, 40 S. 

89-2 (1989) Zenk, W.           BARLAVENTO-Expedition, Reise Nr. 9, 
            Müller, T.J.         29 Dezember 1988 - 17 März 1989.  
            Wefer, G.              Universität Hamburg, 238 S.

90-1 (1990) Zeitschel, B.      PLANKTON´89 - BENTHOS´89, Reise Nr. 10, 
            Lenz, J.             19 März - 31 August 1989.
            Thiel, H.              Universität Hamburg, 216 S.
            Boje, R.
            Stuhr, A.
            Passow, U.

90-2 (1990) Roether, W.        SÜDATLANTIK-ZIRKUMPOLARSTROM, Reise Nr. 11,
            Sarnthein, M.        3 Oktober 1989 - 11 März 1990.
            Müller, T.J.           Universität Hamburg, 169 S.
            Nellen, W.         
            Sahrhage, D.

91-1 (1991) Wefer, G.          OSTATLANTIK 90 - EXPEDITION, Reise Nr. 12, 
            Weigel, W.           13 März - 30 Juni 1990.
            Pfannkuche, O.         Universität Hamburg, 166 S.
            
91-2 (1991) Gerlach, S.A.      EUROPÄISCHES NORDMEER, Reise Nr. 13, 
            Graf, G.             6 Juli - 24 August 1990.
                                   Universität Hamburg, 217 S.
            
91-3 (1991) Hinz, K.           SUBTROPISCHER & TROPISCHER ATLANTIK, 
            Hasse, L.          Reise Nr. 14/1-3, Maritime Meteorologie und 
            Schott, F.         Physikalische Ozeanographie, 
                                 17 September - 30 Dezember 1990. 
                                   Universität Hamburg, 58 S.

91-4 (1991) Hinz, K.           SUBTROPISCHER & TROPISCHER ATLANTIK, Reise Nr. 
                               14/3, Geophysik, 
                                 31 Oktober - 30 Dezember 1990. 
                                   Universität Hamburg, 94 S.

92-1 (1992) Siedler, G.        WOCE Südatlantik 1991, Reise Nr. 15, 
            Zenk, W.             30 Dezember 1990 - 23 März 1991.  
                                   Universität Hamburg, 126 S.

92-2 (1992) Wefer, G.          ATLANTIK 91 - EXPEDITION, Reise Nr. 16, 
            Schulz, H.D.         27 März - 8 Juli 1991. 
            Schott, F.             Universität Hamburg, 288 S.
            Hirschleber, H.B.

92-3 (1992) Suess, E.          EUROPÄISCHES NORDMEER, Reise Nr. 17, 
            Altenbach, A.V.      15 Juli - 29 August 1991. 
                                   Universität Hamburg, 164 S.

93-1 (1993) Meincke, J.        WOCE-NORD, Cruise No. 18, 
            Becker, G.           2 September - 26 September 1991. 
                               NORDSEE, Cruise No. 19, 
                                 30 September - 12 October 1991. 
                                   Universität Hamburg, 105 pp.

93-2 (1993) Wefer, G.          OSTATLANTIK 91/92 - EXPEDITION, Reise Nr. 20, 
            Schulz, H.D.       M 20/1 und M 20/2, 
                                 18 November 1991 - 3 Februar 1992.
                                   Universität Hamburg, 248 S.

93-3 (1993) Wefer, G.          OSTATLANTIK 91/92 - EXPEDITION, Reise Nr. 20, 
            Hinz, K.             M 20/3, 4 Februar - 13 März 1992. 
            Roeser, H.A.           Universität Hamburg, 145 S.

93-4 (1993) Pfannkuche, O.     NORDATLANTIK 92, Reise Nr. 21, 
            Duinker, J.C.        16 März - 31 August 1992. 
            Graf, G.               Universität Hamburg, 281 S.
            Henrich, R.
            Thiel, H.
            Zeitschel, B.

93-5 (1993) Siedler, G.        WOCE South Atlantic 1992, Cruise No. 22, 
            Balzer, W.           22 September 1992 - 31 January 1993.  
            Müller, T.J.           Universität Hamburg, 131 pp.
            Rhein, M.
            Onken, R.
            Zenk, W.
            
94-1 (1994) Bleil, U.          Geo Bremen SOUTH ATLANTIC 1993, Cruise No. 23,
            Spieß, V.            4 February - 12 April 1993. 
            Wefer, G.              Universität Hamburg, 261 pp.
            
94-2 (1994) Schmincke, H.-U.   OZEANVULKAN 1993, Cruise No. 24, 
            Rihm, O.             15 April - 9 May 1993. 
                                   Universität Hamburg, 88 pp.

