      1.  CRUISE NARRATIVE: SR04
          (Updated MAY 2005)

      1.1.  HIGHLIGHTS

                           CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION

               WOCE section designation  SR04
      Expedition designation (ExpoCode)  06AQANTXV_4
            Chief Scientist/affiliation  Eberhard Fahrbach / AWI
                                  Dates  28 MAR 1998 - 23 MAY 1998
                                   Ship  R/V POLARSTERN
                          Ports of call  Punta Arenas   Cape Town
      
                                                   39°23.5'S
          Station geographic boundaries  57° 35'W             11°49.6'E
                                                   70°29.3'S
      
                               Stations  151 CTD-Stations
           Floats and drifters deployed  0
         Moorings deployed or recovered  Greenwich Meridian:   
                                            6 deployed, 7 recovered
                                         Western Weddell Sea: 
                                           10 deployed, 5 recovered
      
                     CHIEF SCIENTIST CONTACT INFORMATION:

                            DR. EBERHARD FAHRBACH 
              Alfred-Wegener Inst. fur Polar und Meeresforschung 
      Postfach 1201061  Columbusstrasse • Bremerhaven, D-27515 • GERMANY
             TEL: 49-471-4831-501 • FAX: 49-471-4831-149 or -425 
                      EMAIL: efahrbach@awi-bremerhaven.de
      
                             CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS

          Richard Bellerby       Rüdiger Hartig       Katrin Meissner      
          Klaus Bulsiewicz       Mario Hoppema        Matthias Monsees     
          Carlos Mir Casanovas   Oliver Huhn          Adriene Pereira  
          Eberhard Fahrbach      Olaf Klatt           Christian Rodehacke
          Antonio Härter Fetter  Herbert Köhler       Gerd Rohardt
          Gerhard Fraas          Jens Langreder       Norbert Schlüter
          Martin Frenzel         Alexeij laremtchouk  Michael Schröder
          Sabine Harms           Sven Loske           Andreas Wisotzki
                                                      Hannelore Witte
      
      
      
      
      1.2.  SUMMARY AND ITINERARY
            
      Cruise Track
      
      See Figure 1a (WHPO Station Location Map) and Figure 1b (AWI 
      Cruise Track)
      
      Number of Stations
      
      151 CTD-Stations were occupied.  See section 1.3 for a 
      complete breakdown of stations and the work done at each.
      
      Sampling
      
      Water samples measurements included salinity and oxygen, as 
      well as the following tracers: CFCs (Freon-11 and Freon-12, 
      Freon-113, CCL4), tritium, 3He and He.  Nutrients (SILCAT, 
      NITRAT, NITRIT, PHSPHT), Total Carbon, partial pressure Of 
      CO2 and NEON were also collected 
      
      Moorings
      
      To obtain time series, 12 moorings were recovered and 16 
      were deployed (Appendix 1). 10 of the deployed moorings were 
      conventional ones and 6 were expendable. Regionally these 
      operations focused on four components:
      
      1. To measure the outflow from the northwestern Weddell Sea 
         into the Weddell-Scotia Confluence, a hydrographic section, 
         consisting of 28 stations, extended from Joinville Island to 
         the southeast (Fig. 7a and 8). This section is termed 
         Joinville section. It represents the fifth repeat since 
         1989. 5 moorings were recovered and 3 were deployed along 
         this section (Fig. 7b and 17; Appendix 1, Tab. 1 and 2).
         
      2. To determine the water mass properties in the Weddell-
         Scotia Confluence, two quasi-meridional hydrographic 
         sections with 39 stations were carried out, one east of the 
         South Orkneys and the other one west of the islands (Fig. 
         7a, 9, 10). These sections are called South-Orkney-east and 
         South-Orkney-west sections. A section with 7 CTD-stations 
         was carried out across the northern boundary of the Powell 
         Basin, extending west-east along the South Scotia Ridge 
         towards the Scotia Sea (Fig. 7a and 11). This section is 
         called Powell-Basin-boundary section. 6 expendable and 1 
         conventional mooring were deployed along this section (Fig. 
         7b and 18; Appendix 1, Tab. 2).
         
      3. To measure the exchanges between the eastern and the 
         western Weddell Sea, a hydrographic section with 38 stations 
         was carried out along the Greenwich Meridian. This section 
         extended northward from the ice shelf front at 69°38.5'S to 
         55°S (Fig. 7a and 12), and was previously measured in 1992 
         and 1996. Along this section 7 moorings were recovered and 6 
         deployed (Fig. 7b and 19, Appendix 1, Tab. 3 and 4).
         
      4. To determine the structure and transport of the Antarctic 
         Circumpolar Current, a hydrographic section was carried out 
         along the Greenwich Meridian from the northern boundary of 
         the Weddell Gyre (55°S) to the Subtropical Front (48°S; Fig. 
         7a and 12). At 48°S the section turns to the northeast and 
         ends at 39°25'S, 11°48'E. For simplicity the complete 
         section will be called Greenwich-Meridian section, despite 
         its deviation from that longitude. To resolve the frontal 
         system, XBTs were launched between CTD stations at 
         approximately 10 nm distance from 57°S on northward.
      

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998


      INVESTIGATIONS OF ACOUSTIC LOCATION OF MOORINGS
      Alexeij laremtchouk (AAI)
      
      Objectives
      
      Acoustic methods are used to locate and release moorings. 
      However, only rarely signals from the deployed instruments 
      can be received by the ship, whereas the releases receive 
      the transmitted signals and operate properly. The extent, to 
      which the ship's noise or natural perturbations affect the 
      sound propagation, were investigated.
      
      Work at sea
      
      The tests indicated that all used positioning systems 
      exhibit similar behaviour, mainly determined by the 
      parameters of the sounding signals. The vessel noise was 
      found to have the most significant impact on performance of 
      the acoustic instruments.
      
      During the cruise special measurements of the arriving 
      beacon signal and of the vessel noise in the close-field 
      zone were conducted. The collected data made it possible to 
      evaluate the actual signal-to-noise ratio and operating 
      range of the transponder systems. See the final report for 
      details.
      
      Preliminary results
      
      1. The impact of currents on operation of ranging systems 
         is negligible: practically, currents do not deflect rays 
         neither cause extra attenuation of the signal; the Doppler 
         shift of frequency is also very small.
         
      2. Stratification of water has no influence on deep 
         transponders, but may cause a significant extra attenuation 
         of a signal coming to the vessel from a beacon floating 
         underneath the ice at a depth of 50 to 100 m. Extra 
         attenuation occurs when a beacon happens to be inside of an 
         acoustic channel, i.e. in layers with small sound velocity. 
         Actual attenuation may be estimated with the aid of computer 
         programs (see the final report).
         
      3. The vessel noise is the main factor limiting the 
         operating range of a transponder system. Its level at the 
         depth of 10 to 20 m amounts to about 0.1 to 0.3 Pa/ (sq. 
         root)Hz when "Polarstern" is at rest, and probably about 25 
         dB more when she moves. The noise is produced by turbulent 
         eddies and air bubbles clouding around the body of the 
         vessel, the decrease in level is only expected at distances 
         large enough in comparison with 100 m (no accurate estimate 
         is available). The working range of the transponder systems 
         with the short transducer cable is expected to be about 300 
         m. When the system is operated from an ice floe far from the 
         vessel, the range is expected to increase up to 5-8 km 
         (depending on frequency).
         
      4. On average the ambient noise does not exceed the level 
         of -55 dB relative to Pa/ (sq. root)Hz and is small in 
         comparison with the vessel noise. See the description of 
         computer programs for prediction of the ambient noise level 
         in the final report.
         
      5. Because of possible multi-path arrivals of the beacon 
         signal, the vessel transducer should not be placed closer 
         than 8 m to the water surface or the body of the ship (MORS 
         and EG&G systems). The Benthos system with its long (two 
         seconds) messages must always suffer from multi-paths 
         arrivals which can additionally reduce the operating range.
         
      Recommendations
         
      1. In order to protect the deck receiving transponder from 
         the vessel noise, one may try to construct a baffle. The 
         transducer size is about the wavelength, and this implies 
         that the far field zone starts approximately at distances of 
         20 to 50 cm from the transducer. A baffle in the far field 
         zone appears to be unacceptably large (about 1 m in radius), 
         even for a deep transducer. Constructing a close field 
         baffle is very complicated and must be controlled by 
         measurements. Also, an effective baffle will make the 
         hydrophone looking strictly downwards. Therefore, the use of 
         a baffle is not feasible.
         
      2. The most promising, realistic, and cost effective way to 
         improve the situation is to change the shape and duration of 
         the signal transmitted by the beacon. Increasing duration of 
         the signal to 1-4 s will result in an increase of the 
         signal-to-noise ratio by 20-25 dB, and consequently the 
         operating range will reach at least 36 km. The frequency of 
         the signal should not be kept constant but should be 
         linearly increased with time. Then, scanning through the 
         range of 1 kHz formally results in ranging accuracy of 1.5 m 
         which is enough for mooring search. The working frequency 
         band should be set to 8-12 kHz (a tradeoff between sound 
         absorption and the vessel noise). With the spatial step of 
         1.5 m, about 8000 bins are needed to cover the range of 12 
         km; therefore, there will be no problems with digital 
         processing.
         
      3. For ranging purposes it seems advantageous to 
         periodically send signals from the beacon without 
         synchronizing clocks with the deck unit. This results in an 
         extra measurement, but also makes it possible to achieve the 
         maximum allowed accuracy. Improper clock synchronization may 
         explain the discrepancy of 55 m of the MORS ranging system 
         against geometrical evaluation of distance.
      
      

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998


      1.3.  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS AND PROGRAMS
      
      Inst.  | Scientist   |  No. | Unit     | Type of Measurements     | Comments
      -------|-------------|------|----------|--------------------------|--------------------------------------------------
      AWI    | Fahrbach, E |   28 | stations | Current meters           |  6 moorings deployed on the Greenwich Meridian 
             |             |      |          |                          |  7 moorings recovered on the Greenwich Meridian 
             |             |      |          |                          | 10 moorings deployed in the western Weddell Sea 
             |             |      |          |                          |  5 moorings recovered in the western Weddell Sea 
      AWI    | Fahrbach, E | 5000 | n miles  | Current profiler         | VM-ADCP-profiles 
      AWI    | Fahrbach, E |  136 | stations | Water bottle stations    | GO rosette 21x12l bottles 
      AWI    | Fahrbach, E |  151 | stations | CTD-Stations             |
      AWI    | Fahrbach, E |  196 | drops    | Bathythermograph drops   |   
      AWI    | Fahrbach, E |  136 | stations | Oxygen                   | GO rosette 21x12l bottles 
      AWI    | Fahrbach, E |  136 | stations | Phosphates, NO2, NO3,    | Samples were analyzed by NIOZ an board with 
             |             |      |          |  Silicates, Ammonia      |   Technicon TRAACS Autoanalyser system 
      AWI    | Fahrbach, E | 5000 | n miles  | Surface measurements     | Thermosalinograph 
             |             |      |          |                          |   underway (T, S) 
      DWDSWA | Hartig,     |   55 | day (s)  | Upper air observations   | Synoptic met obs and radiosondes 
      DWDSWA | Hartig,     |   55 | day (s)  | Routine standard         | Synoptic met obs and radiosondes 
             |             |      |          |  measurements            |
      GEOMAR | Heeschen,   |  119 | stations | Other dissolved gases    | Methane 
      GEOUNB | Roether, W. |  106 | stations | Geochemical tracers      | Freon-11, -12, -113, ccl4, tritium, helium 
      IUHB   | Hoppema, M  |  136 | stations | Alkalinity, CO2          | Partial pressure of CO2, total CO2 
      UFT    | Heuchert,   |   38 | stations | Dissolved organic matter | Water samples to sample bacteria 
      UFT    | Heuchert,   |   16 | stations | Pelagic bacteria/        | Water samples to sample bacteria 
             |             |      |          |  microorganisms          |
      UFT    | Heuchert,   |   38 | stations | Particulate organic      | Water samples to sample bacteria 
             |             |      |          |  matter (e.g. POC, PON)  |
      
      

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998


 
      1.4.  SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMES AND METHODS
      
      The "Polarstern" cruise ANT XV/4 started on 28 March 1998 in 
      Punta Arenas and lead to the Weddell Sea (Fig.1). The major 
      scientific aim of the cruise was to investigate the role of 
      the Weddell Sea in the global climate system. The cruise 
      consisted of two parts - the first took place in the western 
      Weddell Sea and the Weddell-Scotia Confluence, the second 
      concentrated on the Southern Ocean between the coast of 
      Antarctica and the Subtropical Front off South Africa, 
      mostly along the Greenwich Meridian.
      
      A major part of the deep and bottom waters of the global 
      ocean are ventilated by water mass formation in the Weddell 
      Sea. Its intensity controls the global thermohaline 
      circulation and consequently the effect of the ocean on 
      large scale climate variations. Water mass formation in the 
      Weddell Sea is driven by cooling in winter and consequent 
      sea ice formation, as well as by the interaction between the 
      ocean and the ice shelves. On the shelf, water masses dense 
      enough to sink to the bottom of the Weddell Basin can be 
      generated. During their descent they mix with ambient water 
      masses and are carried with the cyclonic Weddell Gyre 
      circulation to the north, where they partly leave the 
      Weddell Sea towards the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and 
      partly recirculate.
      
      The outflow in the western Weddell Sea consists of near 
      surface, intermediate, and deep components. The near surface 
      water is, to a large extent, shelf water from the Weddell 
      Sea which, in the area of the Weddell-Scotia Confluence, 
      encounters water from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The 
      confluence gives rise to a system of two fronts, the Weddell 
      and the Scotia Front. These fronts enclose a water mass 
      whose properties result from the mixing of the converging 
      water masses and the local atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction. 
      If this water crosses the South Scotia Ridge at intermediate 
      depth and sinks along the front, it may contribute to the 
      ventilation of the deep global ocean without ever having 
      been bottom water in the Weddell Sea, the traditionally 
      assumed ventilation area. The deep components of the Weddell 
      Sea water flow along the South Scotia Ridge to the east and 
      pass through gaps to the north to fill the deep basins of 
      the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
      
      At the Greenwich Meridian water masses modified in the 
      eastern Weddell Sea by injection of circumpolar water masses 
      flow westward in the southern part of the gyre. At the 
      gyre's northern rim modified deep water and newly formed 
      bottom water recirculate to the east. During the past years 
      the Warm Deep Water, injected from the Antarctic Circumpolar 
      Current, became warmer and saltier. The bottom water in the 
      Weddell Basin increased its temperature by approximately 
      0.01 K per year since 1989. The present data set indicates 
      significant regional differences of these variations. In the 
      Western Weddell Sea the warming of the Warm Deep Water and 
      Weddell Sea Bottom Water continued- in the interior of the 
      gyre cooling occurred. The transition from the Antarctic 
      Circumpolar Current to the Weddell Gyre is shifted south 
      from 1996 to 1998, which might indicate a new warming event 
      for the interior. The regional displacement of these 
      variations may indicate if and how local atmosphere-ice-
      ocean interaction and the inflow of water masses from the 
      north affect the bottom water formation.
      
      Of particular interest are variations affecting the 
      stability of the water column and the atmosphere-ice-ocean 
      interaction west of Maud Rise. In this area a large open 
      ocean polynya was observed in the seventies, leading to open 
      ocean formation of deep water. The transition of water mass 
      formation processes occurring on the continental slope to 
      those in the open ocean can cause abrupt changes and may 
      affect the global thermohaline circulation.
      

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      Objectives:
      
      The operations concentrated on four regional components: The 
      outflow from the southern Weddell Sea into the Weddell-
      Scotia Confluence, the exchange between the Weddell Sea and 
      the Antarctic Circumpolar Current within the Weddell-Scotia 
      Confluence, the exchange of water masses between the eastern 
      and the western Weddell Sea across the Greenwich Meridian, 
      and the structure of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current at 
      the Greenwich Meridian. For this purpose, the water mass 
      properties and currents were measured with a CTD-probe 
      (Conductivity/Temperature/Depth) combined with a rosette 
      water sampler and an ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current 
      Profiler) along hydrographic sections. From the water 
      samples measurements of the following tracers were carried 
      out: CFCs (Freon-11 and Freon-12, Freon-1 13, CCL4), 
      tritium, 3He and He. CFCs were measured on board by gas 
      chromatography. The other tracers were collected for 
      subsequent analyses on shore. Salinity was measured from the 
      water bottles to calibrate the CTD and to control the water 
      samplers. Current meter moorings were recovered and 
      redeployed along the Greenwich Meridian and in the western 
      Weddell Sea off Joinville Island, and deployed along the 
      South Scotia Ridge west of the South Orkney Islands.
      
