A.    Cruise Narrative, Line P01W, Sea of Okhotsk Section


A.1.  Highlights

WHP Cruise Summary Information

WOCE section designation                  P01W
Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)         90BM9316_1
Chief Scientist(s) and their affiliation  Alexander Bychkov, Frank Whitney
Dates                                     1993.08.30 - 1993.09.21
Ship                                      Akademician Alexander Nesmeyanov
Ports of call                             Vladivostok, Russia to Vladivostok
	
Number of stations                        38
Geographic boundaries of the stations                 58° 29'.92 N
                                          141° 48'.23 E          153° 31'.18 E
                                                      43° 59'.24 N
Floats and drifters deployed              3 Surface Drifters
Moorings deployed or recovered            None
Contributing Authors                      None Listed


A.2.  Cruise Summary Information

GEOGRAPHIC BOUNDARIES
The Nesmeyanov sailed from Vladivostok to the beginning of Line P1W near Bussol 
Strait in the Kuril Islands at 44°N 153°30'E.  A complete section was sampled 
from this point roughly NNW into the Sea of Okhotsk, ending near the town of 
Okhotsk in the NW corner of the sea at 47°30'N 147°02'E (see figure 1).

STATIONS OCCUPIED
38 CTD/rosette stations were occupied along theP1W section.  Using a Guildline 
8737 CTD and 24 bottle General Oceanics Rosette, profiles to 3400 m were taken 
every 30' longitude from 44°N to 58.5°N. This depth permitted sampling to the 
bottom in the Sea of Okhotsk, while restricting loads placed on winches that 
were too light for deep ocean work. Onboard analyses included salinity, oxygen, 
nutrients, CFCs, alkalinity and pH. Additional samples were stored for TCO2, 
13C, 14C, tritium, 18O, and alkalinity.

In addition to the WOCE program, Lloyd Keigwin (WHOI) and Sergei Gorbarenko 
(POI) took gravity and box cores between 3200 and 1000 m up the side of 
Akademician Nauk Rise in the center of the Sea of Okhotsk. 

FLOATS & DRIFTERS DEPLOYED
Three surface drifters were deployed (with a drogue depth of 120 m).

MOORINGS DEPLOYED OR RECOVERED
No moorings were deployed or recovered on this cruise.

Table of Stations by Type

Sample type:       No. stations:  Max. depth:
---------------------------------------------
Surface drifters        3           120 m
CTD/Rosette casts      38          3400 db


A.3.  List of Principal Investigators

Alexander Bychkov  Alkalinity, pH                      POI
Howard Freeland,   CTD, S, O2                          IOS
Gennady Jurasov                                        POI
Frank Whitney      Nutrients                           IOS
C.S. Wong          TCO2, CFCs, 13C, 14C, tritium, 18O  IOS


A.4.  Scientific Programme and Methods

Our original cruise plan called for several days of coring up the slope of Nauk 
Rise in the Sea of Okhotsk, followed by a non-stop hydrographic section from 
south to north through Bussol Strait and the 2 major basins of the sea.  
However, delays caused by shipping and customs caused us to cut travel time by 
mixing hydro and core sampling.  This permitted both programs to be completed.  

Preliminary analysis of data shows that the deep waters of Kuril Basin (bottom 
depth about 3400 m) are similar to 2300 m (Bussol Strait sill depth) North 
Pacific waters in a variety of parameters including density, oxygen and 
nutrients.  However, the waters of Deryugina Basin (bottom depth about 1600 m) 
in the western-central part of Okhotsk, have high Si levels, suggesting limited 
exchange with waters in Kuril Basin.  

A shallow cold layer, between 20 and 150 m, was evident in all northern 
stations.  Temperature gradients between the summer warm layer (12°C) and the 
near freezing shallow layer (-1.6°C) were as sharp as 10° in 10 m. 

GOALS ACHIEVED
Section P1W was completed without omissions.  Drifters were deployed at our 
first 3 stations in the region of the Oyashio Current. 

A.5.  Major Problems and Goals Not Achieved

Winches that could not be trusted to great depth restricted our sampling to 3400 
m in the NW Pacific.  High levels of CFCs in shipboard air affected our limit of 
detection for these measurements, and replacement of our primary regulator with 
one less suitable caused more variability in CFC standards than we normally see.  
The PO4 colorimeter on our AutoAnalyzer was unstable many of the days we 
measured nutrients.    

A.6.  Other Incidents of Note
 
In addition to the WOCE program, Lloyd Keigwin (WHOI) and Sergei Gorbarenko 
(POI) took gravity and box cores in depths between 3200 and 1000 m up the side 
of Akademician Nauk Rise in the center of the Sea of Okhotsk.

A.7.  Cruise Participants & Affiliations

Name               Institute  Responsibility
-----------------------------------------------------------
Alex Bychkov*         POI     Chief scientist
Frank Whitney**       IOS     Co-chief scientist
Gennady Yurasov       POI     Principal Investigator
Wendy Richardson      IOS     CFCs
Bernard Minkley       IOS     Sampling, S & O data
Hugh MacLean          UBC     Rosette handling and sampling
Colin Taylor          UBC     CTD data processing, sampling
Andrei Andreyev       POI     Nutrients
Pavel Tishchenko      POI     CFCs
Ruslan Chichkin       POI     CFCs
Galina Pavlova        POI     Alkalinity
Nadezhda Sudakova     POI     Oxygen
Victor Savchenko      POI     Salinity
Anatoly Salyuk        POI     Hydro data processing
Valeri Tapinov        POI     CTD data processing
Yuri Shugla           POI     pH, sampling
Alexander Kalabukhov  POI     electronics

