CRUISE REPORT: AR07E
(Updated JAN 2020)








Highlights



                        Cruise Summary Information

          WOCE Section Designation  AR07E
Expedition designation (ExpoCodes)  64PE20050907
                  Chief Scientists  C. Veth/NIOZ
                             Dates  2005 SEP 7 - 2005 OCT 5 
                              Ship  R/V PELAGIA
                     Ports of call  Peterhead, Scotland - 
                                    Texel, The Netherlands

                                                60° 15.17' N
             Geographic Boundaries  42° 48.86' W            8° 59.71' W
                                                55° 44.89' N

                          Stations  43
      Floats and drifters deployed  8 ARGO floats deployed
    Moorings deployed or recovered  4 recovered & re-deployed

                       Recent Contact Information:

                               Dr. C. Veth
              Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)
          P.O. Box 59 • 1790AB Den Burg/Texel • The Netherlands
    Tel: 31(0)222-369414 • Fax: 31(0)222-319674 • e-mail: veth@nioz.nl
















                       RV Pelagia Shipboard Report:

                    Cruise 64PE240, Project CLIVARNET
                   Atlantic Monitoring Programme (CAMP)

                                 C. Veth      
                             Chief Scientist


CAMP 2005 

BSIK 
LOCO 
CIS 
VAMOC 
CarbOcean 

Royal NIOZ Texel, 2005 



Table of contents 


nr.  Chapter page 
———  ————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
 1   CRUISE NARRATIVE                                                      
     1.1   Highlights                                                       
     1.2   Cruise Summary Information                                     
     1.3   List of Principal Investigators 
     1.4   Scientific Programme and Methods  
     1.5   List of Cruise Participants  

 2   UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS  
     2.1   Navigation 
     2.2   Echo Sounding  
     2.3   Thermo-Salinograph Measurements 
     2.4   Meteorological data  

 3   MEASUREMENTS-DESCRIPTIONS, TECHNIQUES, AND CALIBRATIONS  
     3.1   Rosette Sampler and Sampler Bottles 
     3.2   Temperature Measurements  
     3.3   Pressure Measurements 
     3.4   Salinity sampling 
     3.5   Oxygen measurements  
     3.6   Nutrient measurements  
     3.7   DOC  
     3.8   DIC and Alkalinity  
     3.9   CTD Data Collection and Processing  
     3.10  VMADCP Data Collection and Processing  
     3.11  Sediment Trap Moorings and Sample Processing  
     3.12  Organic Contaminants sampling  
     3.13  Stable oxygen isotope sampling 
     3.14  Chlorophyll sampling  
     3.15  Data Management  
     3.16  Servicing of the CIS Mooring  
     3.17  ARGO-float Deployments  

 4   PRELIMINARY RESULTS 

 5   BIRD OBSERVATIONS 

 6   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 







           The research reported here is part of the Royal NIOZ
           contribution to the Dutch Clivar programme and also
             contributes to the Dutch LOCO programme, which
           received funding from the Netherlands Foundation for
                 Scientific Research (NWO) and BSIK-KvR.
                Additional funding for the biogeochemical
           contribution came from the Foundation for Earth and
             Life Sciences (ALW), a subsidiary of NWO, within
            the VAMOC-project, as part of the joint UK, N and
                           NL RAPID-programme.




1  CRUISE NARRATIVE 


1.1  Highlights 

a: Goals: There-survey of WOCE Hydrographic Program Repeat Section 
   A1/AR7E between Ireland and Greenland as part of the CAMP programme 
   and the deployment of long-term moorings in the Irminger Sea for the 
   LOCO as well as VAMOC and CIS programmes. 

b: Expedition Designation (EXPOCODE): 64PE240 

c: Chief Scientist: Dr. C. Veth 
   Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) 
   P.O. Box 59 
   1790AB Den Burg/Texel 
   The Netherlands 
   Telephone: 31(0)222-369414 
   Telefax:   31(0)222-319674 
   e-mail:    veth@nioz.nl 

d: Ship: RV Pelagia, Call Sign: PGRQ, Captain: Mr. John Ellen 
   length 66m. 
   beam 12.8m 
   draft 4m 
   maximum speed 11 knots 