      The physical oceanography programme onboard is part of the 
      international DOVETAIL project (Deep Ocean VEntilation 
      Through Antarctic Intermediate Layers), a contribution to 
      the SCOR affiliated iAnzone programme (Scientific Committee 
      on Oceanic Research). In this context the instruments at the 
      moorings in the western Weddell Sea were provided by the 
      Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya in Barcelona, Spain.
      
      A project of sea ice investigations with remote sensing 
      techniques aimed to develop a new algorithm for cloud 
      masking with infrared images. For this purpose in-situ data, 
      e.g. observations of clouds and surface conditions, weather 
      charts and radiosonde measurements, were collected to 
      validate the analyses.
      
      Measurements of the CO2 system and nutrients were performed 
      to investigate the processes which determine the potential 
      of the Weddell Sea to take up atmospheric CO2. For this 
      purpose the total inorganic carbon content, TCO2, and the 
      partial pressure Of CO2 (pCO2) were measured.
      
      A geochemistry programme aimed to investigate the potential 
      of methane as a water mass tracer. Its concentration is 
      influenced by the atmospheric content, as well as by 
      production and consumption within the ocean. The 12C/13C 
      ratio of the dissolved CH4 provides an indication on the 
      methane decrease in the water column due to oxidation, since 
      this process preferentially consumes the lighter isotope. 
      The comparison with the distribution of other tracers is 
      used to develop a model for the methane circulation in 
      higher latitudes.
      
      The microbiology programme aimed to estimate the 
      contribution of the microbial community to the biological 
      activity within the sea ice and the water column during 
      autumn, and its role in the carbon cycle. For this purpose 
      samples were collected to measure bacterial elemental 
      diversity with X-ray microanalysis (XRMA), and to determine 
      dissolved organic carbon (DOC) production and degradation in 
      reference to the algal standing stock. The colonization of 
      sinking particles was investigated with water samples from 
      which pure strains of attached heterotrophic bacteria were 
      isolated. The bacterial cells of the water column as well as 
      the bacteria attached to particles will be counted after 
      return.
      
      Laboratory experiments on silicon uptake and release of 
      sponges and sponge needle mats took place in the framework 
      of the benthos programme to establish a benthic silicon 
      budget.
      

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      Itinerary:
      
      The fieldwork began with XBT-deployments across Drake 
      Passage. On 1 April we reached the operation area in the 
      northwestern Weddell Sea. Following the recovery of a 
      mooring we starlet a CTD-section. In the evening a search 
      and rescue message for three missing members of the 
      Argentinean Station "Orcadas" was received. They had not 
      returned from a trip around the island by boat. At that time 
      we were too far away to reach the South Orkneys in time and 
      participate in the search. On 11 April a new message was 
      received, saying that the boat was found on the shore. At 
      this time we were near the island and our helicopter 
      participated in the ongoing search of the missing persons. 
      The helicopter could operate from the Argentinean icebreaker 
      "Almirante Irizar", permitting us to continue the research. 
      Bad weather obliged us to finish the search without any 
      positive result.
      
      The work in the western Weddell Sea and the Weddell-Scotia 
      Confluence, was finished on 22 April. The ice conditions 
      were appropriate, to the autumn situation. Multi-year ice 
      floes, surrounded by newly formed ice, were advected 
      northward from the southern Weddell Sea. However, the 
      predominant southwesterly winds and the currents of the 
      Weddell Gyre generated enough leads in the ice field, that 
      no pressure was built up and work could proceed without 
      serious restrictions.
      
      During the passage to the Neumayer Station the wind 
      increased to 10 Bft. The waves flushing on the deck damaged 
      the door of the nutrient laboratory container. In spite of 
      serious damages the container could be repaired and the 
      nutrient measurements could be continued. Southerly winds 
      advected cold air from the continent and new ice formed 
      quickly. On 26 April we crossed the ice edge at 66°1O'S, 
      21°00'W, further north than expected. However, strong winds 
      kept the ice field open and we could reach the coast without 
      problems.
      
      On 28 April we reached Atka Bay. The bay was covered with a 
      sheet of young ice broken by leads. Strong winds and bad 
      visibility prohibited the supply operations in the morning. 
      By the afternoon winds had calmed down sufficiently to 
      permit helicopter flights. The station's physician from the 
      last overwintering crew came on board after a prolonged stay 
      at the station, and spare parts and food supplies were 
      dispatched. The in-between fair weather permitted helicopter 
      flights, so that the cruise participants could visit the 
      station and the overwintering crew could come on board.
      
      Research continued at the Greenwich Meridian on 29 April. 
      The first station of the meridional transect was carried out 
      in a polynya next to the ice shelf front. The ice consisted 
      of small floes of young ice and heavily grinded multi-year 
      floes. The floe sizes were too small to deploy the two sea 
      ice buoys which we had on board. The northern ice edge at 
      69°15'S was reached on 30 April.
      
      Despite of strong winds, the CTD and mooring work along the 
      meridional transect occurred without significant delay. 
      Seven moorings were recovered and six moorings were deployed 
      during rough weather. The deployment of the mooring on top 
      of Maud Rise had to be cancelled because of ongoing bad 
      weather. At 60°S a section to the southeast was planned to 
      identify a northward branch of the Weddell Gyre flow. This 
      branch was deduced from earlier measurements, resulting in a 
      much stronger gyre transport at the Greenwich Meridian than 
      off Kapp Norvegia. Due to bad weather this plan had to be 
      abandoned. To resolve the frontal system XBTs were launched 
      between CTD stations from 57°S on northward.
      
      During ANT XV/4 the Weddell Front was located further south 
      than during earlier surveys. The progress of circumpolar 
      water induced a significant warming at the level of the Warm 
      Deep Water, in contrast to the cooling observed at the 
      southern part of the transect. Compared to earlier cruises, 
      few icebergs were observed along the transect; none of the 
      few was suited to deploy a buoy as planned.
      
      The section continued along the Greenwich Meridian as far as 
      48°S. There, it turned to the northeast. The last station 
      (No. 136) was carried out at the Subtropical Front at 
      39°25'S, 11°48'E. XBTs were launched and ADCP data were 
      recorded up to the 200-sm zone of South Africa. The cruise 
      ended on 23 May 1998 in Cape Town.
      

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      Preliminary Results
      
      The measurements along the Joinville section, spanning the 
      outflow from the southern Weddell Sea into the Weddell-
      Scotia Confluence, display features comparable to those 
      observed during earlier surveys (Fig. 7a and 8). The surface 
      waters are relatively warm, in accordance with the autumnal 
      situation. The thermocline from the Winter Water to the Warm 
      Deep Water is deeper than in 1996, resulting in a 
      temperature decrease at 500 m depth. The depression of the 
      thermocline at the boundary of the gyre corresponds to an 
      intensification of the boundary current. The temperature of 
      the Warm Deep Water above the upper continental slope 
      increased by as much as 0.1 K since 1996. This warming trend 
      is not evident between stations 16 and 19, where the 
      complete water column, except the surface water, is colder 
      than in 1996. This is consistent with an intensification of 
      the boundary current which, in this area, is deflected into 
      the Powell Basin. On the slope the Weddell Sea-Bottom-Water 
      layer is subject to strong spatial variation. Therefore, a 
      trend analysis requires further effort.
      
      The quasi-meridional sections east and west of the South 
      Orkneys across the Weddell-Scotia Confluence (Fig. 7a, 9 and 
      10) indicate that the band of Warm Deep Water with 
      temperatures above 0.6°C penetrates into the Powell Basin 
      and recirculates along the continental slope of the South 
      Orkneys to the southeast. The temperature increase of the 
      Warm Deep Water is clearly visible between stations 19 and 
      21. Here, the section reaches the southern part of the 
      boundary current which has made its way through the Powell 
      Basin and follows the southern continental slope. At the 
      South-Orkneys-east section the current band is located 
      between stations 34 and 38 (Fig. 9).
      
      Across the ridge extending from Joinville Island to the 
      east, Weddell Sea Bottom Water enters the Powell Basin and 
      fills the near-bottom layers with water colder than -1°C 
      (Fig. 10). Comparable temperatures occur at the Joinville 
      section on the continental slope below 1000 m, but are not 
      observed at the South-Orkney-east section. There, the 
      coldest temperatures of -0.8°C appear at the foot of the 
      continental slope. At the boundary of the Powell Basin to 
      the Soctia Sea near-bottom water at a depth of approximately 
      1500 m reaches temperatures of only -0.3°C (Figs. 7a and 
      11). We conclude that shallower parts of the bottom water 
      enter and leave the Powell Basin before the western end of 
      the Powell Basin-boundary section. Consequently, there is 
      direct outflow of bottom water into Bransfield Strait.
      
      Bottom water colder than -1.O°C, observed at the Joinville-
      Island section between 1500 and 3000 m (i.e. at a depth 
      greater than the sill depth), is not observed further to the 
      north or to the east. To cross the sill, this water must be 
      modified through mixing. The spreading of the isolines on 
      the slope of the Powell Basin (Fig. 10) suggests that the 
      bottom water, injected into the Basin along the slope, mixes 
      with adjacent water masses. Consequently, the water with 
      temperatures around -0.3°C, found in the Powell Basin, 
      contains a significant amount of Weddell Sea Bottom Water. 
      Since this water mass fills the southern slope of the trench 
      north of the Powell Basin to a depth of 5000 m, a 
      significant amount of Weddell Sea Bottom Water must be 
      mixed, so that it can leave the Weddell Sea through the 
      Powell Basin as a relatively shallow water mass. It is still 
      dense enough, however, to fill the deep basins of the South 
      Scotia Trench. Since in this area the temperature of the 
      Warm Deep Water decreases towards north, it must have 
      originated in the Weddell Sea.
      
      The meridional section along the Greenwich Meridian, 
      extending from the ice shelf front at 69°38.5'S to 55°S, 
      shows the well known structure of the Weddell Gyre: a 
      central dome of cold water and descending isotherms towards 
      the northern and southern edges (Figs. 7a and 12). Compared 
      to 1996 the flanks of the dome became steeper. North of Maud 
      Rise the slope is particularly steep, corresponding to a 
      strong current to the west. The geostrophic currents and the 
      results from current meter mooring 229 agree well in that 
      sense. Within a band of 100 km width a volume transport of 
      about 20 Sv to the west was derived. Further contribution to 
      the westward transport results from a less intensive current 
      band south of Maud Rise, and from the Antarctic Coastal 
      Current. The steepening of the slope of the isotherms north 
      of Maud Rise leads to a cooling of the southern part of the 
      gyre.
      
      On the northern side of the gyre intensive mesoscale 
      structures were found. The correlation with the bottom 
      topography and the northeastward direction of the currents 
      suggests topographically induced meanders. During earlier 
      surveys along the Greenwich Meridian no mesoscale structures 
      of that intensity were found. On average the structures give 
      origin to a warming on the section since 1996. The southward 
      shift of the transition zone from the Antarctic Circumpolar 
      Current to the Weddell Gyre from 1996 to 1998 might indicate 
      the start of a new warming event for the interior.
      
      The section across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, from 
      the Weddell to the Subtropical Front at 39°25'S, 11°48'E, 
      indicates that both the Weddell and the Polar Front were 
      shifted towards the south. In 1996 these two fronts were 
      already further south than in 1992. This southward shift may 
      be due to inter-annual or seasonal variability or both. 
      Since 1992 a significant warming of 0.25 K of the deep water 
      near the bottom above the northern slope of the Southwest 
      Indian Ridge was observed.
      
      

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      1.5.  PROBLEMS
      
      During the first half of the cruise the data were 
      significantly better than during the second half. This was 
      caused by bad temperature conditions in the lab container 
      after the container door had been blown away. However, after 
      four days, the lab container temperature was stable again, 
      thanks to the successful repairing of the air-conditioning 
      system by the technicians of the crew.
      

      1.6.  OTHER OBSERVATIONS OF NOTE
      
      none
      
      
      
      2.  UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS
      
      The programme consisted of measurements from the ship using 
      the CTD probe (Conductivity and Temperature with Depth) 
      connected to a water sampler, XBTs (eXpendable 
      Bathythermographs), and both ship-borne and lowered 
      
      
      2.1.  NAVIGATION AND BATHYMETRY
      
      Navigational data was continuously analyzed. Stable heading 
      data with an accuracy of 0.10 was provided by the MINS 
      (Marine Inertial Navigational System), a combined navigation 
      equipment based on a laser ring gyro. In order to get 
      information about the drift and to calculate the course made 
      good, a "Sky Fix System" GPS (Global Positioning System) was 
      used. This differential GPS uses the communication 
      satellites of the Inmarsat system to correct the absolute 
      position. For navigational use and in combination of the 
      bathymetric survey with the hydrosweep-system the two 
      navigational aids (Gyro and GPS) are combined by use of a 
      filter. Failures or position jumps of GPS were filtered and 
      smoothed out. By this means a reliable and good description 
      of the ship's movement is achieved. The accuracy of the 
      ship's position in the 1 -second values is better than 50 m.
      
      
      2.2.  ADCPs (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) (See Appendix 2)
      
      A self-contained narrow band ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current 
      Profiler) from RD Instruments, San Diego, with 153.6-kHz 
      transducers was mounted on the CTD. The instrument was 
      lowered with the CTD, and every 300 m a current profile was 
      measured. From the sequence of individual profiles, one 
      full-depth profile was constructed. Near-bottom measurements 
      were disturbed by bottom reflections. Towards the end of the 
      cruise the instrument failed, and a close inspection of the 
      instrument by RDI was required. Altogether 131 LADCP 
      profiles were obtained.
      
      These were processed with a program supplied by the Institut 
      for Meereskunde Kiel (J. Fischer and M. Visbeck, Deep 
      Velocity Profiling with self-contained ADCPs, Journal of 
      Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 10(5), 764-773, 1993). 
      The vessel-mounted narrow band ADCP from RD Instruments, San 
      Diego, with 153.6-kHz transducers worked continuously. The 
      data will be processed in Bremerhaven by means of CODAS.
      
      
      2.3.  XBTs
      
      During the crossing of Drake Passage, along the transect 
      from 62°28'S, 36°38'W to 65°45'S, 22°17'W, and along the 
      transect at the Meridian of Greenwich starting at 57°S up to 
      the 200-nm zone of South Africa 196 XBT-7 from Sparton of 
      Canada ltd., London, Ontario were launched (Abb. 13, 14, 15 
      and 16, Appendix 3). The data were directly transmitted by 
      satellite into GTS.
      
      

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      2.4.  WEATHER CONDITIONS
            Rüdiger Hartig, Herbert Köhler (DWD)
      
      "Polarstern" left Punta Arenas on 28 March 1998, heading 
      towards the Antarctic Peninsula. The Drake Passage, known 
      for frequent gale activity, was crossed under fair weather 
      conditions. Winds from the west to northwest and occasional 
      sunshine were observed. "Polarstern" reached the Antarctic 
      Peninsula on 1 April.
      
      1 to 11 April 1998, section from the Antarctic Peninsula 
      into the central Weddell Sea at 66°S, 25°W
      
      Low pressure systems, developing leeward of the Antarctic 
      Peninsula and moving east across the northern Weddell Sea, 
      dominated the synoptic situation in the northwestern Weddell 
      Sea. These lows had only minor weather activity over sea 
      ice, but intensified with moderate snowfalls over open 
      water. The wind reached gale force on 10 and 11 April. 
      Otherwise westerly winds around force 5 prevailed. The 
      temperature ranged from -2 to -12°C. The region between 50° 
      and 40°W was up to 80% ice covered; 50% consisted of multi-
      year ice up to 3 m thick.
      
      Few climatological data are available for this region. 
      Meteorological measurements at the stations on the Antarctic 
      Peninsula are influenced by orographic effects. Measurements 
      taken at the South Orkneys are affected by the westerly wind 
      regime, and may not be representative for the weather near 
      the Peninsula. A rough idea about the weather conditions is 
      given in "The Antarctic Pilot, 4. Edit. 1974, Part C, 
      Chap.1, 66ff". Based on this report, we expected an equal 
      amount of easterly and westerly winds with forces smaller 
      than 5 Bft. The mean temperature rises only a little above 
      freezing in summer and drops to -15°C in winter. Although 
      nearly no easterly winds occurred during ANT XV/4, no 
      significant differences from the climatological values were 
      evident.
      