* Alex Bychkov 
  Pacific Oceanological Institute
  Far-Eastern Branch
  Russian Academy of Sciences
  43 Baltiyskaya -- Vladivostok 690032
  Russian Federation
  Phone:    +7-423-225-3308
  Fax:      +7-423-222-4552
  Telex:    213121 SVT SU
  Internet: dvo@stv.sovam.com	

**Frank Whitney
  Institute of Ocean Sciences
  P.O. Box 6000
  9860 West Saanich Road
  Sidney, B.C. V8L 4B2
  Canada
  Phone:    604-363-6816
  Fax:      604-363-6807
  Internet: whitney@ccs.io.bc.ca

IOS  Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, B.C., Canada.
UBC  Department of Oceanography, University of B.C., Vancouver, B.C.
POI  Pacific Oceanological Institute, Vladivostok, Russia


C.    Hydrographic Measurements

C.1.  Water sampling and CTD measurements

A General Oceanics Rosette holding 23 10 L Niskin samplers, and a Guildline 
Model 8737 CTD was used for routine sampling.  Two pairs of reversing digital 
thermometers and a digital pressure sensor were used to check CTD measurements.  
Precruise calibrations and bottle salinity samples allowed us to process most of 
the CDT data.  However, post-cruise calibrations are required for verification, 
when equipment returns from Russia.
On each station, samples were drawn in the order CFCs, oxygen, TCO2, 13C, 14C, 
alkalinity (stored), tritium, then in any order, pH, alkalinity (analyzed 
onboard), nutrients, salinity and 18O.  

To supply a uniform assessment of analytical precision for all analyses 
routinely throughout the section, a pair of Niskin bottles was tripped at a 
single depth on most Rosette casts.  The pooled standard deviation of data from 
these sample pairs is calculated by 

                             Sp = (sigma d–2/2k)–1/2,

where d is the difference between the pairs and k is the number of pairs.

Parameter   Sp               k
-------------------------------
CTDPRS      1.1 dbar         34
CTDTEMP     0.018°C          34
CDTSAL      0.0032           34
SALNTY      0.0020           34
OXYGEN      0.79  (mol kg-1  31
SILCAT      0.61  (mol kg-1  32
NITRAT      0.28  (mol kg-1  33
NITRIT      0.025 (mol kg-1  32
PHSPHT      0.04  (mol kg-1  33
CFC-11      0.114 pmol kg-1  21
CFC-12      0.094 pmol kg-1  21
alkalinity  2.387 (mol kg-1  28
pH          0.004            31


CFCs

Water samples for CFC-11 and CFC-12 were drawn in 100 mL glass syringes.  
Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography following the procedure of Bullister 
and Weiss (1987).  Since the Nesmeyanov was badly contaminated with CFCs, all 
CFC equipment was kept on the aft deck of the vessel.  A make-shift laboratory 
was set up in our shipping container on the aft deck.  Still the air held high 
concentrations of especially CFC-12 (2 to 4 times clean air).  

The regulator that controls carrier gas flow leaked when the GC was first 
started.  Attempts at repair resulted in the inevitable destruction of this 
regulator (it took us more than 24 h to accomplish this).  We had no good 
replacement, so used an ancient piece of equipment that barely served our needs.  
As a result, gas flow was more variable than normal and blanks were higher.

C.2.  Oxygen 

An automated titration system (Brinkman Dosimat) using the micro-Winkler method 
(Carpenter, 1965) detected the iodine end-point colorimetrically.  Standards 
were prepared as outlined in WOCE Report 73/91.  

All 23 Niskin bottles were tripped between 1500 and 1502.6 db on September 16.  
O2 results ranged between 54.7 and 56.6 µmol kg-1 with 

         SD = 0.49 µmol kg-1 (n=23).    Sp = 0.64 µmol kg-1 (n=29).

C.3.  Nutrients

Samples were collected in polystyrene tubes (16 x 125 mm) and refrigerated 
between 0 and 20 h before being analyzed.  NO3&NO2, NO2, PO4 and Si were 
analysed by Technicon procedures.  

C.4.  Salinity

Samples were collected in glass bottles and analyzed onboard ship using a 
Guildline Model 8410 Portasal.  The Portasal was standardized daily with IAPSO 
standard sea water.  SD of 23 bottles tripped at 1500 m at an average salinity 
of 34.480 was 0.0013.  For 29 paired Niskin samplers,

                                 Sp = 0.0011.

C.5.  TCO2, 13C, 14C, alkalinity (stored)

These three sample types were collected in the same manner.  Water was dispensed 
through Tygon tubing to the bottom of sample bottles.  The bottles were allowed 
to overflow at least 50% of their volume.  Water was poured off, to create an 
air space equal to about 1% of the bottle volume.  Then 200_L of saturated HgCl2 
solution per 250 mL of sample was added. TCO2 and 13C samples were collected in 
250 mL GS bottles.  Stoppers were greased then taped in place.  Alkalinity 
samples were collected in 500 mL screw cap bottles.  Caps were taped to prevent 
loosening.  Carbon-14 samples were collected in 500 mL GS bottles that were 
stored with greased and taped stoppers.  All samples were stored at 4°C onboard 
ship and at IOS.  Shipping from Valdivostok to IOS, which took about 50 d (Sep 
21 to Nov 10), was at ambient temperatures.

C.6.  pH

The direct potentiometry was used for pH determination (Bates, 1973). Water was 
collected according to the recommendations for oxygen (Culberson, 1991) and 
measurements were conducted immediately after sampling. The analysis was made at 
25(0.1°C with glass (OP-0718) and saturated calomel (OP-0830P) electrodes 
produced by Radelkis Co (Hungary). Tris-seawater prepared under Millero's 
prescription (Millero, 1986) was used as a standard before and after each set. 
pH value of this buffer and Nernst slope of electrode pair were controlled with 
Russian NBS commercial standards: 6.86 (phosphate buffer) and 4.01 (phtalate 
buffer).