94-3 (1994) Hieke, W.          MITTELMEER 1993, Cruise No. 25, 
            Halbach, P.          12 May - 20 August 1993.  
            Türkay, M.             Universität Hamburg, 243 pp.
            Weikert, H.

94-4 (1994) Suess, E.          NORDATLANTIK 1993, Cruise No. 26, 
            Kremling, K.         24 August - 26 November 1993.  
            Mienert, J.            Universität Hamburg, 256 pp.
            
94-5 (1994) Bröckel, K. von    ÜBERFÜHRUNGSFAHRT, Reise Nr. 0, 
            Thiel, H.            15 März - 15 Mai 1986.  
            Krause, G.         ERPROBUNGSFAHRT, Reise Nr. 1,
                                 16 Mai - 14 Juni 1986.  
                               BIOTRANS IV, Skagerrak 86, Reise Nr. 3,  
                                 21 Juli - 28 August 1986.
                                   Universität Hamburg, 126 S.

94-6 (1994) Pfannkuche, O.     CARBON CYCLE AND TRANSPORT OF WATER 
            Balzer, W.         MASSES IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC - THE 
            Schott, F.         WINTER SITUATION, Cruise No. 27, 
                                 29 December - 26 March 1994.  
                                   Universität Hamburg, 134 pp.

95-1 (1995) Zenk, W.           WOCE Studies in the South Atlantic, Cruise No. 28,
            Müller, T.J.         29 March - 14 June 1994.  
                                   Universität Hamburg, 193 pp.  

95-2 (1995) Schulz, H.         Geo Bremen SOUTH ATLANTIC 1994, Cruise No. 29,
            Bleil, U.            17 June - 5 September 1994.  
            Henrich, R.            Universität Hamburg, 323 pp.
            Segl, M.
            
96-1 (1996) Nellen, W.         MINDIK (Band I), Reise Nr. 5,  
            Bettac, W.           2 Januar - 24 September 1987.  
            Roether, W.            Universität Hamburg, 275 S.
            Schnack, D.
            Thiel, H.
            Weikert, H.
            Zeitschel, B.

96-2 (1996) Nellen, W.         MINDIK (Band II), Reise Nr. 5, 
            Bettac, W.           2 Januar - 24 September 1987. 
            Roether, W.            Universität Hamburg, 179 S.
            Schnack, D.
            Thiel, H.
            Weikert, H.
            Zeitschel, B.
 
96-3 (1996) Koltermann, K.P.   JGOFS, OMEX and WOCE in the North Atlantic 1994,
            Pfannkuche, O.     Cruise No. 30, 
            Meincke, J.          7 September - 22 December 1994.
                                   Universität Hamburg, 148 pp.
            
96-4 (1996) Hemleben, Ch.      Östliches Mittelmeer, Rotes Meer, Arabisches 
            Roether, W.        Meer, Cruise No. 31, 30 
            Stoffers, P.         December 1994 - 22 March 1995.  
                                   Universität Hamburg, 282 pp.
            
96-5 (1996) Lochte, K.         Biogeochemical Fluxes in the Deep-Sea and 
            Halbach, P.        Investigations of Geological Structures in the 
            Flemming, B.W.     Indian Ocean, Cruise No. 33, 
                                 22 September - 30 December 1995.  
                                   Universität Hamburg, 160 pp.

96-6 (1996) Schott, F.         ARABIAN SEA 1995, Cruise No. 32, 
            Pollehne, F.         23 March - 19 September 1995.
            Quadfasel, D.          Universität Hamburg, 163 pp
            Stramma, L.
            Wiesner, M.
            Zeitzschel, B.

97-1 (1997) Wefer, G.          Geo Bremen SOUTH ATLANTIC 1996 (Volume I), 
            Bleil, U.          Cruise No. 34,   
            Schulz, H.           3 January - 18 February 1996.
            Fischer, G.            Universität Hamburg, 254 pp.
            
97-2 (1997) Wefer, G.          Geo Bremen SOUTH ATLANTIC 1996 (Volume II), 
            Bleil, U.          Cruise No. 34,   
            Schulz, H.           21 February - 15 April 1996.
            Fischer, G.            Universität Hamburg, 268 pp.
            
97-3 (1997) Wefer, G.          10 Jahre Forschungsschiff METEOR (1986 - 1996) -
                               Dokumentation der Fahrten M0 - M34 (Volume I), 
                               Cruise No. 0-17. Universität Hamburg, 269 pp.