      12 April to 21 April 1998, Weddell-Scotia Confluence
      
      At the beginning of this period polar air with temperatures 
      around -1O°C was advected by winds from the south and 
      southwest with forces 4 to 7. Fields of broken sea ice with 
      rapid development of nilas between the flows prevailed south 
      of 61°S. The area around the South Orkneys was sea-ice free, 
      except for some icebergs. From 16 to 19 April the weather 
      changed to a strong northwesterly regime. Air with 
      temperatures slightly above freezing was advected by winds 
      of force 7. The warm air over colder water induced mist, 
      fog, and drizzle. Three days with fog were observed, 
      corresponding to 50% of the expected value according to the 
      climate table of the station "Islas Orcadas Sur" (period 
      1971-1980). Towards the end of this period cold air was 
      advected from the southwest.
      
      Wind measurements recorded during ANT XV/4 by "Polarstern" 
      are displayed in Fig. 2. From 12 to 21 April northwesterlies 
      with force around 6 Bft prevailed. The "Polarstern" data 
      were compared with climatological data (April) of the "Islas 
      Orcadas Sur" weather station (Fig. 3). Winds from the south, 
      southwest, and west were observed more frequently than 
      expected, and the average wind speeds were higher. The 
      occurrence of northerlies was comparable to the 
      climatological data. Easterlies were exceptional and are not 
      displayed.
      
      22 to 28 April 1998, sailing to Neumayer Station
      
      Southwestly winds with force around 6 prevailed. In the 
      night from 25 to 26 April the low pressure system 
      intensified rapidly as it moved from the sea ice to open 
      water. Wind speeds increased to force 10, with gusts of 
      force 12. With this southwesterly flow continental cold air 
      (between -10 and -15°C) was advected far to the north. The 
      sky varied between fair and cloudy. The ice coverage was 
      about 90%: 70% of first-year ice and 20% of multi-year ice.
      
      29 April to 21 May 1998, section along the Greenwich Meridian
      
      In the vicinity of the Antarctic coastline winds from the 
      east and southeast with force around 7 prevailed, inducing a 
      3-m swell in the open water. The ice edge was encountered at 
      69°S. Temperatures ranged from -6 to -11°C. Progressing 
      northward, westerly and northwesterly winds dominated (Fig. 
      4). Wind speeds increased to force 8 and more. No heavy 
      gales (stronger than Bft 10) occurred. The winds produced an 
      average swell of 6 m, but periods with gales lasting for 
      several hours increased the swell to 10 m. North of 60°S 
      both the water and air temperatures reached positive values. 
      A few icebergs were observed as far north as 55°S.
      
      21 to 23 May 1998, sailing to Cape Town
      
      On the way to Cape Town "Polarstern" reached the subtropical 
      high pressure zone. Fair weather, westerly winds between 
      forces 4 and 7, and temperatures gradually rising to 17°C 
      were observed. "Polarstern" reached Cape Town on 23 May.
      

      VALIDATION AND APPLICATION OF A CLOUD MASKING ALGORITHM
      Norbert Schlüter (IUPF)
      
      During ANT XV/4 data were collected for the HYPAM C (remote 
      sensing of hydrometeorological parameters by microwave 
      radiometry in polar regions) project. This project is funded 
      by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and aims to develop a 
      new algorithm for cloud masking using infrared and microwave 
      data. First versions of the algorithm were tested during the 
      cruise.
      
      Satellite data of the two satellite series DMSP (Defense 
      Meteorological Satellite Program) and NOAA (National 
      Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration) were received 
      to analyze atmospheric profiles. The DMSP satellites consist 
      of the sensors OLS (Operational Line-scan System, two 
      channels in the infrared and visible spectral range), SSM/I 
      (Special Sensor Microwave Imager, 7 channels in the 
      microwave range), and the microwave sounders SSM/T1 (Special 
      Sensor Microwave Temperature) and SSM/T2 (Special Sensor 
      Microwave Water Vapor). The NOAA satellites are equipped 
      with an AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) 
      with 5 channels in the visible and infrared spectral range. 
      A total of 230 DMSP passes and 160 NOAA passes were stored. 
      In order to overview this large data set (ca. 20 GByte), a 
      catalogue with visible and infrared images, as well as 
      images showing the sea ice concentrations were generated. 
      Examples for the sea ice concentrations from a microwave 
      sensor are given in Figs. 5 and 6.
      
      Meteorological data were collected to improve the analysis 
      of the satellite data. The daily radiosonde measurements 
      were supplemented by 37 additional launches. Because of the 
      high temporal variability of the atmosphere they had to 
      coincide with the DMSP passes. The radiosondes measure 
      profiles of air temperature, relative humidity, and wind in 
      heights up to 33 km. In order to validate the radiosonde 
      measurements, the cloud top and bottom levels were observed 
      with helicopters. The weather charts and the hourly synoptic 
      observations (clouds, precipitation, sea ice, wind) were 
      stored.
      
      The analysis focused on the application of an algorithm for 
      cloud masking with infrared data. Ice concentration and the 
      location of the ice edge were estimated using microwave data 
      and an algorithm developed in IUPF. An iceberg, recently 
      formed near the Larsen Ice Shelf, was monitored using cloud-
      free scenes from infrared and visible satellite images. The 
      radiosonde data were compared with infrared satellite 
      images. The cloud top level temperatures were in good 
      agreement, especially in cases of homogeneous cloud cover.
      
      To fully exploit the potential of the obtained data set, 
      more analyses are necessary. Selected infrared images will 
      be visually classified and used to train a neural network 
      for automatic classification. In addition, sequences of 
      images will be analyzed to take advantage of the different 
      dynamics of sea ice and clouds. The radiosonde measurements 
      will be used to analyze the data of the SSM/T1 and SSM/T2 
      sensors.
      
      

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      
      3.  PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY: DEEP AND BOTTOM WATER FORMATION IN THE WEDDELL SEA
          Eberhard Fahrbach, Martin Frenzel, Sabine Harms, 
          Antonio Härter Fetter, Alexeij laremtchouk, Jens 
          Langreder, Sven Loske, Katrin Meissner, Carlos Mir 
          Casanovas, Matthias Monsees, Adriene Pereira, Gerd 
          Rohardt, Michael Schröder, Andreas Wisotzki, Hannelore 
          Witte (AWI, FURG, 1CM, IUPT)
      

      Objectives
      
      A major part of the deep and bottom waters of the global 
      ocean are ventilated by the injection of waters from the 
      Weddell Sea. Cooling in winter, sea ice formation, as well 
      as the interaction between the ocean and the ice shelves 
      induce water mass modifications, and water masses dense 
      enough to sink to the bottom of the Weddell basin may be 
      formed. During their descent they mix with ambient water 
      masses and are carried with the cyclonic Weddell Gyre 
      circulation to the north, where they partly leave the 
      Weddell Sea towards the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and 
      partly recirculate.
      
      The outflow in the western Weddell Sea consists of near 
      surface, intermediate, and deep components. The near surface 
      water is, to a large extent, shelf water from the Weddell 
      Sea which, in the area of the Weddell-Scotia Confluence, 
      encounters waters from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. 
      The confluence gives rise to a system of two fronts, the 
      Weddell and the Scotia Front. These fronts enclose a water 
      mass whose properties result from the mixing of the 
      converging water masses and the local atmosphere-ice-ocean 
      interaction. If this water crosses the ridge system at 
      intermediate depth and sinks along the front, it may 
      contribute to the ventilation of the deep global ocean 
      without ever having been bottom water in the Weddell Sea, 
      the traditionally assumed ventilation area. The intermediate 
      components consist of the upper part of the Weddell Sea Deep 
      Water found in the central Weddell Sea below 1250 m. At this 
      depth outflow may occur over large parts of the South Scotia 
      and North Weddell Ridges. The deep components of the Weddell 
      Sea water flow along the South Scotia Ridge to the east and 
      escape through gaps to the north, where they fill the deep 
      basins of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
      
      At the Greenwich Meridian the water masses, modified in the 
      eastern Weddell Sea by injection of circumpolar waters, flow 
      westward in the southern part of the gyre. In the north 
      water modified in the gyre and newly formed bottom water 
      recirculate to the east. During the past years the water 
      coming from the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the bottom 
      water in the central Weddell Sea became gradually warmer. 
      The regional distribution of the variations are used to 
      examine if and how local variations of the atmosphere-ice-
      ocean interaction and the inflow from the north affect the 
      bottom water formation. Of particular interest are 
      variations affecting the stability of the water column and 
      the atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction west of Maud Rise. 
      Here, a large open ocean polynya was observed in the 
      seventies, leading to open ocean formation of deep water. 
      The transition of water mass formation processes over the 
      continental slope to those in the open ocean could cause 
      abrupt changes with effects on the global thermohaline 
      circulation.
      
      The physical oceanography programme onboard is part of the 
      international DOVETAIL project (Deep Ocean VEntilation 
      Through Antarctic Intermediate Layers), a contribution to 
      the SCOR affiliated iAnzone programme (Scientific Committee 
      on Oceanic Research). In this context the instruments on the 
      moorings in the western Weddell Sea are provided by the 
      Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya in Barcelona, Spain. 
      The cruise track in the Weddell-Scotia Confluence is partly 
      a repeat of a survey carried out with the U.S. ice breaker 
      "Nathaniel B. Palmer" in August 1997.
      
      

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      3.1.  BOTTLE DATA TECHNIQUES AND CALIBRATION
      
      
      3.1.1.  NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTIONS IN ANTARCTIC WATERS
              Karel Bakker (NIOZ)
      
      Equipment and methods
      
      Nutrients were analyzed by standard photometric methods on a 
      Technicon TRAACS 800 rapid flow autoanalyser. The sample 
      rate was set to 60 samples per hour, measuring about 3000 
      samples during the cruise. Measurements were made 
      simultaneously on four channels: phosphate, silicate, 
      nitrate and nitrite together, and nitrite separately. All 
      measurements were calibrated with standards diluted in low 
      nutrient sea water (LNSW). Subsamples from the CTD-Rosette 
      were collected in 100-ml polyethylene sample bottles. The 
      samples were kept cool and dark, and were generally analyzed 
      within 12 hours.
      
      Sample statistics for stations 001 and 099/02 where all 
      bottles were fired at one depth.
      
              |         Station 001         |        Station 099/2
              |-----------------------------|--------------------------
              |   aver.  | std. dev. |  %   |  aver.  | std.dev. |  %
              |  µmol/l  |  µmol/l   |      |  µmol/l |  µmol/l  |
      --------|----------|-----------|------|---------|----------|-----
      P04     |   2.2895 |  0.0037   | 0.16 |   2.366 |  0.0043  | 0.18
      Si02    | 131.86   |  0.72     | 0.55 | 128.03  |  0.297   | 0.23
      N03+NO2 |<··········no data··········>|  34.48  |  0.065   | 0.19
            
      
      Measuring ranges
        
      In order to increase the accuracy of the measurements, an 
      attempt was made to scale in the range for the nutrients to 
      be measured so that the maximum was always at a level of 80-
      90% of full scale.
      
      This resulted in acceptable percentage standard deviations 
      for reproducibility of 0.18% for P04, 0.23% for Si02 and 
      0.19% for N03+NO2 as a percentage of those levels.
      
      
      Calibration and standards
      
      Nutrient primary stock standards were prepared at the home 
      lab. The calibration standards were prepared daily by 
      diluting the stock standards, using three electronic 
      pipettes, into four volumetric 100-ml PP flasks (calibrated 
      at the lab) filled with low nutrient sea water (LNSW). The 
      values of the LNSW were measured on board and added to the 
      calibration values to get the absolute nutrient values.
      

      Cocktail standard
      
      This standard acts as a reference. It is made in the home 
      lab containing phosphate, silicate and nitrate in a solution 
      containing 40 mg H92CI2 per litre as a preservative. Every 
      time it was used, it was diluted 100 times with the same 1-
      ml pipette and the same volumetric 100-ml flask.
      
      In inter-calibration exercises like ICES and Quasimeme our 
      standards were within the obtainable limits to the mean of 
      the better laboratories. There is still no absolute 
      reference standard available, so an onboard comparison was 
      made (to gain accuracy) with the stock standards of Ocean 
      Scientific International OSI. Our results listed in the next 
      table are given as 100%.
      
      
                             | ANT XV/4 |  OSI
                        -----|----------|-------
                        P04  |  100.0%  |  99.8%
                        Si02 |  100.0%  | 100.3%
                        N03  |  100.0%  |  99.6%
      
      

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      The other stocks compared well with OSI stocks. Another 
      comparison was carried out by measuring deep water from the 
      Weddell Sea sampled in 1996 and the cocktail standard used 
      in that year.
      
      Comparison with Weddell Sea water of 1996 and the cocktail 
      of 1996:
      
                    |  P04 µmol/l |  Si02 µmol/l   | N03 µmol/l
                    |-------------|----------------|------------
                    | 1996 | 1998 | 1996  | 1998   | 1996 | 1998
      Weddell Sea.  | 2.39 | 2.34 | 126.6 | 126.35 | 34.1 | 34.2
      Cocktail 1996 | 2.92 | 2.84 |  83.0 |  83.1  | 35.8 | 35.7
      
      1998/1996        
      ----------------------------------------------------------
      Weddell Sea   |    98.0%    |      99.8%     |   100.3%
      Cocktail 1996 |    97.3%    |     100.1%     |    99.7%
      
      
      The data for Si02 and N03 for 1998 compare well with those 
      of 1996. However, the P04 data of 1996 must be corrected 
      with a factor 0.98 due to the fact that the calibration 
      standard used in 1996 was only 98%. This was independently 
      confirmed by an intercomparison (Quasimeme) and by 
      calibrating against 100% pure potassium dihydrogen 
      phosphate.
      
      
      Cocktail standard statistics
      
      To obtain cross run statistical values for a limited number 
      of stations, analyses were carried out twice on the same 
      sample from the bottle closed in the bottom layer. This 
      gives the possibility to estimate the precision from station 
      to station. Analyses of these "real" (cross runs) duplicates 
      show the absolute differences for P04 to be 0.013 pM, for 
      Si02 to be 0.80 pM and for N03+NO2 to be 0.20 pM in the raw 
      data set.
      
      During all runs an independent "reference" standard (the 
      cocktail) was measured as a triplicate. From all of these 
      measurements the average value was recorded. If we assume 
      that on this level the value of the cocktail does not change 
      during the different cruises, then, by dividing the average 
      of the end by the average of the different runs, we obtain a 
      factor for all three parameters which can be multiplied with 
      the data of that particular run to obtain corrected data. As 
      a check on the data we again looked at the absolute 
      differences between the "real" 96 duplicates with the 
      following results:
      
                                        |  C.V.% (of average
                 |       µmol/l         |    value sample)
         --------|----------------------|----------|----------
                 | original | corrected | original | corrected
         P04     | 0.0131   | 0.0097    | 0.60%    | 0.44%
         Si02    | 0.80     | 0.57      | 0.70%    | 0.47%
         N03+NO2 | 0.197    | 0.158     | 0.60%    | 0.48%
      
      
      Clearly, there is a significant improvement for phosphate, 
      silicate and nitrate.
      
      The cocktail standard is a reference standard with the three 
      nutrients mixed into one bulk, giving for each run an idea 
      of how the machine is performing. It is also an instrument 
      to correct data from run to run for producing better data 
      quality, especially in an area like the Weddell Sea where 
      nutrient gradients in deep water are very small.
      

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      
      3.1.2.  CFCS, HELIUM AND TRITIUM
              Klaus Bulsiewicz, Gerhard Fraas, Oliver Huhn, Olaf Klatt 
              and Christian Rodehacke (IUPT)
      
      Objectives and methods
      
      CFCs, Tritium and partially 3 He are transient tracers of 
      anthropogenic origin. Measured distributions of these 
      tracers provide information on the renewal of subsurface 
      water from the ocean surface layer on yearly to decadal time 
      scales. Sections investigated during ANT X/4 (1992) and ANT 
      XIII/4 (1996) were repeated to evaluate the increase of the 
      tracer concentrations in time. The comparison between the 
      atmospheric and the in-situ increase will be used to study 
      transport processes. The natural tracers 3 He and He will 
      also be used to identify the water mass ventilation from the 
      surface layer and the contribution of Ice Shelf Water.
      