C.7.  Total alkalinity (onboard analysis)

The samples for total alkalinity were obtained in the same manner as described 
by Dickson and Goyet (1991). They were either analyzed immediately after 
sampling or treated by 50 µl of mercuric chloride and stored at + 4°C .

Total alkalinity was determined by direct titration of seawater with 0.02 N HCl 
in the open 25 ml cell (Methods ..., 1978) . The acid has been standardized 
daily with the solution of Na2CO3. dissolved in deionized water free of CO2.  To 
remove carbon dioxide, during titration the sample and standard were flushed  
into a cell together with a continuous stream of air free of CO2.. Theoretically 
in this case pH of the equivalence point should be 5.6, it lso could be reached 
without HSO4-- ions involvement into titration process. In practice the mixture 
of methylene blue and methyl red was used as indicator. Titration was completed 
at pH 5.4 (5.5 when the green color of the solution turned into the light blue).  
To realize the procedure a motor-driven piston burette with (0.01 ml scale 
(reproducibility) has been used. The concentrations obtained were converted from 
volumetric into weight units with the help of seawater density calculated at the 
temperature of measurements (Millero and Poisson, 1981)

C.8.  18O

Samples were collected in 30 or 60 mL polyethylene bottles.  When possible (on 
ship and at IOS) samples were refrigerated.  
   
Analyses were performed by equilibrating 5 mL of sample with CO2 of known 
isotopic composition.  Samples were equilibrated for 15 h at 20oC before the gas 
was passes through a moisture trap, then fed into a Nuclide Radio Mass 
Spectrometer. 18O/16O ratios are expressed relative to the V-SMOW standard as 
(18O.  Details of the procedure are given in Paton et al (1994).


D.   Acknowledgements

E.   References

Bates, R.G., 1973. Determination of pH, theory and practice. Wiley. N.Y., 368 
    pp.

Bullister, J.L. and Weis, R.F. (1987).  Determination of CCl3F and CCl2F2 in 
    seawater and air.  Deep-Sea Reserach Vol. 35, No. 5, 839-853.

Carpenter, J.H.  1965. The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler 
    dissolved oxygen method.  Limnol. Oceanogr., 10: 141-143.

Culberson, C.H., 1991.  Dissolved Oxygen. In: WOCE Operations Manual. WHP 
    Operations and Methods. WOCE Report No 68/91: 1-15.

Dickson, A.G., Goyet, C., 1991.  Handbook of Methods for the Analysis of the 
    Various Parameters of the Carbon Dioxide System in Seawater.  DOE Publ., 89-
    7A, Version 1.0.

Millero, F.J., 1986.  The pH of estuarine waters.  Limnol. Oceanogr. 31: 839-
    847.    

Millero, F. J., Poisson, A., 1981.  International one-atmosphere equation of 
    state for seawater. Deep-Sea Res., 28: 625-629 pp. 

Paton, D.W., Abehennah, W. Grieve and R.W. Macdonald.  1994.   NOGAP B.6, Oxygen 
    isotope data from water and ice cores from the Beaufort Sea, September 1990, 
    May 1991 and September 1991.  Can. Data Rep. Hydrogr. Oc. Sci. No. 134.



Data Quality Evaluation:  Hydrographic data
(Michio AOYAMA)
15 May 1996

The data quality of the hydrographic data of the WOCE P1W cruise (EXPOCODE: 
90BM9316/1) are examined.  The data files for this DQE work were P1W.sum and 
P1W.mka (this P1W.mka file is created for DQE, then it has a new column of 
quality 2 word) provided by WHPO.

GENERAL:
The station spacing are ca. 30 nautical miles and the sampling layer spacing was 
kept ca. 200 dbar in the deeper layers during the P1W cruise.  Aside from the 
winch problem that restricted the sampling depth to 3400 meters at the stations 
1 - 4 in the western North Pacific, the ctd lowering were made to ca. 100 meters 
to the sea bottom within the Sea of Okhotsk.  Since these sea areas less high 
quality data historically, P1W data will improve our knowledge on the Sea of 
Okhotsk.

DQE used the data flagged "2" by the data originators for this DQE work.

DQE examined 6 profiles and 7 property vs. property plots as listed below:

salinity, oxygen, silicate, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate profiles
theta vs. salinity plot
theta vs. oxygen plot
salinity vs. oxygen plot
nitrate vs. phosphate plot
salinity vs. silicate plot
theta vs. silicate plot
silicate vs. nitrate plot

1. CTD pressure and CTD temperature;

DQE did not find any descriptions on the CTD calibration.  Please add the 
description on the CTD calibration to provide the information on the accuracy 
and precision of the CTD pressure and CTD temperature in .SEA file.

2. Salinity;

The CTD salinities in .SEA file show a larger difference to bottle salinity 
around 0.015 PSS.  Since they are observed "not calibrated", DQE asks PI to 
calibrate them.  Otherwise suggest flg. "1 - not calibrated".

3. Oxygen;

Bottle oxygen looks good.

4. Nutrients;

The nitrite concentrations of 0.04 - 0.07 µmol/kg at the deeper layers at 
stations 6 and 38 look very high and may have originated from the contamination 
during handling the samples or baseline drift of Auto analyzer during analyses.  
Suggest flg. "3".

The nitrate concentrations at the deeper layers ranging from 1600 dbar to 3200 
dbar at station 38 look fluctuating.  Suggest flg. "3".