97-4 (1997) Wefer, G.          10 Jahre Forschungsschiff METEOR (1986 - 1996) -
                               Dokumentation der Fahrten M0 - M34 (Volume II), 
                               Cruise No. 18-34. Universität Hamburg, 236 pp.

98-1 (1998) Wefer, G.          Canary Islands 1996/97, Cruise No. 37, 
            Müller, T.J.         4 December 1996 - 22 January 1997. 
                                   Universität Hamburg, 134 pp.

98-2 (1998) Mienert, J.        Nordatlantik 1996, Cruise No. 36, 
            Graf, G.             6 June 1996 - 4 November 1996. 
            Hemleben, C.           Universität Hamburg, 302 pp.
            Kremling, K.
            Pfannkuche, O.
            Schulz-Bull, D.

98-3 (1998) Hemleben, C.       Karibik 1996, Cruise No. 35, 
            Zahn, R.             18 April - 3 June 1996. 
            Meischner, D.          Universität Hamburg, 208 pp.
            
98-4 (1998) Bleil, U.          Geo Bremen South Atlantic 1997, Cruise No. 38, 
            Fischer, G.          25 January - 14 April 1997. 
                                   Universität Hamburg, 244 pp.

99-1 (1999) Schott, F.         North Atlantic 1997, Cruise No. 39, 
            Koltermann, K.-P.    18 April - 14 September 1997. 
            Stramma, L.            Universität Hamburg, 197 pp.
            Sy, A.
            Zahn, R.
            Zenk, W.

99-2 (1999) Hieke, W.          Mittelmeer 1997/98, Cruise No. 40, 
            Hemleben, Ch.        14 Sep - 10 February 1998. 
            Linke, P.              Universität Hamburg, 286 pp.
            Türkay, M.
            Weikert, H.
            
99-3 (1999) Schulz, H.D.       Geo Bremen/GPI Kiel South Atlantic 1998, Cruise
            Devey, C.W.        No. 41,  
            Pätzold, J.          13 February - 13 June 1998.
            Fischer, G.            Universität Hamburg, 341 pp.
            
00-1 (2000) Pfannkuche, O.     Ostatlantik 1998, Cruise No. 42, 
            Müller, T.J.         16 June - 26 October 1998. 
            Nellen, W.             Universität Hamburg, 259 pp.
            Wefer, G.
            
00-2 (2000) Schmincke, H.-U.   DECOS/OMEX II, Cruise No. 43, 
            Graf, G.,            25 November 1998 - 14 January 1999, 
            Krastel, S.            Universität Hamburg, 103 pp.
            
00-3 (2000) Pätzold, J.        Östliches Mittelmeer - Nördliches Rotes Meer 
            Halbach, P.E.      1999, Cruise No. 44, 
            Hempel, G.           22 January - 16 May 1999, 
            Weikert, H.            Universität Hamburg, 240 pp.
            
00-4 (2000) Schott, F.         North Atlantic1999, Cruise No. 45, 
            Meincke, J.          18 May - 4 November 1999, 
            Meineke, G.            Universität Hamburg, 161 pp.
            Neuer, S.
            Zenk, W.
            



WHPO-SIO DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact     Data Type    Data Status Summary
--------  ----------  -----------  -------------------------------------------
09/05/01  Uribe       CTD/BTL/DOC  Submitted; Downloaded from JCREASE ftp site; 
          Reformatting Needed; The data for this cruise was copied from  

          NON_WHP/CM_HYDRO_2001.03.09_JCREASE/CURRENT_METER_ WOCE_CRUISES 
                                   /AR18_ACM8.

          Cruise Expocode is 06MT45_4 with date August 13 - 31st, 1999.  It 
          was decided from the Mooring chart and other ar25 directories that 
          this cruise should be assigned the letter f.  There are Bottle and 
          CTD data in CSV format online.  Documentation was provided via 2 
          htm files that were linked to the DOC section online. Small 
          modification was made to the second DOC link so it 
          would read the map it uses. The file name was changed from 
          19990123.gif to ar25_fdo_2.gif in the htm file.
                    
09/05/03  Anderson    SUM/CTD/BTL  Data Reformatted; needs to be placed online
          Formatted .sum, .sea, and .wct files. Sent notes to Jerry. Needs to be 
          put online.
          