      Along the sections, the CFCs Freon-11, Freon-12, Freon-113 
      and CCL4 were measured on board by ECID gas chromatography. 
      In addition to the analyses on board, water samples for CFC 
      were stored in flame-sealed ampoules which will be analyzed 
      in the laboratory. Water samples for Helium and Tritium were 
      also taken. They will be extracted after the cruise and 
      analyzed with a mass spectrometer. All gases will be 
      extracted from the Tritium samples which will then be stored 
      for half a year. After this time a sufficient amount of 
      Tritium will have decayed to 3He, that it can be measured by 
      the mass spectrometer.
      

      Work at sea
      
      At the hydrographic section in the western Weddell Sea, 
      water samples for CFCs and CCL4 were taken from the rosette 
      water sampler using flow-through containers. Along the 
      Greenwich Meridian, from the ice-shelf edge at 69°24'S to 
      50°S, only the CFCs Freon-11 and Freon-12 could be measured. 
      Water had intruded into the freon system and damaged the 
      capillary column of the gas chromatograph. With a new column 
      (however, a different type as the old one) it was not 
      possible to measure Freon-113 and CCL4. Helium (copper 
      tubes) and Tritium (glass bottles) were also taken from the 
      water sampler rosette. In addition to the helium samples in 
      copper tubes, water samples were stored in flame-sealed 
      ampoules. These samples will also be analyzed in the 
      laboratory and will provide reference measurements for the 
      water samples in copper tubes.
      
      In total, 106 stations were sampled and 1600 water samples 
      for the CFCs were analyzed during this cruise. In addition, 
      850 gas and blank measurements were taken with constant time 
      intervals. Air samples were frequently analyzed to establish 
      the atmospheric CFC and CCL4 concentrations. They will be 
      used to calculate the CFC and CCL4 saturation of the surface 
      water. In total, 1850 water samples were collected for 
      analyses in the laboratory, including 350 CFC water samples 
      in glass ampoules (collected at 28 stations), 667 water 
      samples for Helium in copper tubes (collected at 66 
      stations), 260 water samples in glass ampoules (collected at 
      33 stations) and 571 samples for Tritium (at 60 stations).
      
      At a test station at the Greenwich Meridian at 64°30'S no 
      CFC-free water was found, so that the blank levels of the 
      bottles could not be established. These samples (all in the 
      same depth of 1300 m) and replicate samples frequently drawn 
      throughout the cruise do not exhibit any suspicious 
      variability. Therefore, we are confident that the bottles 
      did not contaminate the CFC samples. Another test station 
      was made in the Cape Basin at 42°S, 6°5'E (all bottles in 
      the same depth of 3000 m). These samples were stored in 
      flame-sealed ampoules for analyses ashore. The water 
      obtained at this depth is very old (Freon-11 < 0.05 pmol/kg) 
      still above the detection limit of 2 to 3 fmol/kg. 
      Therefore, the measurement of this samples gives additional 
      information about the variability due to contamination of 
      the bottles.
      

      Preliminary Results
      
      The section across the southern Weddell Gyre, extending from 
      the Antarctic Peninsula (Joinville Island) to 25°W, is shown 
      in Fig. 20 (top). The layer of the high CFC concentration 
      along the slope of the Antarctic Peninsula indicates newly 
      formed bottom water which flows to the north. Relatively old 
      water, enclosed by the 0.15 pmol/kg isoline, is located at a 
      depth between 500 and 2000 m as found during ANT XIII/4 
      (1996).
      
      The section from Antarctica (69°24'S) along the Greenwich 
      Meridian to 50°S is shown in Fig. 20 (bottom). Observations 
      along this section can be compared with data from previous 
      cruises (ANT X/4 in 1992 & ANT XIII/4 in 1996). In the 
      centre of the Weddell Gyre (62°30'S) water with less than 
      0.2 pmol/kg reaches to a depth of 2000 m. In 1996 it reached 
      to 2500 m and in 1992 to 3500 m. The increase of the tracer 
      concentration in the interior from below is consistent with 
      upwelling in the Weddell Gyre. On the continental slope, a 
      core of young water (0.75 pmol/kg) occurs at 3300 m. This 
      was also found during ANT XIII/4. The source of this water 
      is further to the east. The core of young water, leaning 
      against the southern flank of the Southwest Indian Ridge, 
      shows the flow of Bottom Water moving from the western 
      Weddell Sea to the east. The relatively high CFC 
      concentrations (> 0.6 pmol/kg) on the southern and northern 
      slope of Maud Rise were higher in comparison to the previous 
      cruises. The cause of the increase of the CFC concentration 
      is not clear at this time.
      
      The section extending from the Weddell Basin at 65°S across 
      the South Orkney Plateau to 59°30'S is shown in Fig. 21 
      (top). In the Weddell Basin, at depths deeper than 4500 m at 
      approximately 64°S, we found CFC concentrations with Freon-
      11 > 2.0 pmol/kg. Similar CFC concentrations occurred in the 
      Jane Basin at depths deeper than 3500 m. The source area of 
      this well ventilated bottom water is near the northern part 
      of the Antarctic Peninsula.
      
      The section across the Powell Basin is presented in Fig. 21 
      (bottom). Near the centre of the Powell Basin (62°30'S) a 
      maximum in Freon-11 concentration (> 2.0 pmol/kg) occurs at 
      a depth of more than 3000 m. This is also newly formed 
      bottom water from the Antarctic Peninsula which follows the 
      topography and spreads into the Powell Basin. North of the 
      South Scotia Ridge we found, on the slope and at the bottom, 
      Freon-11 concentrations > 1 pmol/kg. This bottom water 
      circulated counterclockwise around the South Orkney Plateau 
      and has been mixed with "older" water with lower CFC 
      concentrations.
      
      
      
      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998


      3.1.3.  THE CARBON DIOXIDE SYSTEM IN ANTARCTIC WATERS
              Mario Hoppema (IUPB) and Richard Bellerby (PML)


      Objectives
      
      Modifications of the global carbon cycle, by the burning of 
      fossil fuel and changes in land use, have led to an increase 
      in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), which has the potential 
      to increase the greenhouse effect of the atmosphere. The 
      deep oceans are, in principle, able to take up almost all of 
      this excess CO2, but only on a time scale which is much 
      longer than the one associated with the anthropogenic 
      perturbations. This is related to the typical mixing and 
      residence times of the deep and bottom waters of the oceans, 
      which are of the order of 1000 years. Thus studies in areas 
      where interactions between the deep and the surface ocean 
      occur, such as the Weddell Sea, are vital for the study Of 
      CO2 uptake and its distribution.
      
      The objective of this project is to gain knowledge of the 
      CO2 distribution in the Weddell Sea, where the initial 
      properties of a major part of the abyssal world oceans are 
      generated. Another objective is to determine the potential 
      of Antarctic waters to take up atmospheric CO2. This is 
      especially important for the frontal regions of the 
      Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and for the regions with 
      seasonal ice cover. Data from this cruise will be combined 
      with data of previous cruises to address those questions
      

      Work at sea
      
      CO2 parameters have been investigated along sections across 
      the Weddell Sea, two sections across the Weddell-Scotia 
      Confluence, and a long section from the Antarctic continent 
      to the African continent largely following the prime 
      meridian. Parameters that were measured include the total 
      inorganic carbon content (TCO2) and the partial pressure Of 
      CO2 (pCO2). Vertical TCO2 profiles of the entire water 
      column were determined from discrete water samples taken 
      from the Rosette sampler. The pCO2 was determined quasi-
      continuously from the sailing ship, only in the surface 
      water.
      
      TCO2 was determined by a high-precision coulometric method 
      using an automated sample stripping system. Briefly, the 
      method is as follows. A sample of seawater is acidified with 
      phosphoric acid and stripped with high purity N2 gas. The 
      extracted CO2 is, with a carrier gas (pure N2), passed 
      through a solution containing ethanolamine and an indicator. 
      This solution is electrochemically back-titrated to its 
      original colour and the amount of Coulombs generated is 
      equivalent to the amount of CO2 in the sample. The 
      measurements are calibrated and corrected against an 
      internationally recognized TCO2 standard (Dickson).
      
      Continuous measurements of the pCO2 in water and marine air 
      were done using an infrared analyzer (Li-Cor). A continuous 
      water supply is passed through an equilibrator where 
      approximately every 4 to 5 minutes the headspace gas is 
      analyzed for its CO2 content, thus giving pCO2 in the 
      surface water. Marine air was pumped continuously from the 
      crow's nest into the laboratory and subsampled after every 
      fourth equilibrator reading. The measurements are calibrated 
      with reference gases, traceable against NOAA standard gases. 
      Final data will be available after re-calibration of the 
      reference gases ashore.
      
      

      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      PRELIMINARY RESULTS
      
      Total carbon dioxide
      
      In Fig. 22 the section across the Weddell Sea between 
      Joinville Island (near the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula) 
      and the central Weddell Sea is shown for TCO2. A general 
      feature of the TCO2 distribution is that, although the TCO2 
      values in the Weddell Sea surface water are high compared to 
      other surface ocean regions, they are low in comparison with 
      the deep and bottom water. The TCO2 minimum in the surface 
      water is due to phytoplankton which utilises CO2. Below the 
      thermocline, a TCO2 maximum is found, associated with the 
      temperature maximum of the Warm Deep Water. Near the bottom, 
      where Weddell Sea Bottom Water is present, relatively low 
      TCO2 values were measured. This water mass originates partly 
      from the shelf waters of the Weddell Sea, which are low in 
      TCO2. The large water volume of Weddell Sea Deep Water, 
      which lies between the bottom water and the Warm Deep Water, 
      is merely a mixture of these two source waters with 
      corresponding TCO2 values.
      
      Over the. continental slope of the Antarctic Peninsula a 
      thin layer of recently formed bottom water was observed, 
      recognizable by its low TCO2 values. This coldest Weddell 
      Sea Bottom Water of the Weddell region also has the lowest 
      TCO2 values. Towards the coastline the isolines fall 
      precipitously indicative of a sharp frontal feature. This is 
      the Antarctic Slope or Shelfbreak Front, which separates the 
      Warm Deep Water and Antarctic Surface Water from the coastal 
      and shelf waters.
      
      The TCO2 maximum is the highest towards the central part of 
      the Weddell Sea. In fact, the values observed here are 
      higher than those of the Warm Deep Water that enters the 
      Weddell circulation near 25°E. This implies that in the 
      central Weddell Sea CO2 enrichment of the Warm Deep Water 
      occurs, which is most probably caused by the decomposition 
      of organic material at that depth.
      

      Partial pressure Of CO2
      
      The measurement Of pCO2 during the entire cruise period 
      resulted in a large, high spatial resolution data set. Only 
      modest under- and supersaturation were observed in the area 
      of investigation. The spatial variability in this time of 
      the year was found to be relatively small, which is probably 
      related to the low level of biological activity in the 
      surface layer. The only exception being the shelf area of 
      the South Orkney Plateau.
      
      Frontal structures were generally reflected in the pCO2 
      distribution. As an example the pCO2 across the Sub-
      Antarctic Front on the prime meridian is shown in Fig. 23. 
      South of the front in the Polar Frontal Zone the pCO2 is 
      relatively constant and above saturation. On passing the 
      front a clear pCO2 change from supersaturation to under-
      saturation was observed on a small spatial scale. Also shown 
      in Fig. 23 is the surface temperature along this transect. 
      Clearly, the pCO2 signal is strongly negatively correlated 
      with the temperature change across the front. Note that in 
      general the correlation between the pCO2 and the surface 
      temperature is very high.
      
      

      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      3.1.4.  METHANE AND THE 12C/13C RATIO
              Katja Heeschen und Karin Fürhaupter (GEOMAR)
      
      Objectives and methods
      
      The atmospheric trace gas methane has increased in the last 
      150 years from about 700 to 1800 ppbV. At the sea surface 
      the concentration is in equilibrium with the atmospheric 
      content of methane. Changing atmospheric gas concentrations 
      result in a time dependent increase of methane in the ocean. 
      This signature should be observed in recently formed deep 
      waters. The pattern in the water column should be similar to 
      those of transient tracers (e.g. Tritium, CFCs). Methane is 
      influenced by the atmospheric content as well as by 
      production and consumption within the ocean. The measurement 
      of the 12C/13C ratio of the dissolved CH4 Will provide an 
      indication of the extent of the methane decrease in the 
      water column that is due to oxidation, because this process 
      preferentially consumes the lighter isotope. On the other 
      hand, the carbon isotope ratio of methane in the atmosphere 
      has remained nearly constant over time.
      
      The goal of this investigation is to separate the effects of 
      uptake from the atmosphere and microbial oxidation on the 
      distribution of dissolved methane. For this purpose we 
      determined the methane content and the stable carbon 
      isotopic ratio in the younger bottom water of the Weddell 
      Sea and in the water masses of the Weddell-Scotia 
      Confluence. This will lead to a larger data base of methane 
      concentrations in the Weddell Sea and will also be used for 
      comparison with the distribution of common transient tracers 
      to develop a model for the methane budget in higher 
      latitudes.
      
      In order to measure the dissolved methane, water from the 
      bottles is drawn into a 200-ml glass syringe two times 
      without contact to the air. The syringe is then connected to 
      an evacuated 500-ml bottle. As the water is drawn into this 
      bottle from the syringe, most of the dissolved gas separates 
      from the liquid phase. The gas is then led into an evacuated 
      burette and compressed to atmospheric pressure by injecting 
      a degassed brine into the bottom of the sample through a 
      sidearm. Subsequently, 1 ml of gas is extracted and injected 
      into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization 
      detector (FID) to determine the mole fraction of methane in 
      the extracted gas. The gas remaining in the burette is 
      collected in an evacuated vial for isotopic analysis by mass 
      spectrometry ashore.
      
      2188 samples were taken at 4 hydrographic sections and 119 
      rosette stations to measure the methane content in the water 
      column on board. The accuracy of the method (4%) was 
      determined at two test stations where all bottles were 
      closed at the same depth. The accuracy of the gas 
      chromatograph (3%) was determined by using a CH4 standard in 
      synthetic air which was calibrated to ±0.1% (methane 
      concentration. 1.936; Department for Environmental Physics 
      in Heidelberg) for 375 times. 1306 gas samples were taken 
      from the extracted gas of the discrete water samples in 
      order to measure the isotopic signal of methane after the 
      cruise in a shorebased mass spectrometry laboratory. The 
      samples are stored in evacuated gas-tight vials (5 ml). 
      Those samples can be determined much faster than water 
      samples which leads to a larger data base. Because this 
      method is expected to be less exact than immediate 
      extraction from water samples before analysis, 84 double 
      samples were stored in 100-ml gas-tight headspace vials. 
      Those specimen will be extracted ("purge and trap" method) 
      and measured with the GC-C-IRMS method (Gas Chromatography-
      Combustion- Isotopic Ratio Mass Spectrometry method) at the 
      lab for comparison with the gas samples extracted on board. 
      The water samples are stored at temperatures of 4°C.
      

      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      Preliminary results
      
      A vertical transect from the Antarctic Peninsula to 250W 
      (Section 1, Fig.24) shows high values of methane (up to 2 
      ppbV and more) at the continental slope of the Antarctic 
      Peninsula up to a depth of 3000 m. They can be correlated 
      with the ventilated water from the southwestern shelves of 
      the Weddell Sea which is transported northwards along the 
      slope. Due to the relative new Weddell Sea Bottom Water, 
      higher contents of methane can also be seen at the bottom of 
      the Weddell Basin (0.6250.894 ppbV) in comparison with the 
      concentration measured in the central part (0.395-0.679 
      ppbV). Where Warm Deep Water is dominant, methane 
      concentrations of the Bottom Water are much lower than the 
      ones at the slope. In contrast, Warm Deep Water shows 
      enhanced methane concentrations compared with very old water 
      masses in the South Shetland Trench (0.4 ppbV; measured on 
      ANT XV/2). Contents of about 3 ppbV of methane in the 
      surface water confirmed the assumption that the 
      concentration of methane in the surface water in higher 
      latitudes is controlled by the partial pressure of methane 
      in the atmosphere.
      