Although this sea area shows complex structure and a higher variability, the 
phosphate - nitrate plot for whole data in .SEA file shows relatively larger 
fluctuations in the data than one might expect from usual analyses conditions.  
As noted in the cruise report, if problems clearly exist in the phosphate 
analysis, the data originator can easily recognize how and when the problems 
occurred using the data such as stability of baseline, reproducebility of the 
standards analyses, the actual high of the standards peak on the chart of the 
analyses, the actual absorbance values of standards and so on.  DQE asks data 
originator to describe the problem in detail and flag out the questionable and 
bad data by themselves.

5. The following are some specific problems that should be looked at:

STNNBR XX/ CASTNO X/ SAMPNO XX at XXXX dbar:
---------------------------------------------------------------------
7/1/154   at 2999 dbar: Nitrite concentration looks too high.   
                          Suggest flg. "3".
9/1/180   at 50 dbar:   Bottle oxygen is missing.   
                          Suggest flg. "5" or "9".
16/1/296  at 799 dbar:  Phosphate concentration looks high.   
                          Suggest flg. "3".
33/1/410  at 150 dbar:  Bottle oxygen is missing.   
                          Suggest flg. "5" or "9".
36/1/427  at 200 dbar:  Bottle oxygen is missing.   
                          Suggest flg. "5" or "9".
38/1/528  at 2596 dbar: Bottle oxygen looks low.   
                          Suggest flg. "3".
38/1/515  at 302 dbar:  Bottle oxygen looks lower or should be at the 
                        different layer.    
                          Suggest flg. "3".


Data Quality Evaluation:  CTD data
(Michio AOYAMA)
15 May 1996

General
The data quality of WOCE P1W CTD data (EXPOCODE: 90BM9316/1) and the CTD 
salinity found in dot sea file are examined.  The individual 2 dbar profiles 
were observed in temperature and salinity by comparing the profiles obtained 
from nearby stations.  DQE did not find any descriptions on the CTD calibration.  
Please add the description on CTD calibration to provide the information on the 
accuracy and precision of CTD measurements during the cruise.

The CTD salinity calibrations are examined using the water sample data file 
P1W.mka.  DQE used the original water sample data flagged "2" only for the DQE 
work.

Details

1. CTD profiles

CTD temperature and salinity look good in general. 
DQE observed noisy salinity and temperature profiles for a few stations.  
Details for each problem are listed in Sec. 3.

2. Salinity calibration;

The salinity differences between CTD salinity in .SEA file and bottle salinity 
vs. pressure are shown in fig. 2.  The salinity differences between CTD salinity 
in CTD files and bottle salinity vs. pressure are also shown in fig. 3.  It is 
clear that the CTD salinities in both .SEA file and CTD files are not 
calibrated.  The behaviors as shown in figures 2 and 3, however, look very 
strange.  The salinity differences during upcast (fig. 2) show +0.01 - +0.02 PSS 
in the deeper layers while those during downcast (fig. 3) show -0.02 - 0.00 PSS, 
opposite sign to upcast, and show clear pressure dependency.  Then the salinity 
in the deeper layers shows a difference of 0.03 PSS between CTD salinities in 
.SEA file and those in CTD files and this difference tend to decrease as the 
pressure decreases as shown in fig. 4.  

Then, DQE asks data originator to calibrate them.

3. The following are some specific problems that should be looked at:

stn. 1:  from 990 dbar   CTD temperature and CTD      Suggest flg. "3".
         to 1030 dbar    salinity profiles look 
                         noisy and density inver-
                         sions are observed.            
stn. 2:  from 1800 dbar  CTD temperature and CTD      Suggest flg. "3".
         to 1830 dbar    salinity profiles look 
                         noisy and density inver-
                         sions are observed.
stn. 4:  from 1800 dbar  CTD temperature and CTD      Suggest flg. "3".
         to 1820 dbar    salinity profiles look 
                         noisy and density inver- 
                         sions are observed.
stn. 22: from 1400 dbar  CTD salinity profile         Suggest flg. "3".
         to 1425 dbar    looks noisy.                      

Figures available in PDF cruise report



Final CFC Data Quality Evaluation (DQE) Comments on P01W. 
(David Wisegarver)
Dec 2000

This data set does not meet the relaxed WOCE standard for CFC's.  The original 
CFC flags (QUALT1) assigned by the PI have not been altered.  During the DQE 
process, CFC QUALT1 flags of '2' (good) assigned by the PI have been given  
QUALT2 flags of '3' (questionable).  Detailed comments on the DQE process have 
been sent to the PI and to the WHPO.
 
The CFC concentrations have been adjusted to the SIO98 calibration Scale (Prinn 
et al. 2000) so that all of the Pacific WOCE CFC data will be on a common 
calibration scale.
 
For further information, comments or questions, please, contact the CFC PI for 
this section (C. S. Wong, WongCS@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca) or David Wisegarver 
(wise@pmel.noaa.gov).
 
Additional information on WOCE CFC synthesis may be available at: 
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/cfc

********************************************************************************
Prinn, R. G., R. F. Weiss, P. J. Fraser, P. G. Simmonds, D. M. Cunnold, F. N. 
Alyea, S. O'Doherty, P. Salameh, B. R. Miller, J. Huang, R. H. J. Wang, D. E. 
Hartley, C. Harth, L. P. Steele, G. Sturrock, P. M. Midgley,  and A. McCulloch, 
A history of chemically and radiatively important gases  in air deduced from 
ALE/GAGE/AGAGE J. Geophys. Res., 105, 17,751-17,792, 2000.
********************************************************************************
 
The information below was provided by the CFC PI for this section. 
(None available at time of most recent update)



PI Response to Nutrients DQE
CHECK NUTRIENT DATA FROM CRUISE 9316
(Janet Barwell-Clarke and Frank Whitney)

Phosphate data was examined as calculated by the analyst, Andree Andreev onboard 
Cruise 9316.  Each day's run was examined and the baseline drift and noise 
documented. The C2 factors from the regressions used for each day are noted, and 
the concentration of a 4.00 µM check standard (run as an unknown) is recorded. 
It appears that some of the data has already been edited because the .SEA file 
submitted to WHPO and Andreev's calculations of µM/kg do not match up for 
several stations.  I can find no documentation of this editing.  