e: Ports of Call: Peterhead to Texel 

f: Cruise dates: September 7, 2005 to October 5, 2005 



1.2  Cruise Summary Information 


September 8th.   R.V. Pelagia left the harbour of Peterhead at 18:00 UTC 
                 and headed for the Pentland Firth.  
September 9th.   After the Pentland Firth in the direction of the 
                 southernmost point of Greenland.  
September 10th.  First CTD test station. Eight SeaCats mounted on the 
                 CTD-frame for calibration. Experiments to test flushing 
                 of the NOEX-bottles. Deteriorating weather (remains of 
                 hurricane Maria). 
September 11th.  Test CTD-cast. Investigation possible leakage of fresh 
                 water from closing system into the bottles. 
September 12th.  Much wind thanks to former hurricane Maria. Laboratory 
                 testing ARGO-floats. 
September 13th.  Deployment two KNMI ARGO-floats. Weather improved, but 
                 strong swell. Calibration cast near the position of the 
                 two KNMI ARGO-floats. 
September 14th.  Recovery of mooring LOCO03-2 in the morning. Deployment 
                 of LOCO03-3 in the afternoon followed by a calibration 
                 CTD-cast. The LOCO-moorings contain a McLane profiler, 
                 two RDI ADCPs and SeaCat. 
September 15th.  Recovery of mooring IRM-2 with 2 sediment traps. The 
                 upper sediment trap did not function, but the bottom 
                 trap worked well. Recovery of mooring LOCO02-2. In the 
                 afternoon deployment of LOCO02-3 on the same position. 
September 16th.  Recovery of the ANIMATE/CIS-mooring. Start sailing in 
                 the direction of point P1 of the CTD-section along the 
                 former WOCE A1E-section.
September 17th.  Shallow CTD-cast on the Greenland Shelf. Touristical 
                 visit near the coast and towards a stranded iceberg near 
                 Kap Hoppe. Extremely clear sight of more than 150 km. 
                 Photographs taken from Pelagia with iceberg from rubber 
                 boat. Many whales were observed. Iceberg samples were 
                 taken. 
September 18th.  Continued CTD-work. At station #11 the ARGO-float was 
                 deployed for the Bedford Institute of Oceanography 
                 (Canada). 
September 19th.  Redeployment of the ANIMATE/CIS mooring. G.-J. Brummer 
                 got permission to use the British trap that originally 
                 had been part of the ANIMATE/CIS mooring. The owner of 
                 the trap passed during the day on board the RV 
                 Discovery. The IRM-3 mooring was deployed in the 
                 afternoon. 
September 20th.  Continuation of the CTD-section. 
September 21st.  Surprise: red deep-sea shrimp turned up with the CTD. 
                 The two other KNMI ARGO floats deployed. Continued CTD 
                 work. 
September 22nd.  Continuation of the CTD section. 
September 23rd.  Continuation of the CTD section. First IFM-Hamburg ARGO 
                 float deployed. 
September 24th.  Continuation of the CTD section. Second and third IFM-
                 Hamburg ARGO floats deployed. 
September 25th.  Continuation of the CTD section. Stop at CAMP 
                 station P28 (=station #37) 
September 26th.  and September 27th. Storm. No data collection. 
September 28th.  Start CTD section at CAMP-station P36 (=station #38). No 
                 CTD casts on the Rockall Plateau (after consulting H.M. 
                 van Aken). 
September 29th.  Continuation of the CTD section until the Irish 
                 Continental Shelf. Heading north for the Poseidon 
                 moorings in the Faroe-Shetland Channel. 
September 30th.  Recovery ADCP mooring. Strong wind and swell. 
October 1st.     Recovery STABLE bottom lander. Strong wind and swell. 
October 2nd.     Heading for Texel. 



Cruise Track 

The cruise was carried out in the North Atlantic Ocean. The cruise track 
is shown in figure 1 


Figure 1. The cruise track of RV Pelagia during cruise 64PE240. (See .pdf 
          version.


Mooring Deployments 

At four positions a mooring was recovered and later re-deployed (see 
table 1 and figure 3). Moorings LOCO02-2/3 and LOCO 03-2/3 were profiling 
moorings, fitted with McLane/FSI CTD profiler, two RDI Long Ranger ADCPs 
and an SBE Seacat CTD. They were deployed at a depth of about 3000 m. 
Mooring IRM-2/3 was fitted with a Technic p-PPS5 sediment trap and a data 
logger in a bottom frame and another such sediment trap with data logger 
at ~250 m. This mooring was located at short distance from mooring LOCO 
02-2/3. 


Table 1: Positions of the moorings serviced during Pelagia Cruise 
         64PE240. Further details of the mooring configuration are given 
         in Appendix B. 