      East of the South Shetland Islands (Section 2, Fig. 25) 
      higher concentrations of methane occur north and south of 
      the Endurance Ridge (Jane and Weddell Basin). Near the 
      bottom, values of 1.467-1.718 ppbV are observed in a few 
      hundred meters thick layer. It results from recently 
      ventilated water from the western Weddell Sea transported 
      northwards. Slightly higher concentrations (1.269 ppbV) 
      occur at the bottom in the trench north of the South Orkney 
      Plateau which is more than 5000 m deep. An unexplained 
      feature was found in the subsurface water above and north of 
      the plateau. Local concentrations of methane are up to 5.336 
      ppbV at a depth of 100 m. Anoxic mircohabitates in particles 
      and microorganisms could be a reason for this subsurface 
      maximum.
      
      In the trench north of the South Scotia Ridge with depths of 
      more than 5000 m relatively high values (up to 1.301 ppbV) 
      of methane are found (Section 3, Fig. 26). Even in shallower 
      areas concentrations above 1.2 ppbV were measured. A water 
      mass with up to 1.823 ppbV at the bottom of the Powell Basin 
      indicates recently ventilated water from the continental 
      shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula. It is transported 
      northward through the basin. South of the Powell Basin this 
      water mass can be found with values of 1.95 ppbV in 2000 nm 
      depths. The central basin contains an older water mass low 
      in methane up to 1000 m depth with a core value of more than 
      0.6 ppbV. As seen in section 2 there is some oversaturated 
      surface water with maximae in 50 m depth at a few stations.
      
      Transect 4 along the Greenwich Meridian is not yet processed 
      completely. However, preliminary results show methane 
      concentrations up to 1 ppbV at bottom of the Antarctic 
      continental slope. During the continuation of the transect a 
      rather uniform distribution of methane (0.5 to 0.8 ppbV) was 
      observed. Difficulties with the equipment require the 
      correction of the data. Values at the sea surface are in 
      equilibrium with the atmosphere.
      
      

      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      3.2.  CTD MEASUREMENTS AND CALIBRATION
      
      Equipment
      
      The hydrographic work was carried out using CTD probes and 
      water bottle release mechanisms built by Falmouth Scientific 
      Instruments (FSI). Two instruments of the type Triton ICTD, 
      SN 1347 and SN 1360 were used. The water samples were taken 
      with a 21-(12-1)-bottle rosette from General Oceanics Inc..
      
      The accuracy of the data set is determined by laboratory 
      calibrations both before and after the cruise. Each CTD is 
      equipped with two temperature sensors. The stability of 
      these sensors is controlled by comparing both readings. For 
      both instruments the calibrations before and after the 
      cruise were performed by the Scripps Institution of 
      Oceanography. For both sensors the temperature drift in the 
      relevant temperature range was less than 1 mK. Thus, the 
      pre-cruise calibration coefficients were used. Quality 
      control onboard the ship was performed using 7 electronic 
      thermometers from SIS (SIS Sensoren Instruments Systeme 
      GmbH, Kiel), calibrated by the manufacturer. Deviations from 
      the sensor readings occurred due to scatter in the 
      thermometer readings. If noise is taken into account the 
      sensors' accuracy amounts to 2 mK.
      
      For both CTDs pressure calibrations were performed before 
      and after the cruise at Scripps. No change was recorded 
      between the pre- and post-cruise calibrations. The accuracy 
      of the pressure readings is better than 2 db. Quality 
      control onboard the ship was performed using 7 electronic 
      pressure gauges from SIS (SIS Sensoren Instruments Systeme 
      GmbH, Kiel). The instruments were calibrated by the 
      manufacturer.
      
      The conductivity was corrected using salinity measurements 
      from water samples. IAPSO Standard Seawater from the P-
      series P133 was used. A total of 2649 water samples were 
      measured using a Guildline Autosal 8400B. On the basis of 
      the water sample correction, salinity is measured to an 
      accuracy of 0.002.
      
      To determine distance above the sea floor, the CTD was 
      equipped with an altimeter from Benthos Undersea Systems 
      Technology Inc. Two transmissometers with a 25cm light path 
      from SeaTech Inc. were used, but after a few stations both 
      were damaged by water leaking.
      
      At all stations oxygen samples were taken from the entire 
      water column (in total 2915 samples). The determination of 
      oxygen was carried out according to WOCE standards for 02 
      measurement (Carpenter, 1965). Two radiation counters from 
      SIS (SIS Sensoren Instruments Systeme GmbH, Kiel) were used. 
      346 double samples, amounting to 10% of the samples and 
      covering the entire range Of 02 values (180
      350 µmol/l), were taken. Using these data, a percentage 
      error of 0.1% was obtained. Oxygen profiles were not 
      measured because oxygen sensors fail under freezing 
      conditions.
      

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      Calibration
      
      CTD Measurements during 06AQANTXV/4                                          
        Instruments: Falmouth Scientific ICTD, Sn: 1360 and Sn: 1347                  
                                                                                      
                      Fallmouth Scientific Reference Grade                            
                      Platinum Resistance Thermometer                                 
                      range      : -2  -  32  deg C                                   
                      accuracy   : +/- 0.003  deg C                                   
                      stability  : +/- 0.0005 deg C/month                             
                      resolution :     0.0001 deg C                                   
                                                                                      
                      Falmouth Scientific Thermistor Sensor                           
                      range      : -2  -  32  deg C                                   
                      accuracy   : +/- 0.010  deg C                                   
                      stability  : +/- 0.001  deg C / month                           
                      resolution : 0.0001     deg C                                   
                                                                                      
                      Falmouth Scientific Titanium Pressure Sensor                    
                      range      : 0 - 7000 dbar                                      
                      accuracy   : +/- 2.1  dbar                                      
                      stability  : +/- 0.7  dbar/month                                
                      resolution :     0.08 dbar                                      
                                                                                      
                      Falmouth Scientific Inductive Conductivity Sensor               
                      range      :   0 - 65   mmho/cm                                 
                      accuracy   : +/- 0.003  mmho/cm                                 
                      stability  : +/- 0.0005 mmho/cm/month                           
                      resolution :     0.0002 mmho/cm                                 
                                                                                      
                      Each CTD has two Platinum Resistance Thermometer                
                                                                                      
         Software   : FSI Software for data aquisition                                
                      CTD postprocessing in analogy to Version 1.12                   
                                                                                      
         Time lag   : 0.10 s                                                          
                                                                                      
      ICTD-SN 1347; Cal_date: AUG.98                                                 
         Calibration: post-cruise no pre-cruise calibration used                      
        #PT1                                                                          
         a1 = 0.00179275                                                              
         a2 = 0.000367769                                                             
         a3 = 5.98102E-06
         a4 =-1.73705E-06
         a5 = 3.92021E-08                                                             
        #PT2                                                                          
         a1 =-0.00296646                                                              
         a2 = 0.000105862                                                             
         a3 = 1.00638E-05                                                             
         a4 =-1.12480E-06
         a5 = 2.20040E-08                                                             
                                                                                      
         temperature post-cruise calibration                                          
         the temperature data are used only from PT2                                  
         T(corrected) = T(reading) + dT                                               
         with dT = a1 +a2*T +a3*T**2 +a4*T**3 +a5*T**4                                
              ai : T(calibrated)-T(reading)                                           
                                                                                      
        #PRES                                                                         
         a1 = 1.6215                                                                  
         a2 = 0.000766727                                                             
         a3 =-2.36597E-07                                                             
         a4 =-5.02071E-11                                                             
         a5 = 8.88206E-15                                                             
        #UNLOAD PRES                                                                  
          0.0                                                                         
                                                                                      
         pressure post-cruise calibration                                             
         p(corrected) = p(reading) + dp                                               
         with dp = a1 +a2*p +a3*p**2 +a4*p**3 +a5*p**4                                
              ai : p(calibrated)-p(reading)                                           
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
      ICTD-SN 1360; Cal_date: AUG.98                                                 
         Calibration: post-cruise no pre-cruise calibration used                      
        #PT1                                                                          
         a1 = 0.00448876                                                              
         a2 =-4.55829E-05                                                             
         a3 = 3.83954E-05
         a4 =-2.45250E-06
         a5 = 4.40105E-08
                                                                       
        #PT2                                                                          
         a1 =-0.00332538                                                              
         a2 =-0.000208227                                                             
         a3 = 3.21668E-05
         a4 =-1.67948E-06
         a5 = 2.77787E-08                                                             
                                                                                      
         temperature post-cruise calibration                                          
         the temperature data are used only from PT2                                  
         T(corrected) = T(reading) + dT                                               
         with dT = a1 +a2*T +a3*T**2 +a4*T**3 +a5*T**4                                
              ai : T(calibrated)-T(reading)                                           
                                                                                      
        #PRES                                                                         
         a1 =-0.641264                       
         a2 =-0.000848878                                                             
         a3 = 3.51877E-07                                                             
         a4 =-7.04156E-11                                                             
         a5 = 4.47779E-15                                              
        #UNLOAD PRES                                                                  
          0.0                                                                         
                                                                                      
         Pressure post-cruise calibration                                             
         p(corrected) = p(reading) + dp                                               
         with dp = a1 +a2*p +a3*p**2 +a4*p**3 +a5*p**4                         
              ai : p(calibrated)-p(reading)                                           
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
         after calibration the platinum temperature is summed with the fast thermistor
         as follows:                                                                  
          F(t)  = F(t-dt)*W2+Fi(t)*(1-W2) filtered fast thermistor                    
          F'(t) = Fi(t)-F(t)              high pass filtered fast temperature         
          T(t)  = Ti(t)+F'(t)             summed platinum and fast thermistor         
                                                                                      
          with W2= exp(-dt/TtauF)  dt is the CTD observations intervall in seconds    
                                   dt = 48ms                                        
                                   TtauF is the Platinum thermometer time constant  
                                         in seconds relative to the fast thermistor 
                                   TtauF = 400 ms                                   
               Ti is the unfiltered platinum temperature = T(corrected)               
               Fi is the unfiltered fast thermistor                                   
                                                                                      
         The CTD-temperature is IPTS-68                                               
                                                                                      
                                                                                      
         Correction of the CTD-conductivity data with the bottle-samples              
                                                                                      
         COND(corrected) = COND(CTD) - COND(delta)                                    
         with COND(delta)= average(COND(CTD)-COND(WATERSAMPLE))                       
                                                                                      

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




                           Station/Cast            COND(delta)
                          --------------           -----------
                          00101 to 00601            -0.0149
                          00703                     -0.0138
                          00801 to 00901            -0.0136
                          01001                     -0.0130
                          01102 to 01106            -0.0129
                          01201                     -0.0131  
                          01301                     -0.0130
                          01401                     -0.0133
                          01501 to 01502            -0.0129
                          01601                     -0.0131
                          01701                     -0.0132
                          01801                     -0.0128 
                          01901                     -0.0134 
                          02001 to 02002            -0.0135
                          02101                     -0.0136
                          02201 to 02801            -0.0134
                          02901                     -0.0138
                          03001 to 03101            -0.0140
                          03201                     -0.0135
                          03301 to 03401            -0.0134
                          03501                     -0.0135
                          03601                     -0.0134
                          03701                     -0.0130 
                          03801                     -0.0128
                          03901                     -0.0127   
                          04001                     -0.0126
                          04101                     -0.0129
                          04201                     -0.0124
                          04301                     -0.0121
                          04401                     -0.0130
                          04501                     -0.0127
                          04601                     -0.0133
                          04701 to 04702            -0.0117
                          04801                     -0.0116
                          04901                     -0.0113 
                          05001                     -0.0115 
                          05101                     -0.0120
                          05201 to 05301            -0.0121        
                          05401                     -0.0119   
                          05501                     -0,0168
                          05601 to 05701            -0.0158
                          05801                     -0.0145
                          05901                     -0.0140    
                          06001                     -0.0137
                          06101                     -0.0140  
                          06201                     -0.0141
                          06301                     -0.0143
                          06501                     -0.0141
                          06601                     -0.0144
                          06701 to 06802            -0.0140
                          06901                     -0.0139
                          07001 to 07101            -0.0142
                          07201 to 07301            -0.0144
                          07401                     -0.0142
                          07501                     -0.0144
                          07601                     -0.0145
                          07701 to 07702            -0.0146
                          07802 to 07804            -0.0147
                          07901                     -0.0149
                          08001                     -0.0148
                          08101                     -0.0150
                          08201                     -0.0149
                          08301                     -0.0151
                          08401                     -0.0149
                          08501                     -0.0150
                          08601                     -0.0153
                          08701 to 08901            -0.0149
                          09001                     -0.0147
                          09101                     -0.0145
                          09201                     -0.0143
                          09301                     -0.0150
                          09401 to 09601            -0.0151
                          09701                     -0.0153
                          09801                     -0.0152
                          09902 to 09905            -0.0150
                          10001                     -0.0151
                          10101                     -0.0153
                          10201                     -0.0150
                          10301                     -0.0148
                          10401                     -0.0150  
                          10501 to 10601            -0.0151
                          10702 to 10704            -0.0150
                          10801                     -0.0152
                          10901                     -0.0150
                          11001                     -0.0151
                          11101                     -0.0150
                          11201                     -0.0149
                          11301                     -0.0150
                          11402 to 11404            -0.0148
                          11501                     -0.0149
                          11601 to 11701            -0.0150
                          11801                     -0.0148
                          11901                     -0.0142
                          12001 to 12101            -0.0144
                          12201 to 12202            -0.0148
                          12301 to 12401            -0.0140
                          12501 to 12601            -0.0147
                          12701                     -0.0148
                          12801                     -0.0146
                          12901                     -0.0144
                          13001                     -0.0141
                          13101                     -0.0144
                          13201                     -0.0145
                          13301 to 13401            -0.0149
                          13501                     -0.0154
                          13601                     -0.0147
                                                                                        
          CTD Files column 5 : transmissiometer raw data                                
                               range between 0 and 5 Volt                               
                               these data are not controlled                            
                                                                                        
        
        
      

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      4.  MARINE BIOLOGY
      
      4.1.  DECOMPOSITION OF SINKING PARTICLES
            Anja Heuchert (UFT)
      
      
      Objectives
      
      Macroscopic aggregates (marine snow) are the dominant 
      fraction involved in the transport of biogenic carbon from 
      surface water to the deep-sea bottom. Rapidly sinking 
      particles in the water column, so called "marine snow", 
      consist of dissolved and colloidal organic matter which 
      aggregates together, e.g. phytoplankton aggregates, fecal 
      pellets and detritus. Bacteria and protozoa seem to play an 
      important role in decomposing "marine snow", because the 
      main decomposition takes place in the mesopelagic zone.
      
      In this investigation, single strains of bacteria attached 
      to "marine snow" will be isolated. By means of these 
      isolates, the microbial decomposition of "marine snow" by 
      different species of bacteria will be investigated. In 
      addition, preparations for light and electron microscopy 
      will be made. Moreover, the fixed material has to be 
      examined with a scanning electron microscope to determine 
      the colonization with attached bacteria. The results will be 
      compared with those of two cruises in the equatorial 
      Atlantic in 1996 and 1997.
      

      Work at sea
      
      In order to investigate the colonization of sinking 
      particles in the water column, ("marine snow") samples from 
      different water depths were taken with bottles at 16 
      stations. Pure strains of attached heterotrophic bacteria 
      were isolated from samples which were filtered through 5-µm 
      or 10-µm pore-size filters to increase particle 
      concentration.
      
      Water samples from sediment trap 227-4 were taken to 
      investigate bacterial density. Furthermore samples are 
      filtered through 0.2-µm and 5-µm or 10-µm pore-size filters 
      and fixed for 30 min in 3.7% formalin. This fixed material 
      will be used for the in-situ identification of 
      microorganisms. Fluorescently labeled rRNA-targeted nucleic 
      acid probes allow an in-situ identification of individual 
      microbial cells in their natural habitat.
      
      In order to quantify the bacteria, samples taken by the 
      ship's pump and filtered through 11-µm pore-size filters 
      were fixed with formalin (2% v/v). Later the samples will be 
      treated with the epifluorescence dye DAPI in order to count 
      the bacterial cells of the free water column as well as the 
      attached bacteria.
      