CHECK STANDARDS:
A check standard was run as an unknown usually at the end of a station profile, 
and the concentration recorded over the duration of the cruise. There was more 
variability than would be expected, on certain days data will be flagged "3".  
The concentration should be within 1% of the expected concentration but was 
some-times as much as 6% low.

DATA EVALUATION:
QUALIT1   Samples           Baseline                C2 Factor  Check Standard
(NEW)  STNBR   SMPNO  Drift          Noise             Value        Value
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2     1         1-23  down           no               .003692       n.a.
2     2        24-46  up             no               .003373       3.94
2     3-6     47-133  up, down,      no               .003598     3.98, 3.99,
                      up                                          3.96, 4.11,
                                                                    4.16
2     7-9    134-201  up, then       little at        .003854     3.90, 4.01,
                      below zero     end of run       .003871     3.02, 4.00
3     10     202-219  up, down       0.14 µM          .003422       3.66
                                                      .002686  
3     11     220-233  up             0.04 µM          .003973        3.72
                                                      .004991  
3     12-14  234-271  up first       noisy, but       .003456     4.20, 4.15,
                      reg.           baseline visible                4.05
3     15-18  272-328  up to          bit noisy        .003363     3.71, 3.76,
                      mid run        286-297          .002860     3.71, 3.77
2     19 24  329-373  steady up      no               .003621     3.91, 4.00,
      25-27           all day                         .003436        3.99
3     28-33  374-412  no             0.06 µM          .002913        3.73
                                                      .002947
3     23,    431-443  no             0.04 µM          .002999     4.06, 4.11,
      34-36  413-430                                  .002699     4.12, 4.10
2     20-22  472-457  up thru first  no               .003759     4.15, 3.96,
                      reg & profile                   .003542        3.94
9     37     497-509      ---          ---               ---         ---
2     38     510-531  up thru first  bit noisy        .003737        n.a.
                      reg & profile


GENERAL COMMENTS:
It would appear that inadequate warm-up time was allowed for either the lamp 
and/or the phosphate bath - as indicated by a steadily increasing baseline at 
the beginning of most data files.  The PO4 colorimeter was unstable for much of 
the cruise.
  
It appears that the same set of standard samples was used for standard 
regressions 1 (beginning of a run) and 2 (end of a run) - they were not 
replenished from the volumetric flasks.  The same set of erratic standards 
appears in both regressions and sometimes on consecutive days.

The baseline was very noisy on several days, perhaps a bubble and/or some dirt 
had become lodged in the flowcell or the electronics were unstable.

On the basis of the above observations I would make the following 
recommendations on the phosphate data to WHPO.  I would not edit the 
concentrations in the .SEA file with two exceptions - Stn 16, sample 296 and 
Station 38, samples 523-529 have been re-calculated due to an offset in the 
data.  Much of the data has been downgraded, but I just can't see any way around 
it.

The phosphate data has been re-evaluated because "the phosphate - nitrate plot 
shows larger fluctuations in the data than might be expected from usual 
analytical conditions".

PHOSPHATE DATA WAS RE-EVALUATED BASED ON THE FOLLOWING PARAMETERS.

BASELINE NOISE:
The baseline is usually very stable during a sample run.  On this cruise the 
phosphate colorimeter worked well for the first 9 stations, then developed an 
electronic problem resulting in a noisy baseline off and on for the rest of the 
cruise.  The baseline often drifted, particularly at the beginning of each run.

STANDARD FACTORS
Standards are analyzed throughout the day to calculate regressions based on the 
following equation:

                            Y = C1*X^2+C2*X+C3

The regression factor C2 should remain relatively stable throughout the day and 
from day to day during a cruise.  Due to baseline drift and instability, and 
poor standard shapes and peak heights, the C2 factors showed much more 
variability.  


CHECK STANDARD
The check standard is a 4.00 µM standard run as an unknown sample and calculated 
with the samples.  It usually agrees to within 1% of the expected concentration 
but more variability was encountered. 
 
The data flagged "2" was found to have a stable baseline, standard factors and 
check standard values. Due to a combination of unstable baseline, questionable 
standard factors and/or check standards much data previously flagged "2" has 
been changed to "3".

The phosphate data has been edited for two stations due to baseline shifts - 
Station 16, sample 296 and Station 38, samples 523-529.

NITRATE DATA.
Nitrate concentrations at the deeper layers ranging from 1600 dbar to 3200 dbar 
at Station 38 should be flagged "3" due to the standard and sample peaks having 
very irregular shapes.

NITRITE DATA.
Nitrite quality bits have been changed to 3 for all samples of a station if the 
deep water concentrations were not near 0.

COMMENTS BY M. AOYAMA NOT ADDRESSED:
Oxygen data from samples 515 and 528 were not degraded to Quality 3.  Other-
wise, we attempted to make all changes he recommended.

* All figures shown in PDF file.




CFC Data Quality Evaluation:


Final CFC Data Quality Evaluation (DQE) Comments on P01W.
 
The final CFC DQE review was completed in Dec 2000 by David Wisegarver.  This 
data set does not meet the relaxed WOCE standard for CFCs.  The original CFC 
flags (QUALT1) assigned by the PI have not been altered.  During the DQE 
process,   CFC QUALT1 flags of '2' (good) assigned by the PI have been given  
QUALT2 flags of '3' (questionable).  Detailed comments on the DQE process have 
been sent to the PI and to the WHPO.
 
 The CFC concentrations have been adjusted to the SIO98 calibration Scale
 (Prinn et al. 2000) so that all of the Pacific WOCE CFC data will be on
 a common calibration scale.
 