MOORING  Action           DATE & TIME          LAT          LON      Echo 
                                                                     depth  
———————  ——————————  —————————————————————  ——————————  ———————————  —————
LOCO2-2  recovery    Sep 15 2005  10:18:46  59 12.32 N  39 29.947 W  3042  
LOCO2-3  deployment  Sep 15 2005  16:44:10  59 16.21 N  39 29.798 W  3018  
LOCO3-2  recovery    Sep 14 2005  08:32:16  59 14.64 N  36 23.655 W  3048  
LOCO3-3  deployment  Sep 14 2005  14:39:41  59 11.59 N  36 26.742 W  2896  
IRM-2    recovery    Sep 15 2005  08:16:31  59 14.87 N  39 39.796 W  3012  
IRM-3    deployment  Sep 19 2005  19:07:11  59 15.05 N  39 38.461 W  3038  
CIS      recovery    Sep 16 2005  10:57:19  59 40.91 N  39 42.622 W  2798 
CIS      deployment  Sep 19 2005  08:49:28  59 43.33 N  39 25.208 W  2824  



Hydrographic Stations 

A total of 43 CTD casts were performed of which 36 were located along the 
former WOCE A1E section. The location of these casts is shown in figure 
2. Further information on the time, location and samples taken during 
these casts can be found in the Cruise Summary File (Appendix A). 


Figure 2: Position of the CTD casts along the former WOCE A1E section. 


Special Stations 


Figure 3: Special stations during the cruise (test CTDs, ARGO floats, 
          moorings, iceberg) 


Legend to the numbers of special stations presented in figure 3. 

 1. and 2. Test CTD casts 
 3. 2 KNMI ARGO floats 
 4. LOCO 03-2 mooring recovery, LOCO3-3 deployment 
 5. IRM-2 mooring 
 6. LOCO02-2 mooring recovery, LOCO2-3 deployment 
 7. CIS-mooring recovery 
 8. Iceberg sample 
 9. Bedford Inst. Of Oceanography ARGO float 
10. CIS mooring deployment 
11. IRM-3 mooring deployment 
12. 2 KNMI ARGO floats 
13. IFM-Hamburg ARGO float 
14. IFM-Hamburg ARGO float 
15. IFM-Hamburg ARGO float 
 
Not shown in the figure 3 are the positions of the recovered moorings in 
the Faroe-Shetland Channel. 



Hydrographic Sampling 

During the up-cast of the CTD/rosette water samples were taken. The water 
samples were analysed shipboard for the determination of salinity, 
dissolved nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silica) and oxygen, 
DIC and alkalinity. Samples were taken for DOC at all depths as well as 
for the oxygen isotope composition of the bottom water. Additionally, 
calibration control measurements of pressure and temperature were made 
for each closed bottle. Furthermore, surface water pCO2 was measured 
continuously. 



1.3  List of Principal Investigators 

Name                 Responsibility         Affiliation 
———————————————————  —————————————————————  ————————————————
Dr. H.M. van Aken    Ocean hydrography      Royal NIOZ/Texel 
Dr. M.F. de Jong     Ocean hydrography      Royal NIOZ/Texel 
Dr. G.-J.A. Brummer  Biogeochemical fluxes  Roy lNIOZ/Texel 
M. Busack            CIS-mooring            IfM-GEOMAR/Kiel 
Dr. H. Zemmelink     Carbonate chemistry    Royal NIOZ/Texel 



1.4  Scientific Programme and Methods 

The dual goal of the research carried out during the cruise was to 
establish the hydrography along a zonal section between Ireland and 
Greenland and to service four instrumented moorings in the Irminger Sea. 
The zonal section is the former A1E/AR7E section of the WOCE Hydrographic 
Programme, which has been surveyed near-annually since 1990. The re-
survey of this section is carried out in order to determine climate 
related inter-annual changes of the hydrographic structure in the North 
Atlantic Ocean. This survey has been planned in co-ordination with IfMH, 
Hamburg and BSH, Hamburg. These institutes are involved in the regular 
surveys of the A1E and A2 sections in the North Atlantic. 

The CTD-rosette frame was fitted with weights in order to secure a fast 
enough falling rate. This package was lowered with a velocity of about 1 
m/s, except in the lowest 100 m where the veering velocity was reduced. 
Measurements during the down-cast went on to within 3 m from the bottom, 
until the bottom switch indicated the proximity of the bottom. Over the 
Reykjanes Ridge the bottom switch wire was lengthened to 5 m. During the 
up-cast water samples were taken at prescribed depths, when the CTD winch 
was stopped. After each cast the CTD/rosette frame was placed on deck and 
the readings of the reversing electronic pressure sensors were recorded. 
Subsequently water samples were drawn for the determination of salinity, 
dissolved nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, nitrite and silica), TN, TP, 
oxygen, DOC, DIC and alkalinity as well as the oxygen isotope composition 
of the bottom water. In addition, chlorophyll samples were taken at the 
CIS and IRM mooring sites. 

The moorings were deployed for part of the Dutch Long-term Ocean Climate 
Observations programme (LOCO).  This programme aims at the establishment 
of a monitoring system that records climate relevant oceanographic 
parameters. Two of the moorings (LOCO2-2/3 and LOCO3-2/3) contain a 
profiling CTD which will record on a daily basis profiles of temperature 
and salinity between ~2200 and 100 m depth. Additionally, ADCPs will 
record the velocity profiles in the upper and lower 600 m. It is intended 
to maintain these moorings for at least 5 years in the Irminger Sea. 