      Preliminary results
      
      The filtered particles were rather small in most of the 
      cases and hardly visible on the filter itself. However, five 
      different strains of bacteria have been distinguished with 
      respect to colony- and cell morphology. Two of the strains 
      were found at one particular station only, whereas the 
      others occurred at various stations during the cruise. All 
      of the obtained bacteria are rods, some of them are motile 
      rods. It is intended to investigate the metabolism of the 
      isolates and characterize them thoroughly. As has been 
      stated before, a quantitative count of bacterial cells will 
      have to be performed at the lab using the epifluorescence 
      dye DAPI. Furthermore, there will be an in-situ 
      identification of the bacteria at the lab.
      
      

      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      4.2.  MICROBIAL COMMUNITY CHARACTERISTICS IN AUSTRAL AUTUMN FROM ICE AND SEA WATER.
            Kjell Magne Fagerbakke (IM)
      

      Objectives
      
      The role of sea ice as an environment for growth and 
      survival of microorganisms in the Weddell Sea is 
      characterized by measuring Chlorophyll a and DOC/POC 
      (Dissolved organic carbon/particulate organic carbon) 
      concentrations in ice and sea water. Measurements of DOC may 
      increase our knowledge of the biological input in CO2 
      sequestering from the atmosphere. A large contribution to it 
      may come from the POC produced in sea ice.
      
      Elemental compositions of microorganisms are shown to 
      reflect their growth. If this is the case for microorganisms 
      living in nutrients, excess (N, P) is explored by X-ray 
      microanalysis (XRMA). From XRMA a physiological 
      characteristic can also be made. Variation within and among 
      the microbial communities in sea water and ice may be 
      discovered.
      

      Work at sea
      
      The sampling routine was to make one station each day (in 
      total 48). Samples of chlorophyll from 0, 20 and 100 m have 
      been taken. Samples of POC and DOC were made from the same 
      stations as Chi. a. All Chi a, POC, and DOC samples were 
      frozen to be analyzed later. When sea ice was present, ice 
      samples were taken. From the ice Chi a, POC, and DOC were 
      also taken (in total 10 stations). The communities present, 
      both in sea water and ice, were characterized by 
      fluorescence microscope.
      

      Preliminary results
      
      The brown layers of first-year sea ice consist mostly of 
      particular matter and only occasionally algae were observed. 
      Variation in species composition indicated that different 
      algae had different strategies for the life in ice. The 
      dominating species in compact ice were Stellarima microtrias 
      and Dactyliosolen Antarctica, indicating that these algae 
      are staying until the ice melt. Occasionally observations of 
      Corethron criophilum in ice, and always in porous ice, 
      indicate that this specie may easier leave the ice than the 
      former. From the structure of ice it seems that large holes 
      may be created during the melting period and due to this, 
      the algae may migrate easily to the open water. Possibly 
      algae influence the ice melting, and species found in winter 
      ice, but not in spring ice are more effective in the melting 
      process than C. criophium. C. criophilum was also observed 
      as one of the dominating species to occupy the new ice, when 
      it is formed. During growth of artificial sea ice, 
      phosphorus was not incorporated, and at the time of 
      incorporation the organisms may explore phosphorus 
      depletion. Nitrate and silicate levels decreased during the 
      ice formation also. However, the level of 20 to 30 RM 
      silicate and 10 [tM nitrate may be sufficient for biological 
      activity based on this as limiting factors.
      
      

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      4.3.  THE ROLE OF SPONGES IN CARBON AND SILICON FLUXES IN THE WEDDELL SEA
            Susanne Gatti (AWI)
      

      Objectives
      
      Flow of carbon: Antarctic sponges are supposed to grow very 
      slowly due to low ambient water temperatures and scarce, 
      seasonally strongly varying food supply. As sponges do not 
      build any permanent hard skeleton parts it is impossible to 
      assess their age by analyzing such structures. Turn over 
      rates for spicules in Antarctic sponges are not known and as 
      for now no method exists that utilises the siliceous sponge 
      spicules for age analysis. It is therefore impossible to 
      assess growth or age via direct methods as for example in 
      some mollusks, echinoderms, or fishes. To provide a rough 
      estimate of growth rates and the age of sponges, mass 
      specific respiration rates will be established. After 
      conversion, these will provide estimates of consumption and 
      production rates.
      
      Flow of silicon: In the Antarctic the silicon cycle in the 
      water column has been studied extensively. Thus, the role of 
      diatoms, radiolarians, and silicoflagellates is quite well 
      understood. But so far no effort has been made to study the 
      role of sponges in the silicon cycle. Frequently, up to 90% 
      of the wet weight of siliceous sponges (Demospongia and 
      Hexactinellida) consist of opal (biologically synthesized 
      silica) (Barthel, 1995). As methods for age determination in 
      sponges are lacking it is impossible to assess how long it 
      takes for a sponge to accumulate these enormous amounts of 
      opal.
      

      Work at sea
      
      Most of the animals were collected during the previous leg 
      (ANT XV-3). Additionally, two Agassiz trawls (AGTs) were 
      used off Kapp Norvegia during this leg to collect fresh 
      sponges for analysis of activity of the electron transport 
      system (ETS).
      
      Long term (more than three months) life maintenance of the 
      collected sponges was successful. Individuals collected 
      during the previous leg were in good condition. Meanwhile, 
      most have been used for respiration experiments. Only 
      individuals of Monosyn . nga longispina and some little 
      hexactinellid sponges will be carried back to Bremerhaven.
      
      Respiration experiments were carried out with unfiltered sea 
      water in a closed but intermittently opened (whenever oxygen 
      saturation was below 80-85%) system. Oxygen saturation in 
      the water was determined by micro optodes (Holst et al., 
      1997). Constant mixing in the respiration chambers was 
      assured using peristaltic pumps which pumped the water from 
      the chambers to the measuring optodes and back to the 
      chambers. An additional empty chamber (i. e. containing 
      water but no animal) was used in every run to compensate for 
      bacterial respiration. During this cruise ten respiration 
      experiments, lasting for two to three days each, were 
      carried out. Nine individuals of Cinachyra Antarctica, 14 
      individuals of Stylocordyla borealis, and four little 
      specimens of hexactinellid sponges were measured. For these 
      sponges only dripping wet weight (ww) has been determined on 
      board. Specimens were frozen for later determination of dry 
      weight and ash free dry weight.
      
      To support findings of the respiration experiments the 
      analysis of ETS was carried out with newly caught sponges 
      and those taken from the aquaria. As ETS is based on enzyme 
      activity and as it takes some time to assimilate or 
      decompose enzymes, there is little or no change in ETS 
      levels to be expected within the first hours after a catch. 
      ETS measurements will give an estimate of maximum capacities 
      of oxygen consumption and changes that are caused by taking 
      sponges from their natural habitat to aquaria. It should 
      thus be possible to assess whether or not respiration rates 
      measured on board are a good estimate of in-situ respiration 
      rates.
      
      Silicate uptake- Prior to freezing, sponges coming from 
      respiration experiments were transferred into silicate-
      uptake experiments. For these nalgene bottles were filled 
      with 750 ml of filtered sea water and an additional supply 
      of liquid food (4-5 drops of Liquifry per 10 1 water). As 
      silicate uptake is an energy consuming process food 
      limitation could limit silicate-uptake rates even when 
      silica is present in excess. Constant bubbling with air 
      supplied oxygen and assured mixing within the bottles. Again 
      a control was run (nalgene bottle without an animal). 
      Silicate levels in the water were monitored by taking 20-ml 
      samples every six to ten hours. Analyses followed the 
      Koreleff method described by Grasshof et al (1983). 
      Dissolution experiments with spicule mats and dead sponges 
      will be carried out in the AWL
      
      
      Preliminary results
      
      All specimens examined tolerated being transferred from the 
      aquarium to a respiration chamber and later to a nalgene 
      bottle for silicate-uptake experiments apparently without 
      problems. After an initial phase of slight construction of 
      the oscula all sponges opened their oscula (exhalant 
      openings), thus showing active water transport through their 
      systems.
      
      It was possible to cover a good size range for both species. 
      Individuals of Stylocordyla borealis and Cinachyra 
      Antarctica varied between 2 to 75g and 1.5 to 64g of ww, 
      respectively.
      
      From the oxygen and silicate decrease in the water 
      respiration rates and silicate uptake rates will be 
      calculated once dry weight and ash free dry weight have been 
      determined at the AWL
      
      
      REFERENCES

      Barthel D. (1995): "Tissue composition of sponges from the 
         Weddell Sea, Antarctica'. not much meat to the bones" in 
         Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Vol 123 pp 149-153
      Grasshof K. et al. (1983)- "Methods of seawater analysis" 
         Weinheim, Chemie Verlag, 419p
      Hoist G. et al. (1997)- "A microoptode array for fine-scale 
         measurement of oxygen distribution" in Sensors and Actuators 
         B Vol. 38-39 pp 122-129.
      
      
      5.  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
      
      The achievements during the leg were to are large extent due 
      to the effective and heartfelt cooperation between the 
      ship's crew and the participating scientific personal. We 
      are grateful to the Master Keil and his crew for the active 
      support which helped us to overcome difficult situations and 
      resulted not only in a scientific success, but as well in a 
      cheerful experience. We are grateful as well to all those 
      who were involved in the different levels of the 
      preparations for cruise and built up the basis for our 
      success.
      
      
      

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      6.  PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS
      
              ADDRESS                          PARTICIPANTS   LEG
              -------------------------------  ------------   ---
      BRAZIL
        FURG  Department of Physics                 2          4
              University of Rio Grande
              Rio Grande RS
              CEP 96201-900
      
      FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
        AWI   Alfred-Wegener-Institut für          12          4
              Polar- und Meeresforschung
              Columbusstraße
              D-27568 Bremerhaven
        DWD   Deutscher Wetterdienst                2          4
              Seewetteramt
              Postfach 301190
              D-20304 Hamburg
        HSW   Helicopter-Service                    3          4
              Wasserthal GmbH
              Kätnerweg 43
              D-22393 Hamburg
        UFT   Zentrum für Umweltforschung           1          4
              und Technologie (UFT)
              Abt. Marine Mikrobiologie
              Universität Bremen
              Postfach 330 440
              D-28334 Bremen
        IUPT  IUP - Institut für Umweitphysik       6          4
              Abt. Tracer-Ozeanographie
              Universität Bremen, FB 1
              Postfach 330 440
              D-28334 Bremen
        IUPF  IUP - Institut für Umweltphysik       1          4
              Abt. Fernerkundung
              Universität Bremen, FB 1
              Postfach 330 440
              D-28334 Bremen
      
              ADDRESS                          PARTICIPANTS   LEG
              -------------------------------  ------------   ---
      THE NETHERLANDS
        NIOZ  Netherlands Institute                 1          4
              for Sea Research
              P.O. Box 59
              1790 Ab den Burg
              Texel
      
      NORWAY
        IM    Institutt for Mikrobiologi            1          4
              Jahnebakken 7
              N-5020 Bergen
      
      SPAIN
        1CM   Instituto de Ciencias del Mar         1          4
              Paseo Juan De Boron S/N
              08039 Barcelona
        LEM   Laboratori d'Engiyeria Maritima                  4
              Universtat Politecnica de Catalunya
              C/Gran Capita s/n, Modul D-1
              08034 Barcelona
        
      RUSSIA
        AAI   Andreyev Acoustics Institute          1          4
              Shvernika 4
              117034 Moscow
      
      UNITED KINGDOM
        PML   Plymouth Marine Laboratory            1          4
              West Hoe, Plymouth
              Devon, PL1 3DH
        
              

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      7.  CRUISE PARTICIPANTS
           
      NAME                       INSTITUTION
      -------------------------  ---------------------
      Bakker, Karel              NIOZ
      Bellerby, Richard          PML
      Bulsiewicz, Klaus          IUPT
      Büchner, Jürgen            HSW
      Fagerbakke, Kjell Magne    IM
      Fahrbach, Eberhard         AWI
      Feldt, Oliver              HSW
      Frenzel, Martin            AWI
      Fraas, Gerhard             IUPT
      Fürhaupter, Karin          GEOMAR
      Gatti, Susanne             AWI
      Harms, Sabine              AWI
      Härter, F.F. Antonio       FURG
      Hartig, Rüdiger            DWD
      Heeschen, Katja            GEOMAR
      Heuchert, Anja             UFT
      Hoppema, Mario             IUPT
      Huhn, Olliver              IUPT
      laremtchouk, Alexei        AAI
      Klatt, Olaf                IUPT
      Köhler, Herbert            DWID
      Krause, Peter              HSW
      Langreder, Jens            AWIAUPT
      Meissner, Katrin           AWI
      Mir Casanovas, Carlos      ICM/LEM
      Monsees, Matthias          AWI/IUPT
      Pereira Ferreira, Adriene  AWI/FURG
      Rodehacke, Christian       IUPT
      Rohardt, Gerd              AWI
      Schlüter, Norbert          IUPF
      Schodlok, Michael          AWI
      Schröder, Michael          AWI
      Schuster, Fritz            AWI (ab Neumayer Station)
      Wisotzki, Andreas          AWI
      Witte, Hannelore           AWI
           
           
           
      8.  SHIP'S CREW
           
      POSITION                   NAME
      -------------------------  ---------------------
      Kapitän                    Keil, Jürgen
      1. nautischer Offizier     Schwarze, Stefan
      Leitender techn. Offizier  Schulz, Volker
      2. nautischer Offizier     Block, Michael
      2. nautischer Offizier     Malz, Ingo
      2. nautischer Offizier     Peine, Lutz
      Arzt                       Bennemann, Jürgen
      Funkoff izier              Hecht, Andreas
      2. technischer Offizier    Delff, Wolfgang
      2. technischer Offizier    Folta, Henryk
      2. technischer Offizier    Simon, Wolfgang
      Elektroniker               Dimmler, Werner
      Elektroniker               Fröb, Martin
      Elektriker                 Holtz, Hartmut
      Elektroniker               Pabst, Helmar
      Elektroniker               Piskorzynski, Andreas
      Schiffbetriebsmeister      Loidl, Reiner
      Zimmermann                 Neisner, Winfried
      Facharbeiter/Deck          B&cker, Andreas
      Facharbeiter/Deck          Bindernagel, Knuth
      Facharbeiter/Deck          Bohne, Jens
      Facharbeiter/Deck          Hagemann, Manfred
      Facharbeiter/Deck          Hartwig, Anderas
      Facharbeiter/Deck          Moser, Siegfried
      Facharbeiter/Deck          Schmidt, Uwe
      Facharbeiter/Deck          Winckler, Michael
      Storekeeper                Beth, Detlef
      Facharbeiter/Maschine      Arias Iglesias, Enr.
      Facharbeiter/Maschine      Dinse, Horst
      Facharbeiter/Maschine      Fritz, Günter
      Facharbeiter/Maschin       Giermann, Frank
      Facharbeiter/Maschine      Krüsche, Eckard
      Koch                       Silinski, Frank
      Kochsmaat                  Beck, Walter
      Kochsmaat                  Tupy, Mario
      1. Stewardess              Dinse, Petra
      1. Stewardess              Wöckener, Martina
      2. Stewardess              Klemet, Regine
      2. Stewardess              Schmidt, Maria
      2. Stewardess              Silinski, Carmen
      2. Steward                 Tu, Jian-Min
      2. Steward                 Wu, Chi Lung
      Wäscher                    Yu, Chung Leung
      
      
      
      

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      
      APPENDIX 1, MOORINGS
      
      TABLE 1:  MOORINGS RECOVERED IN THE WESTERN WEDDELL SEA.
      