 For further information, comments or questions, please, contact the CFC
 PI for this section (C. S. Wong, WongCS@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca) or David Wisegarver
 (wise@pmel.noaa.gov).
 
Additional information on WOCE CFC synthesis may be available at: 
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/cfc.

************************************************************************ 
Prinn, R. G., R. F. Weiss, P. J. Fraser, P. G. Simmonds, D. M. Cunnold,
 F. N. Alyea, S. O'Doherty, P. Salameh, B. R. Miller, J. Huang, R. H. J.
 Wang, D. E. Hartley, C. Harth, L. P. Steele, G. Sturrock, P. M.
 Midgley,  and A. McCulloch, A history of chemically and radiatively
 important gases  in air deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE J. Geophys. Res.,
 105, 17,751-17,792, 2000.
 
************************************************************************
 
The information below was provided by the CFC PI for this section.
(None available at tune if most recent update)



DATA PROCESSING COMMENTS:

Date      Contact     Data Type     Data Status Summary
================================================================================
11/9/93   Whitney     SUM/DOC       Submitted on disk
================================================================================
4/29/94   Marie Robert
  39 original files, 38 processed.
  Casts 1-38, plus test file HSA.
  Cast HSA is just a header, it does not contain any data.
  CAST NUMBERS ARE NOT SEQUENTIAL BUT MATE THE STATION NUMBERS.
  
  Only one CTD probe was used : the WOCE Guildline probe, model 8737.
  
  1.   Ron Perkin convert the original *.DAT file using program WOCE_C94.BAS .
       The converted files had extensions *.CNV
  
  2.   Program Woce_cnv
  
       Applied on *.cnv files.
  
  3.   Despike.
  
       Program Despike was run a number of times with varying input. It was
       decided to use the following values :
  
       Channel   Fit    Over   Min    Max     Min     Max     Spike    Rep
                 Width  lap    Value  Value   Stddev  Stddev  Tol
       -------   -----  ----   -----  ------  ------  ------  -----    ---
           P      25     5     0.00   3500.0  0.2000  30.000  2.70      T
           T      25     5     0.00     20.0  0.0050   3.000  2.70      T
           C      25     5     0.00      1.0  0.0005    .005  2.70      T
  
  4.   Time compensation.  (Program Timecomp).
  
       The following input parameters were used :
       
            Temp. Probe Dist above Cond. Cell Mouth      0.07 m
            Sample Period                                0.04 s
  
  5.   Program Delete.
  
       The following values have been used :
  
            Pressure NOT filtered.
            Swells deleted.
            Low drop rates deleted : minimum drop rate : 0.5 m/s
                                     drop width        : 11 samples.
  
  6.  Plots created with RAWPLOT and PLOT_CTD again.
  
  7.  Editing.
  
      Howard Freeland and Ron Perkin did the editing of the plots. 
      Lots of changes have been made.  Cast #38 was the worst one.
  
  8.  Averaging. (Program BINAVE).
  
      The depth have been averaged at an interval of 1 m. The
      following parameters have been used :
  
            Bin Channel : Pressure
            Averaging interval : 1.0
            Minimum bin value : 0.0
            Average value will be used.
            Interpolated values are NOT used for empty bins.
  
  
  9.  Filtering (Program LOWPASS).
  
      After the depth have been averaged, Ron Perkin noticed that
      their were still some density inversions. So the data have
      been filtered using LOWPASS with the following parameters :
  
            Channels to filter : Pressure, Temperature, Salinity.
            Salinity will NOT be recalculated after filtering.
            Sampling interval : 0.05 s
            Cutoff frequency : 2.0 Hz
  
  10.  The program BINAVE has been run again with the same
       parameters.
  
  
  11.  SUMMARY and CRUISE_PLOT have been run.
  
  12.  IMPORTANT ERROR FOUND.
  
       After SUMMARY has been run, it has been noticed that the headers
       of some files did NOT correspond to the data within these files.
       So the headers (station name, latitude, longitude, date and time,
       for both beginning and end of cast) of files 20 to 36, both 
       included, have been corrected, for the files with extension
       .CAL, .EDT and .AVG.
  
  13.  NEWSTP and PAGE have been run.
  
       The PAGE output all have "W" instead of "E" for the longitude.
       It should be East.
  
  14.  Program REMOVE CHANNEL (REMOVECH)
  
       The channel Conductivity_Ratio has been removed from the .AVG
       files. The new files are the .REM files.
  
  15.  Particulars.
  
            Cast 31, station HS35 : there was no latitude and
                                    longitude for the beginning of
                                    the cast, so the lat. and long.
                                    of the end of cast have been used
                                    in the program WOCE_CNV.
================================================================================
1/25/95   Whitney     BTL/DOC       Submitted; New DOC requested
  DOC not readable, please send new floppy
================================================================================
5/15/96   Whitney     NUTs          DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO
================================================================================
5/15/96   Aoyama      CTD           DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO
================================================================================
5/15/96   Aoyama      BTL           DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO
================================================================================
6/12/96   Whitney     BTL           DQE Report sent to PI
================================================================================
6/21/96   Perkin      SALNTY
  The cell constant for these files was changed on June 21, 1996 from 1.15384
  (on the existing header) to 1.15434(from the original comparison work, bottle
  vs. ctd) and the salinity was re-computed using the following Quick Basic 
  program. This new salinity corrected an offset picked up by the WOCE data 
  quality analyst. Further work may bring more changes.
  