          Reformatting notes:     Sept. 2, 2003
          
          Made a .sum file using information from file ar25_hhy.csv.  The 
            .sum file has EXPOCODE, WOCE SECT, STNNBR, CASTNO, CAST TYPE, 
            DATE, TIME, EVENT CODE, LATITUDE, LONGITUDE, NAV, and UNC DEPTH.  
            After looking at the documentation I assumed that the cast type 
            was ROS and the nav was GPS. I made the event codes all BE.
          Made a .hyd file from ar25_hhy.csv.  The only parameters are 
            STNNBR, CASTNO, CTDPRS, CTDTMP, and CTDSAL.  There were no QUALT1 
            flags so I left them blank.
          Made individual .wct files from ar25_hct.csv which has all the 
            stations in one file with no headers for the different stations.  
            There were no QUALT1 flags, so I left those blank.  There is 
            CTDPRS, only integer values, CTDTMP, some integer, some to one 
            decimal, some to two decimals, some to three decimals, and CTDSAL, 
            some one decimal, some two decimals and some three decimals.  The 
            ctd casts are every decibar.
          
11/03/03  Bartolacci  SUM/CTD/BTL  Website Updated; Data Reformatted/OnLine
          For the purposes of conversion to exchange and netCDF files, minor 
            edits were made to all files recently reformatted by Sarilee. Notes 
            on edits were sent to Jerry Kappa. 
          All new files were placed in parent directory, old files moved to 
            original directory and web page files regenerated to link all to 
            website.
          Here are notes for edits that needed to be made in order to finish 
            reformatting and conversion.  All files are online and linked now.
          
          CTD:  20031102  DMB
          In order to convert CTD files to exchange and netCDF formats the 
          following edits were made to all files:
          o  Edited station number in station file 511 from 151 to 511.
          o  Edited station number in station file 512 from 152 to 512.
          o  Added missing value (-9) to Oxy and No. Obs. columns
          o  added asterisks to all columns along with a Q1 byte of 2 for 
             valid (present and assumed good) values and 5 for any missing 
             values.  This was needed for conversion purposes.
          Converted all files to exchange and netCDF and created inventory 
          file with no errors detected.  Linked all new files online and 
          moved previous files to original directory.

Date      Contact     Data Type    Data Status Summary
--------  ----------  -----------  -------------------------------------------
11/03/03  Bartolacci  SUM/CTD/BTL  Website Updated; Data Reformatted/OnLine
          BOT/SUM:  2003.11.02  DMB
          After experimenting with several edits in order to convert bottle 
          file bottle and summary files:
          
          SUM:  Removed "H" from line designation AR25H.  Removed "COR 
                DEPTH" empty column.
          BOT:  Added missing value -9 to both SAMPNO and BTLNBR columns.  
                It was necessary to add Q1 bytes to file in order to convert it 
                to exchange and subsequent netCDF.  A Q1 of 2 was added for all 
                valid (present, assumed good) values, and 5 for any missing data 
                values.
          File converted to exchange and netcdf with no errors.  Inventory 
          files were generated and all previous files were moved to orignal 
          directory. New files placed online and webpage files regenerated. 
                    
11/04/03  Kappa       DOC          Downloaded cruise report from METEOR website
              http://www.marum.de/senkom-ozean/meteor-berichte/m45/m45.html
          Emailed Jens Meincke for permission to use on our website.  
                    
11/12/03  Kappa       DOC          Permission to publish request
          Wrote to Chi. Sci. for permission to put his doc on our webiste.
          Earlier request to publish by email didn't reach Meincke.  Followed 
          up with this letter:
          
          Jens Meincke 
          Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Hamburg 
          Tropolowitzstr. 7 
          22529 Hamburg - Germany 
          
          Dear Dr. Meincke,
          
          I am responsible for assembling the cruise reports which are 
            published concurrently with hydrographic data on the CLIVAR-WOCE-
            SIO website.  I located your report for METEOR Cruise No. 45, 18 
            May - 4 November 1999 at the following website:
              http://www.marum.de/senkom-ozean/meteor-berichte/m45/m45.html
          Leg 4 of this cruise has been designated a CLIVAR cruise (Line 
            AR25, ExpoCode 06MT45_4), and we would like to cite and publish 
            the following sections of your report:
          
          1) Cover
          2) Table of Contents, Abstract, Zusammenfassung
          3) Research Objectives, Participants, Research Programme, Narrative of 
             the Cruise
          4) Preliminary Results, Leg M45/4
          5) Ship's Meteorological Station
          6) Lists, Concluding Remarks, References 
          
          Please let me know if this is acceptable.
          
11/19/03  Kappa       DOC          Expanded Cruise report, added text version
          PDF Version:
            Added pdf links from figures, table of contents, and WHPO-SIO 
              Summary page to relevant text passages
            Added WHPO-SIO-generated station position track
          PDF and Text Versions:
            Added WHPO-SIO Summary Pages (1 & 2)
            Added these WHPO-SIO Data Processing Notes