                                                                           Record
                Latitude     Date      Water                               Length
      Mooring   Longitude  Time (UTC) Depth (m)  Type      SN   Depth (m)  (Days)
      --------  ---------- ---------  --------  ------  ------- --------   ------
      AW1216-2  63° 57.6'S  06.05.96    3520    AVTP      11926   262      699
                49° 08.8'W  18.00               ACM-CTD    1403   573      (1)
                                                AVT       11885   2549     699
                                                AVT       11886   3474     699
                                                Sc          631   3475     699 (2)
      AW1207-4  63° 43.3'S  07.05.96    2510    ULS          08   174      (3)
                50° 49.2'W  22:00               AVTPC      9207   270      695
                                                TC250      2299   505 (5)  695
                                                ACM-CTD    1402   762      464 (4)
                                                AV7        9767   2187     695
                                                TC250      2371   2198 (5) 695
                                                AVT        9206   2454     695
                                                Sc         1979   2455     695 (2)
      AW1206-4  63° 29.6'S  08.05.96    952     ULS          09   150      (3)
                52° 06.1'W  20:00               AVTP      11890   246      693
                                                ACM-CTD    1409   491      463 (6)
                                                AVT        9401   906      (7)
                                                SC         1977   907      693 (2)
      AW1215-3  63° 19.6'S  09.05.96    465     AVTP      11892   259      692
                52° 46.9'W  00:00               AVT        9402   459      692
                                                Sc         1974   460      692 (2)
                                                WLR        1154   465      692
      AW1234-1  62° 51.4'S  09.05.96    284     ADCP        378   275      (3)
                53° 40.3'W  17:00               Sc         1975   280      691
      
        Remarks:
          1: found water inside - memory destroyed
          2: found intense marine growth - destroyed conductivity measurements
          3: data not processed but could retrieve complete memory contents
          4: instruments stopped recording on August 1997
          5: upper level of 11 temperature sensors with 25m spacing
          6: only CTD recorded until August 1997
          7: no data recorded
      
      
      Table 2:  Moorings deployed in the western Weddell Sea.
      
                Latitude     Date      Water
      Mooring   Longitude  Time (UTC) Depth (m)  Type      SN   Depth (m)
      --------  ---------- ---------  --------  ------  ------- --------
      AW1215-4  63° 19.6'S  01.04.98     450    AVT       10496   445
                52° 47.1'W  22:25               WLR        1716   450
      AW1206-5  63° 30.4'S  02.04.98     965    AVTP      11889   250
                52° 06.7'W  21:20               AVTPC     12462   500
                                                AVT       10499   921
      AW1207-5  63° 42.8'S  04.04.98    2500    AVTPC       209   262
                50° 52.1'W  15:44               ACT 100      85   647
                                                ACT100       86   748
                                                AVTPC     12463   752
                                                AVTPC     12443   2179
                                                TC100      2486   2340
                                                TC100      2485   2440
                                                AVTPC     12451   2445
      MIR II    60° 34.5'S  19.04.98    1637    AVTPC     12452    677
                49° 30.8'W  20:46               AVTPC     12454   1593
      XM1A      60° 28.3'S  18.04.98    1713    VACM    1950b49   1663
                48° 27.0'W  16:05               ARGOS     14961   
      XM1B      60° 28. VS  18.04.98    1713    VACM-P  1951855   1208
                48° 27.2V   15:56               ARGOS     14957   
      XM2A      60" 28.5'S  18.04.98    1615    VACM    2218b0f   1565
                47° 58.2'W  20:07               ARGOS      9371   
      XM2B      60° 28.3'S  18.04.98    1547    VACM-P  2217004   1042
                47° 58.6'W  19:52               ARGOS     14958   
      XM3A      60° 38.2'S  19.04.98    1413    VACM    221fe5e   1565
                49° 52.3'W  17:34               ARGOS     14959   
      XM3B      60° 38.2'S  19.04.98    1414    VACM-P  221fdd8    909
                49° 52.3'W  17:29               ARGOS     14956   
      
      
      

      
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                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      
      TABLE 3: MOORINGS RECOVERED AT THE GREENWICH MERIDIAN.
      
                                                                           Record
                Latitude     Date      Water                               Length
      Mooring   Longitude  Time (UTC) Depth (m)  Type      SN   Depth (m)  (Days)
      --------  ---------- ---------  --------  ------  ------- --------   ------
      AW1233-2  69°24.2'S  16.02.97     1985     ULS      34      139      (1)
                00°00.0'W  20:00                 AVTP     10539   236      436
                                                 AVT      6856    736      436
                                                 ACM-CTD  1449A   1941     436
      AW1232-2  69°00.0'S  17.02.97     3409     ULS      35      191      (2)
                00°00.0'W  04:00                 AVTP     10004   297      437
                                                 ACTP     9785    803      437
                                                 AVT      10503   2009     437
                                                 ACM-CTD  1454A   3366     437
      AW1231-1  66°30.O'S  20.04.96     4520     ULS      26      170      (1)
                00°00.4'W  14:00                 AVTPC    9213    219      741
                                                 SC       1976    220      (3)
                                                 TC250    1104    236      741 (4)
                                                 TC250    1256    512      741
                                                 AVTP     9212    788      741
                                                 SC       630     789      741 (5)
                                                 AVT      9561    1815     741 (6)
                                                 ACM-CTD  1390A   4476     121 (7)
      AW1230-1  66°00.2'S  19.04.96     3450     ULS      25      51       (1)
                00°09.5'E  18:00                 AVTPC    9765    91       744
                                                 SC       1166    92       (3)
                                                 TC250    1102    123      744 (8)
                                                 TC250    1103    399      744 (9)
                                                 AVTPC    9215    664      (10)
                                                 SC       1167    665      744
                                                 AVT      10498   1671     744
                                                 ACM-CTD  1411A   3406     555 (7)
      AW1229-1  63°59.6'S  18.04.96     5186     ULS      07      165      (1)
                00°00.30'W  14:00                AVTP     11888   215      746
                                                 SC       1973    216      (3)
                                                 TC250    943     240      746
                                                 TC250    1100    515      746
                                                 AVTPC    9786    784      746
                                                 SC       319     785      746
                                                 AVT      9770    2011     746
                                                 ACM-CTD  1400A   5142     589 (7)
      AW1227-4  59°03.7'S  10.01.97     4660     ULS      37      135      (1)
                00°02.7'E  04:00                 AVTPC    10872   246      483
                                                 ST               477      (11)
                                                 ACM-CTD  1448A   684      483
                                                 AVT      9183    1990     483
                                                 ST               3366     (11)
      AW1228-1  57°00.0'S  13.04.96     3872     ACM-CTD  1452A   4615     483
                00°00.2'E  18:00                 AVTP     11887   449      545 (12)
                                                 ACM-CTD  1389A   810      717 (7)
                                                 AVT      9768    2105     759
                                                 ACM-CTD  1387A   3827     759
      
      REMARKS:
         1: data not processed but could retrieve complete memory contents
         2: instrument was lost
         3: instrument must be returned to the manufacturer to retrieve data from memory
         4: sensors 4 to 8 failed
         5: temperature sensor failed
         6: rotor lost; no speed record
         7: incomplete time series due to old firmware, and battery failures
         8: sensors 1 to 11 failed
         9: all sensors failed during the second period of the time series
        10: instrument destroyed due to blown up batteries
        11: no obvious problems found
        12: no complete time series due to empty batteries
      
      

      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      
      TABLE 4: MOORINGS DEPLOYED AT THE GREENWICH MERIDIAN.
      
                Latitude     Date      Water
      Mooring   Longitude  Time (UTC) Depth (m)  Type     SN    Depth (m)
      --------  ---------- ---------  --------  ------  ------- --------
      AW1233-3  69°23.9'S  29.04.98    2057     ULS      36       155
                00°00.7'W  19:57                AVTP     9763     248
                                                AVTPC    9783     749
                                                ACM-CTD  1453A   1954
      AW1232-3  68°59.7'S  30.04.98    3375     ULS      39       148
                00°03.7'W  16:56                AVTPC    9201     246
                                                AVTPC    10492    752
                                                AVTPC    9214    1798
                                                ACM-CTD  1385A   3304
      AW1231-2  66°30.0'S  02.05.98    4520     ULS      42       151
                00°01.1'W                       AVTPC    9200     187
                                                CT500            
                                                ACM-CTD  1386A    698
                                                AVT      9391    1804
                                                ACM-CTD  1443A   4465
      AW1229-2  63°58.5'S  05.05.98    5180     ULS      43       150
                00°04.6'E  18:51                AVTP     10002    196
                                                CT500            
                                                ACM-CTD  1391A    707
                                                AVT      9186    2003
                                                ACM-CTD  1392A   5134
      AW1227-5  59°04.2'S  08.05.98    4660     ULS      40       144
                00°04.9'E  14:40                AVTP     10541    254
                                                AVTPC    9211     692
                                                SM37P    244      693
                                                AVT      9190    1998
                                                ACM-CTD  1388A   4555
      AW1228-2  56°58.6'S  13.05.98    3710     AVTPC    8418     241
                00°01.3'E  14:40                AVTP     8417     447
                                                AVT      9179     803
                                                SM37P    245      804
                                                AVT      9180    2005
                                                ACM-CTD  1404A   3655
      
      
      
      ABBREVIATIONS:
      
      ACM-CTD  Falmouth Scientific 3-dimension acoustic current meter with 
               CTD-sensor head (CTD=Conductivity, Temperature, Depth)
      ACT 100  Aanderaa temperature/conductivity sensor string, 100 m length,
               5 sensor pairs
      ADCP     RD[ Inc. Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
      AVTPC    Aanderaa current meter with temperature, pressure, and 
               conductivity sensors
      AVTP     Aanderaa current meter with temperature and pressure sensors
      AVT      Aanderaa current meter with temperature sensors
      CT500    10 ea. SeaBird Electronics MicroCat CT Recorder attached at  
               500m mooring rope
      SC       SeaBird Electronics self contained CTD, type: SeaCat
      SM37     SeaBird Electronics MicroCat CT Recorder
      SM37P    SeaBird Electronics MicroCat CT Recorder with 3000 psi pressure 
               sensor
      ST       Sediment trap
      TC100    Aanderaa thermistor cable, 100 m length, 11 sensors, 10 m spacing
      TC250    Aanderaa thermistor cable, 250 m length, 11 sensors 25 m spacing
      ULS      Upward Looking Sonar Christian Michelsen Research Inc.
      VACM     Oregon Environmental Instruments vector averaging current meter 
               with temperature sensor; automatic release and ARGOS data 
               transmission
      VACM-P   Oregon Environmental Instruments vector averaging current meter 
               with temperature sensor and pressure; automatic release and ARGOS 
               data transmission
      
      

      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998




      
      APPENDIX 2, STATION LIST (SEE SUM FILE)
      
      
      APPENDIX 3, XBT DATA
      
      
                              Failed                         Depth
               No.    Date   Time(GMT) Latitude   Longitude   (m)
               ---  -------- --------  ---------  ---------  -----
               000  30.03.98   05:12   55°03.0'S  64°55.0'W  1000
               001             06:07   55°13.0'S  64°43.2'W  1504
               002             07:06   55°23.0'S  64°30.9'W  4757
               003             08:05   55°32.9'S  64°19.7'W  3721
               004             09:05   55°43.0'S  64°07.3'W  3721
               005             10:05   55°52.5'S  63°55.3'W  3721
               006             11:12   56°03.0'S  63°41.5'W  3721
               007             12:10   56°13.0'S  63°29.0'W  4054
               008             13:24   56°22.9'S  63°16.4'W  3965
               009             14:30   56°33.0'S  63°03.1'W  4012
               010             15:37   56°43.0'S  62°51.3'W  4084
               011             16:45   56°53.0'S  62°38.1'W  4066
               012             17:51   57°03.0'S  62°24.0'W  3915
               013             18:56   57°13.0'S  62°10.5'W  3916
               014             19:57   57°22.9'S  61°58.0'W  3929
               015             20:59   57°33.0'S  61°44.7'W  3327
               016             21:59   57°43.2'S  61°30.7'W  3760
               017             22:56   57°53.1'S  61°17.6'W  3462
               018             23:52   58°03.0'S  61°04.3'W  2882
               019  31.03.98   00:52   58°13.1'S  60°50.5'W  3472
               020             01:51   58°23.0'S  60°37.7'W  3621
               021             02:51   58°33.0'S  60°24.6'W  3417
               022             03:51   58°43.0'S  60°12.0'W  3835
               023             04:51   58°53.0'S  59°57.6'W  3734
               024             05:55   59°03.0'S  59°43.1'W  2916
               025             06:59   59°13.0'S  59°29.7'W  3606
               026             07:56   59°23.1'S  59°17.0'W  3123
               027             09:01   59°33.0'S  58°04.9'W  3064
               028             10:20   59°42.9'S  58°50.1'W  2426
               029             11:40   59°53.0'S  58°34.7'W  1976
               030             12:59   60°03.0'S  58°19.8'W  1831
               031             14:13   60°13.0'S  58°06.5'W  3530
               032             15:24   60°23.0'S  57°52.4'W  3740
               033     f       16:36   60°33.0'S  57°38.0'W  4010
               034             16:44   60°34.0'S  57°36.4'W  4150
               035             19:37   60°38.9'S  57°32.1'W  4223
               036             20:51   60°48.9'S  57°15.4'W  4676
               037             22:08   60°58.9'S  57°00.0'W  2954
               038             23:16   61°09.0'S  56°44.5'W  1912
               
                              Failed                         Depth
               No.    Date   Time(GMT) Latitude   Longitude   (m)
               ---  -------- --------  ---------  ---------  -----
               039  01.04.98   00:25   61°19.0'S  56°29.0'W  4370
               040             01:30   61°29.0'S  56°15.9'W  578
               041             02:36   61°39.1'S  56°01.4'W  727
               042             03:44   61°49.0'S  55°43.3'W  2630
               043             04:59   61°59.0'S  55°22.6'W  1235
               044             06:07   62°09.0'S  55°03.8'W  2750
               045             07:22   62°19.1'S  54°45.0'W  3854
               046             08:35   62°29.0'S  54°32.8'W  3377
               047             09:50   62°38.9'S  54°03.8'W  3587
               048  24.04.98   08:00   62°28.0'S  36°37.8'W  3904
               049             10:00   62°38.5'S  35°56.6'W  5003
               050             12:00   62°50.0'S  35°19.6'W  4813
               051             14:00   63°02.1'S  34°38.9'W  4796
               052             16:00   63°13.5'S  33°51.8'W  4870
               053             18:00   63°24.6'S  33°02.4'W  4954
               054             20:00   63°35.9'S  32°12.8'W  4545
               055             22:00   63°47.6'S  31°29.9'W  4013
               056  25.04.98   00:00   64°01.2'S  30°39.8'W  4888
               057             02:00   64°13.4'S  29°49.7'W  4804
               058             04:00   64°23.8'S  28°57.1'W  4951
               059             06:00   64°33.4'S  28°05.0'W  4464
               060             08:00   64°43.2'S  27°15.2'W  4754
               061             10:00   64°53.3'S  26°28.6'W  4891
               062             12:00   65°04.1'S  25°39.7'W  4704
               063             14:00   65°14.8'S  24°51.0'W  4957
               064             16:00   65°24.6'S  24°00.5'W  4964
               065             18:00   65°34.9'S  23°09.8'W  4965
               066  26.04.98   00:00   65°44.5'S  22°16.8'W  4969
               067  13.05.98   15:41   56°59.3'S  00°01.1'W  3924
               068             16:38   56°50.9'S  00°00.9'W  3975
               069             17:35   56°41.5'S  00°00.0'W  4501
               070             21:50   56°30.2'S  00°00.2'W  4090
               071             22:50   56°20.9'S  00°00.0'W  3734
               072             23:50   56°10.9'S  00°00.0'W  4168
               073  14.05.98   03:30   55°59.2'S  00°01.2'W  3713
               074             04:30   55°48.7'S  00°00.5'W  4069
               075             05:30   55°38.9'S  00°00.0'W  3668
               076             06:30   55°30.8'S  00°00.1'W  3774
               077             09:40   55°31.4'S  00°01.8'E  3860
               