  
  DECLARE FUNCTION SAL78! (CND!, t!, p!)
  FOR FF = 1 TO 38
          fl$ = RIGHT$("0000" + MID$(STR$(FF), 2), 4)
          FLNMis$ = "m:\woce\okhotsk\9316" + fl$ + ".ctd"
          FLNMwoc$ = "m:\woce\okhotsk\9316" + fl$ + ".woc"
          PRINT FLNMis$
          flnminew$ = "m:\woce\okhotsk\9316" + fl$ + ".ntd"
          flnmwnew$ = "m:\woce\okhotsk\9316" + fl$ + ".noc"
          OPEN FLNMis$ FOR INPUT AS #1
          OPEN flnminew$ FOR OUTPUT AS #2
         OPEN FLNMwoc$ FOR INPUT AS #3
          OPEN flnmwnew$ FOR OUTPUT AS #4
  skip:   LINE INPUT #1, hdstr$
          ncellk = INSTR(hdstr$, "1.15384")
          IF ncellk <> 0 THEN
                  MID$(hdstr$, ncellk, 7) = "1.15434"
          END IF
          PRINT #2, hdstr$
          IF INSTR(hdstr$, "*END OF HEADER") = 0 THEN GOTO skip
          WHILE NOT EOF(1)
                 INPUT #1, p, t, n1, s, n2
                 rnext = (s - 35) / 40 * .7
                 snext = SAL78(r, t, p)
  redo:          rnext = rnext + (s - snext) * .7 / 40
                 snext = SAL78(rnext, t, p)
                 IF ABS(s - snext) > .00001 THEN GOTO redo
                 rnew = rnext * (1.15434 + r * .0019407) / (1.15384 + r * 
  .0019407)
                 snew = SAL78(rnew, t, p)
                 PRINT #2, USING "########.## ##.##### #####. ##.##### ###."; p; 
  t; n1; snew; n2
          WEND
  CLOSE 1
  CLOSE 2
  skip1:  LINE INPUT #3, hdstr$
          PRINT #4, hdstr$
          IF INSTR(hdstr$, "*******") = 0 THEN GOTO skip1
          WHILE NOT EOF(3)
                  INPUT #3, p, t, s, n1, n2, n3
                  rnext = (s - 35) / 40 * .7
                  snext = SAL78(r, t, p)
  redo1:           rnext = rnext + (s - snext) * .7 / 40
                  snext = SAL78(rnext, t, p)
                  IF ABS(s - snext) > .00001 THEN GOTO redo1
                  rnew = rnext * (1.15434 + r * .0019407) / (1.15384 + r * 
  .0019407)
                  snew = SAL78(rnew, t, p)
                  PRINT #4, USING "######.# ##.#### ##.#### #####.# ####### 
  #######"; p; t; snew; n1; n2; n3
          WEND
  CLOSE 3
  CLOSE 4
  NEXT FF
  STOP
  
  FUNCTION SAL78 (XR, XT, XP)
  
  10005 REM
  10305 REM RANGE OF VARIABLES TRAP
  10310 REM
  10315       SAL78 = 0!
  10320       IF XR <= .0005 OR XR > 2 THEN GOTO 10405
  10321       IF XT <= -2.5 OR XT > 40 THEN GOTO 10405
  10322       IF XP <= -10 OR XP > 10000 THEN GOTO 10405
  10245 REM   POLNOMIALS OF RP: C(S,T,P)/C(S,T,0) VARIATION WITH PRESSURE
  10255 REM
  10260 NC = ((3.989E-15 * XP - 6.37E-10) * XP + .0000207) * XP
  10265 NB = (.0004464 * XT + .03426) * XT + 1!
  10285 NA = -.003107 * XT + .4215
  10290 REM
  10225 REM   NRT35 :  C(35,T,0)/C(35,15,0) VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE.
  10235 NRT35 = (((1.0031E-09 * XT - 6.9698E-07) * XT + 1.104259E-04) * XT + 
  .0200564) * XT + .6766097
  10240 REM
  10340       dt = XT - 15!
  10390       RT = XR / (NRT35 * (1! + NC / (NB + NA * XR)))
  10395       RT = SQR(ABS(RT))
  10195       SAL78 = ((((2.7081 * RT - 7.0261) * RT + 14.0941) * RT + 25.3851) 
* 
  RT - .1692) * RT + 8.000001E-03 + (dt / (1! + .0162 * dt)) * (((((-.0144 * RT 
+ 
  6.360001E-02) * RT - .0375) * RT - .0066) * RT - .0056) * RT + .0005)
  10405
  END FUNCTION
================================================================================
10/4/96   CTD/BTL/SUM  Perkin
  .ctd  files were created in June, '96 with an interim recalibration: 
  1.15434, .0019407 to adjust for salinity errors in a referees report.
  Subsequent checking showed a pressure dependency.  Raw files were re-run using 
  woce_c96.bas and identical calibrations to obtain .sub and .bot. files.
  Differences between .sub and .ctd files showed that .ctd files had not been 
  corrected for expansion/contraction of the glass cell.  All bottle comparisons 
  were re-done with the new .bot files showing that the term .0019407 was not 
  needed when the above correction was included.  Cell constants, typically 
  1.001, were determined for each cast as multipliers to the term 1.15434.
================================================================================
10/4/96   Linguanti
  Program COND_FIX version 2.0 was used to make the corrections. File MULT.LIS
  contains the multipliers for each cast
================================================================================
10/10/96  Whitney     hyd           PI Responded to DQE Report
================================================================================
10/18/96  Linguanti   SALNTY        values adjusted
  A further adjustment was made to salinity after Ron checked corrections 
  applied above. 0.001 was subtracted from all salinities, for all casts. 
  Although it isdifficult to pin down the reason for this offset, it has 
  something to do withthe down cast .WOC files being systematically different 
  from the up casts where the bottle calibrations are done - possibly better 
  flushing on thedown cast.
================================================================================
1/29/98   Brown, R.   CTD           Converted to WOCE format
  Joe Linguanti converted the original CTD data files (1 metre average) to WOCE 
  format and 2 mere depth intervals. 
================================================================================
3/30/98   Whitney     CTD/BTL       Data are Public	NO Tracers/CO2/C14 
  submitted yet
================================================================================
2/17/99   Diggs       unspecified   Data Reformatted to facilitate merging, 
  see note: 1999.02.17:
  
  tps47he_edt.txt is an edited version of the original file:
  tps47he.txt which contains helium data sent from Lupton at PMEL.
  