                              Failed                         Depth
               No.    Date   Time(GMT) Latitude   Longitude   (m)
               ---  -------- --------  ---------  ---------  -----
               078             10:40   55°22.0'S  00°02.9'E  2899
               079             11:40   55°09.8'S  00°01.2'E  3412
               080             14:12   55°00.2'S  00°00.5'W  1750
               081             15:11   54°48.9'S  00°00.7'W  1218
               082             16:12   54°36.8'S  00°00.0'W  1092
               083             18:22   54°29.5'S  00°00.6'W  1756
               084             19:22   54°17.7'S  00°00.6'W  2584
               085             20:22   54°06.2'S  00°00.3'W  2682
               086             21:22   54°00.0'S  00°00.3'W  2459
               087             22:58   53°59.8'S  00°00.6'W  2417
               088             23:57   53°48.9'S  00°00.0'W  2673
               089  15.05.98   00:59   53°37.0'S  00°00.5'E  2803
               090             01:55   53°26.8'S  00°00.4'E  2550
               091             02:54   53°16.1'S  00°00.6'W  2163
               092             03:55   53°04.9'S  00°00.6'W  1836
               093             06:35   53°00.9'S  00°00.2'E  2550
               094             07:35   52°51.7'S  00°01.0'E  2670
               095             08:35   52°41.2'S  00°00.4'E  2742
               096             09:35   52°31.5'S  00°00.1'E  2650
               097             10:35   52°22.6'S  00°00.1'W  2627
               098             11:35   52°13.0'S  00°00.0'E  3148
               099             18:45   52°01.6'S  00°02.3'W  3050
               100  16.05.98   07:05   51°00.0'S  00°00.7'E  2359
               101             08:05   50°51.1'S  00°00.4'E  2226
               102             09:05   50°41.2'S  00°00.1'W  1541
               103             10:05   50°31.4'S  00°00.1'E  3535
               104             11:05   50°21.3'S  00°00.7'E  3653
               105             12:03   50°10.8'S  00°00.3'E  3567
               106             15:48   50°00.1'S  00°04.3'E  3452
               107             16:48   49°50.0'S  00°04.7'E  3750
               108             17:48   49°39.2'S  00°03.6'E  3965
               109             18:48   49°28.6'S  00°02.2'E  4128
               110             19:48   49°17.3'S  00°00.8'E  3180
               111             20:48   49°06.2'S  00°00.3'E  3842
               112  17.05.98   00:20   49°00.1'S  00°00.2'E  3970
               113             01:19   48°50.8'S  00°00.2'E  3938
               114             02:18   48°39.7'S  00°00.8'W  3863
               115             03:19   48°28.3'S  00°00.3'W  3574
               116             04:19   48°17.0'S  00°00.3'E  3246
               
                              Failed                         Depth
               No.    Date   Time(GMT) Latitude   Longitude   (m)
               ---  -------- --------  ---------  ---------  -----
               117             05:20   48°05.2'S  00°00.4'W  3960
               118             08:55   48°00.5'S  00°00.4'E  3922
               119             09:55   47°50.5'S  00°05.0'E  3928
               120             10:55   47°39.1'S  00°11.7'E  3868
               121             11:55   47°28.0'S  00°17.9'E  3826
               122             12:55   47°16.1'S  00°24.3'E  4191
               123             16:50   47°03.0'S  00°29.7'E  3810
               124             17:50   46°53.3'S  00°35.2'E  3370
               125             18:50   46°42.3'S  00°42.2'E  4100
               126             19:50   46°31.5'S  00°48.6'E  4100
               127             20:50   46°20.9'S  00°54.5'E  4459
               128             21:50   46°09.5'S  01°00.8'E  3776
               129  18.05.98   01:14   46°08.9'S  01°04.9'E  4173
               130             02:13   45°58.3'S  01°09.4'E  4456
               131             03:12   45°46.9'S  01°13.6'E  4363
               132             04:13   45°35.7'S  01°18.6'E  4475
               133             05:13   45°24.3'S  01°24.3'E  4180
               134             09:35   45°11.7'S  01°30.8'E  4226
               135             10:35   45°02.0'S  01°35.5'E  3040
               136             11:35   44°50.0'S  01°42.5'E  3777
               137             12:33   44°39.2'S  01°48.7'E  4780
               138             13:35   44°27.9'S  01°54.7'E  4672
               139             14:36   44°16.4'S  02°00.5'E  4437
               140             17:50   44°15.3'S  02°00.9'E  4444
               141             18:50   44°05.6'S  02°05.8'E  4430
               142             19:50   43°55.1'S  02°11.1'E  4633
               143             20:50   43°43.6'S  02°17.7'E  4553
               144             21:50   43°30.9'S  02°23.8'E  4435
               145             22:50   43°20.3'S  02°29.3'E  4444
               146  19.05.98   01:22   43°19.0'S  02°31.3'E  4481
               147             02:21   43°12.6'S  02°44.7'E  4465
               148             03:21   43°05.2'S  02°59.0'E  4460
        


      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998





      DATA PROCESSING NOTES

      DATE      CONTACT      DATA TYPE      DATA STATUS SUMMARY
      --------  -----------  -------------  ----------------------------------
      07/25/01  Witte        CTD/BTL/SUM    Submitted
                The directory this information has been stored in is: 
                                    20010725.005322_WITTE_SR4
                The format type is: ASCII
                The data type is:   Sumfile BottleFile CTDFile DOCFile
                The Bottle File has the following parameters:
                  CTDPRES,CTDTMP,CTDSAL,SALNTY,OXYGEN,SILCAT,NITRAT,NITRIT,PHS, PHT
                The Bottle File contains:
                  CastNumber StationNumber BottleNumber
                WITTE, HANNELORE would like the data PUBLIC.
                And would like the following done to the data:  place data on-line
                
                      
      12/04/01  Diggs        CTD/BTL/SUM    Website Update; Data OnLine
                New cruise! Submitted by Hannalore Witte on 7/25/2001. Data 
                are in sr04_e/original. Need information, i.e. who is the 
                PI?
                
                I just found a cruise that apparently has been languishing 
                in the INCOMING area for a while, since last July 25,2001.  
                Hannalore Witte went through the proper procedures and 
                submitted them using the old webform.
                
                I have hand-edited the woce_lines.txt file and added it to 
                the RCSable lines.  It's been RCS'd, and resides in the data 
                area under sr04_e/original
                
                The CTD files are 'close' to WOCE format, the bottle file 
                seems dead-on, and the SUMfile is way off.
                      
      12/19/01  Hajrasuliha  STATRK         station track made
                Images created for the station track map. .JPG and .GIF
                
      12/19/01  Bartolacci   CTD/BTL/SUM    Reformatted data online
                I have created an idex page for these data, reformatted all 
                files and placed all files online. Correspondence  will need 
                to be initiated with the data PI Hannelore Witte in order to 
                solve minor format and parameter questions, however all 
                files are in WOCE format.
                 
                All original files reside in the original directory, a 
                station track map still needs to be generated for this 
                cruise.
                
                2001.12.17  DMB
                
                Reformatting notes for SR04_e 06AQANTXV_4.  Data sent by 
                Hannelor Witte in July, 2001.
                
                SUM:  
                 1. Added Following parameter columns to file: 
                    EXPOCODE-06AQANTXV_4 
                    WOCE SECT-SR04
                 2. CAST TYPE-added CTD, because original sumfile header 
                    indicated file was a list of CTD stations for this cruise, 
                    however since bottle data do exist, stations in the sumfile 
                    that contain bottle data should get ROS instead of CTD.  
                    This is a minor point however (as per J. Swift) and does not 
                    ffect the formatting of the file.
                 3. CODE- added UN, since no cast codes were given and only one 
                    line per cast exists.
                 4. NAV- added UNK, since no nav information was given.
                 5. Removed following columns, *note these should be confirmed 
                    with data PI as to relevance:
                      SN- this column was had a value of 1360 throughout the 
                       entire file.  possibly some serial number?  As per J. 
                       Swift this column can remain deleted from WHP file.
                      Confirm what WAT.  DEPTH is.  Currently WAT.  was removed 
                       from the DEPTH header.  As per J. Swift, WAT (water) 
                       depth can be removed from header.
                 6. Realigned all columns to adhere to woce format.
                 7. changed DATE from 03 31 1998 (mm<space>dd<space>yyyy) format 
                    to 033198 (mmddyy) format.
                 8. changed UTC time from hh<space>mm format to hhmm format.
                 9. Added hemisphere character designator and removed all 
                    negative signs in latitudes and longitudes.
                10. Added ship name cruise name and leg designator to first 
                    header line.
                11. Added name/date stamp.
                12. Ran sumchk with no errors.
                13. Renamed file sr04_esu.txt
                
                BOT:  
                 1. Edited parameter header line to proper WOCE alignment.
                 2. changed expocode 06AQANTXV/4 to 06AQANTXV_4.
                 3. Added name/date stamp.
                 4. Ran wocecvt with no errors.  Several pressure inversions and 
                    duplicate depths do exist.
                 5. Renamed file sr04_ehy.txt
                
                CTD:  
                 1. Changed expocode 06AQANTXV/4 to 06AQANTXV_4 in all station 
                    files.
                 2. ran wctcvt with no errors, however TRANSMS header is 
                    unrecognized by diagnostic code.  Format passed diagnostic 
                    code.
                 3. zipped up files remaning zip file to sr04_ect.zip
                      

      
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      ____________________________________________________________________________________________
      
      
                                                            SR04 • Fahrbach • RV/Polarstern • 1998



      DATE      CONTACT      DATA TYPE      DATA STATUS SUMMARY
      --------  -----------  -------------  ----------------------------------
      03/04/02  Uribe        CTD/BTL        Website Updated: Exchange file online
                CTD and bottle have been converted to exchange and put 
                online. Data was checked in JOA and no apparent problems 
                were noticeable.
                      
      01/10/05  Key          TCARBN         Data Question: some lat/long values wrong?
                This is just a guess at this point based on a file I 
                recently received from Mario Hoppema  (PI for the tco2) for 
                this cruise.
                
                It appears that both the WHPO SUM and exchange files have 
                errors in the longitudes for stations which fall along the 
                main S-N transect at the end of the cruise. I've attached a 
                figure which shows the difference. I don't know for sure 
                which is correct, but the ship probably went into Capetown 
                which would favor the Hoppema file. Whichever is correct, 
                it's just a sign change (or W to E) for the ones that are 
                wrong. I'd appreciate a note if my guess is wrong and the 
                WHPO locations are indeed correct.
                
                The Hoppema file also has about twice the number of bottle 
                records as the one at WHPO. I haven't yet figured this out, 
                but will keep you posted.
                
      01/10/05  Key          TCARBN         Data Update: Key has public data 
                I have recently been in contact with Mario Hoppema 
                regarding data from this cruise. He sent me a new data file 
                which contains TCO2 measurements which he now considers 
                "public". He also believes that his data were submitted to 
                WHPO quite awhile back. There is also the possibility that 
                Roether has submitted his CFC and perhaps H3/He3 results 
                from this cruise.
                
                Before I bother Wolfgang, could you see if you have anything 
                which is not on-line. If you don't have the TCO2, I'll send 
                it as soon as I've merged the values. If you don't have the 
                CFC and/or H3/He3 let me know and I'll get in touch with 
                Wolfgang. Since Wolfgang is now retired, we need to bump 
                priority on these data before they're lost.
                      

      DATE      CONTACT      DATA TYPE      DATA STATUS SUMMARY
      --------  -----------  -------------  ----------------------------------
      01/11/05  Anderson     SUM            Website Updated: corrected longs.
                Corrected some of the longitude hemisphere indicators from W 
                to E.  Checked original .SUM file sent by H. Witte which 
                also indicated that the stations in question should be E not W.
                      
      01/13/05  Anderson     CTD            Data Update: corrected longs.
                Made new exchange file for the ctd's to reflect the changes 
                  made to the longitudes in the .sum file on Jan. 11, 2005.  
                A new NETCDF file and corrected station position map need to 
                  be generated.
                      
      01/31/05  Roether      BTL/SUM        Submitted new sum file & tracers
                CTDPRS, CTDTMP, CTDSAL, OXYGEN,  SILICAT, NITRAT, 
                NITRIT, PHSPHT, CFC-11, CFC-12,  CFC113,  CCL4,   TRITUM, 
                HELIUM, DELHE3, NEON,   O18/O16, TCARBN,  ALKALI, FCO2, PH 
                
                Dear Bob (Key),
                Here are the tracer data that you asked for. Specifically: 
                The first file is an ASCII table with all the bottle data of 
                the cruise, as explained on p. 1 of the second file. I also 
                enclose our station data for the cruise (Lat/long/water 
                depth/date) , which might solve your problem  with 
                incoherent station information. If however the discrepancy 
                remains unsolved, you should adress Mario because ANT 15-4 
                was an AWI cruise so they must have the real information.
                
                Comment: All our tracer data should have been submitted to 
                WHPO, but the above file is the best info there is.  Flags 
                are according to WOCE requirements. There are two flag-words 
                of 12 digits each at the end of each sample line (see table 
                on p. 1 of the seond file what the individual flags refer 
                to). The table includes errors for tritium and the 
                helium/neon species, but not for the CFCs. Their errors are 
                as follows:
                  CFC-11, CFC-12 < 1% (all data)
                  CFC-113 < 1.5 to 2% or O.002pmol/kg, whichever is greater 
                  CCl4 < 2.5% , but additional uncertainty of  +- 0.18 pmol 
                                (or less) for Stas. 3-6.
                Part of the helium samples were taken in a non-traditional 
                way (sucking water into an evacuated ampoule), such data are 
                denoted by a 7 as the last digit in the second flag word 
                (regular copper samples have an 8 at that position). 

                Intercalibrations have been made, and the errors given in 
                the big table account for that. Part of the vaccuum samples 
                had some air contamination, if small enough a correction was 
                made using the neon value, in which case no neon value is 
                given in the table.
                      
      02/15/05  Anderson     CFCs/HeTr/CO2  Update Needed: requested data from Key
                I don't see any of that data here.  Send it along and I will 
                merge it this week.
                      

      DATE      CONTACT      DATA TYPE      DATA STATUS SUMMARY
      --------  -----------  -------------  ----------------------------------
      02/16/05  Key          CFCs/HeTr/CO2  Submitted
                The new data for this cruise are attached. I only included 
                what you don't have. As usual, my software doesn't worry 
                about number of decimal places and truncates trailing 
                decimal zeros. The flags are as assigned by the data 
                generators (Roether, Hoppema and perhaps others) and follow 
                WOCE convention. tracer"e" are errors and tracer"f" are 
                flags. The header is not WOCE, but I don't think you'll have 
                any problem. You should get a 1 to 1 match to the hydro 
                file. I did a quick check and these appear to be first class 
                data.
                      
      02/18/05  Anderson     CFCs/HeTr/CO2  Website Updated: Data Online
                Merged the TCO2, CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC113, CCL4, TRITUM, 
                TRITER, HELIUM, HELIER, DELHE3, DELHER, NEON, and NEONER 
                into the online file.  
                
                Data were submitted by Bob Key on Feb. 16, 2005.  There were 
                no apparent problems.
                      
      04/14/05  Witte        Cruise Report  Submitted summary
                as attachment I send you the summery of the cruise report of 
                ANTXV/4. The whole cruise report is only a hard copy. If you 
                want it also, please let me know.
                      
      04/26/05  Witte        Cruise Report  Submitted Hard Copy
                Report is German and English.  will need to be scanned and 
                converted to text and PDF files.

      05/20/05  Kappa        STATRK         Data Update: Station Track incorrect
                I noticed that our station plot for sr04_e has an error in 
                it.  I've attached a pdf showing approximately how it should 
                look:  the northernmost leg should curve east, not west.
                This may mean the the values in the .sum file are incorrect, 
                too.  Can one of you fix this and send me a ps. file of  the new 
                station track?
                      
      05/23/05  Diggs        STATRK         Website Updated: new sta. track online 
                Updated Map on website from entries in new SUMFILE corrected by 
                S. Anderson.
                      

      DATE      CONTACT      DATA TYPE      DATA STATUS SUMMARY
      --------  -----------  -------------  ----------------------------------
      05/26/05  Kappa        STATRK         Data Update: made new station track 
                I hand corrected the old station track to include with the 
                cruise report.  It contains the 6 stations missing from 
                Steve's recently generated station track.  A pdf of my new 
                statrk is attached.
                
      05/26/05  Key          CFCs/HeTr/CO2  Data Update: Key has new data files
                The bottle data file available on-line for this cruise just 
                has T,S.O2,nuts. I have been in contact with Mario Hoppema, 
                Wolfgang Roether and Birgit Kline. With their help, I now 
                have values (and flags) for:
                
                  CFC-11,12,113, CCl4
                  H3,He3,He-4 (with errors)
                  Neon (with errors)
                  TCO2
                
                Roether says that he had previously submitted the data to 
                WHPO and that it just hadn't been posted. Regardless, let me 
                know what you don't have and I'll send it along. I'm still 
                trying to verify responsible PIs for the new values. 
                Documentation for this cruise says that C13 was collected, 
                but I haven't been able to dig anything up on this.
                      
      05/27/05  Kappa        Cruise Report  Assembled new pdf and text reports
                Previous online report was only CTD calibrations.  New report, 
                from hard copy submitted by H. Witte, contains: a cruise 
                narrative, reports on tracers, atmosphere investigations, and
                marine biology.  Also includes figures, tables, and these data 
                processing notes.  PDF and Text versions made.
      
                