  The data were hand edited in order to be merged into the whpo p01hy.txt file. 
  Missing data was set to -9.000 and the flags "flag4" were all set to the WOCE 
  quality byte 3.
================================================================================
3/1/99    Wong        cfc/HeTr/c14  Data Requested by scd: see note
  there are no Helium, Tritium or C14 data submitted.  Could you please let us 
  know the disposition of these data and when we might be able to receive them 
  from you?
================================================================================
3/2/99    Wong        HELIUM/c14    Measured as per .DOC; Not Analysed: 
  Although samples were collected for He, H-3 and C-14 on the Russian 
  cruise, I could not obtain the funding for these analyses. Thus, no data were 
  submitted for these properties.  C.S. Wong
================================================================================
5/6/99    Bartolacci  ALKALI/TCO2   Data Requested by dmb
================================================================================
4/19/00   Diggs       Cruise ID     Data Update: change expocode prefix from 
  "RUBM" to "90BM"  I agree, please change all designations of "RU" to "90" for 
  the Russian cruises.  We agreed on this a long time ago.
================================================================================
10/13/00  Kappa       DOC           Doc Update
  pdf, txt versions created txt version needs to be cleaned up.
================================================================================
10/31/00  Huynh       DOC           Website Updated: pdf, txt versions online
================================================================================
11/29/00  Wisegarver  CFCs          DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO
================================================================================
1/8/01    Huynh       DOC           Website Updated: cfc report online
================================================================================
1/8/01    Kappa       DOC           Doc Update: cfc dqe report added
================================================================================
2/22/01   Talley      ALKALI/TCO2   Submitted; not yet "dqe'd" by Kozyr
  I have just received the carbon data files from C.S. Wong for section P1W.  
  These were not sent to Alex Kozyr, so I would appreciate your advice on how to 
  proceed with them - should I just merge them with David's or Sarilee's help 
  for the atlas, or should we go ahead and merge them for the WHPO online files?
================================================================================
3/15/01   Key         DELC14        Measured as per .DOC; Funding now available 
  Got word from Eric this A.M. that he will fund NOSAMS at the rate of 
  1000/year to analyze previously collected, but unfunded C14 samples. Highest 
  priority will be to fill in Pacific "holes" starting with P14S15S (NOAA), P15N 
  (Wong) and P1 (Japan). Policy decision supported by WOCE SSC. Eric would, if 
  possible, like these data to be included in the atlas. In reality I don't know  
  if this is possible/practical, but I will do everything possible to expedite. 
  Scheduling at NOSAMS will be complicated, but order listed above is the 
  "scientific" priority as of now.
================================================================================
3/27/01   Uribe       CTD/BTL/SUM   Website Updated: Expocodes Updated
  Expocodes for sum and bottle were modified.  Expocodes in all ctd files have 
  been editted to match the underscored expocode in the sum and bottle files.  
  New files were zipped and replaced existing ctd files online. Old files were 
  moved to original directory. 
================================================================================
4/5/01    Kappa       ALKALI/TCO2   DQE Pending; See note to Lynne Talley:
  Lynne - 
  It might be worth while filling Alex in on the situation, just to see if he 
  feels strongly that he "should" see the data before you use them.  Of course, 
  you're welcome to use them as they are if you're comfortable doing so.  It's 
  just that Alex is our carbon data guru.
================================================================================
4/6/01    Talley      CO2           Submitted: will check w/ Alex Kozyr
================================================================================
6/22/01   Uribe       BTL           Website Updated: CSV File Added
  Bottle file in exchange format has been put online.
================================================================================
8/21/01   Bartolacci  CFCs          Submitted: CFCs need to be merged into BTL
  I have placed the new files containing updated CFC values into the p01w 
  subdirectory called original/20010709_CFC_WISEGARVER_P01W. data are in need of 
  merging into the current online bottle file as of this date.
================================================================================
8/23/01   Bartolacci  CFCs          Website Updated
  New online BTL files have merged CFC data.  I have replaced current online 
  bottle files with new  files containing merged updated CFC values. Data was 
  sent by Wisegarver and merged by D. Muus. All table entries reflect this 
  replacement. previous files moved to original subdirectory. A copy of merging 
  notes will be sent to J. Kappa under separate email.
================================================================================
8/23/01   Muus        CFCs/SUM      Data Merged into BTL file
  CFC's merged into BTL file, SUM reformatted

  Notes on P01W CFC merging Aug 23, 2001.     
  D. Muus
  
  1. New CFC-11 and CFC-12 from: /usr/export/html-
     public/data/onetime/pacific/p01/p01w/original/
       
  20010709_CFC_WISEGARVER_P01W/20010709.164450_WISEGARVER_P01W_p01w_CFC_DQE.dat
  merged into web SEA file as of Aug 21, 2001 (20010326WHPOSIOKJU)
  SEA file QUALT2 words were mostly "1"s so changed QUALT2 to be identical to 
  QUALT1 prior to merging.
  
  2. SUMMARY file (20010326WHPOSIOKJU) missing NAV entry for Sta 35 BE.
     Entered UNK to make exchange file conversion work.
     Probably should be GPS but I cannot find any confirmation.
  
  3. Exchange file checked using Java Ocean Atlas.
================================================================================
					