In addition, the LOCO program provides the unique opportunity to 
establish a concurrent 5-year time series of particulate matter fluxes by 
mooring sediment traps in parallel to the physical observation program in 
the Irminger Sea, a critical area with respect to deep convective mixing, 
global ocean circulation and climate change. A time series of particulate 
matter flux will add on to the current LOCO program by providing a 
parallel record of the seasonal and inter-annual change in particulate 
matter fluxes between the upper ocean and the ocean floor with a biweekly 
resolution. Secondly, it will allow for assessing particle settling 
through a well-defined volume transport field and better determine the 
advective components and the temporal dispersal of particles, given the 
associated in situ real-time measurements of ocean circulation recorded 
by the nearby LOCO-2 mooring. Thirdly, it allows for quantifying the 
magnitude and composition of the summer bloom with respect to the annual 
export flux of carbon and associated elements in response to upper ocean 
stratification. Fourthly, it will provide well-characterised material 
formed at the extreme end of the ocean temperature range needed for field 
verification of particle-based proxies for temperature that are used for 
paleoreconstruction. The sediment trap programme forms part of a PhD 
study, aiming to assess the effects of changes in the meridional 
overturning circulation on the sediment flux in the northern Atlantic 
Ocean in both present and past. This PhD study is within the Variability 
of Atlantic Meriodional Overturning Circulation (VAMOC) project. 

In support of the CTD observations the sea surface temperature and 
salinity were recorded continuously, and several meteorological 
parameters.



1.5  Lists of Cruise Participants 

Scientific crew 

person            responsibility                                Institute  
————————————————  ————————————————————————————————————————————  ——————————
C. Veth           Chief Scientist                               NIOZ  
G.-J. A Brummer   sediment traps, chlorophyll                   NIOZ  
M.F. de Jong      CTD, data management, hydrowatch              NIOZ  
R.L. Groenewegen  Electronic engineering, hydrowatch, moorings  NIOZ  
L.N. Boom         Mooring construction & engineering            NIOZ  
K.M.J. Bakker     Chemical analysis                             NIOZ  
S.R. Gonzales     Chemical analysis                             NIOZ  
L.P. Jonkers      sedimenttr ps,chlorophyll                     NIOZ  
H.J. Zemmelink    Carbon analysis                               UEA  
S. van Heuven     stud. Marine biol. Carbon analysis            RUG  
M. Busack         Mooring technology                            IFM-Geomar  
M. Kohlhaus       Mooring technology                            IFM-Geomar  
P. Smorenburg     student oceanography, hydrowatch              IMAU  
J. Floor          student oceanography, hydrowatch              IMAU 
M. Pau            oceanography, hydrowatch                      IMAU

NIOZ        Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel  
IMAU        Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht University. 
IFM-Geomar  Leibnitz-Institut fuer Meereswissenschaften IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel 
UEA         University of Ea stAnglia, School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich 
RUG         State University of Groningen 


Ship's crew 

J.C. Ellen           Captain 
M.D. van Duijn       First Mate 
R.J. Spaan           Second Mate 
K.C. Kikkert         Chief Engineer 
H. List              Second Engineer 
S. Maas              Ships Technician 
J.A. Israel Vitoria  Ships Technician 
G. Vermeulen         Ships Technician 
R. v/d Heide         Ships Technician 
J. Dresken           Cook 





2  UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS 


2.1  Navigation 
 
A differential GPS receiver was used for the determination of the 
position. The data from the GPS receiver and the gyrocompass were 
recorded every ten seconds in the underway data logging system. After 
removal of a few spikes and application of 5 min. running mean these data 
were sub-sampled every five minutes. An additional Thales Aquarius(^2) 
dual antenna GPS receiver also determined the ship's he ding. During the 
cruise the Thales Aquarius(^2) dual antenna GPS receiver stopped working. 


2.2  Echo Sounding 
 
The 3.5 kHz echosounder was used on board to determine the water depth. 
The uncorrected depths from this echosounder were recorded in the 
underway data logging system. 


2.3  Thermo-Salinograph Measurements 

The Sea Surface Temperature, Salinity, Fluorescence and Optical Back-
Scatter were measured continuously with the thermo-salinograph system 
with the water intake at a depth of about 3 m. For the calibration of the 
salinity sensor, water samples were taken. The sensors for Fluorescence 
and Optical Back-Scatter didn't me sure properly and the container for 
determining the Fluorescence was leaking. These two sensors have been 
switched off. 


2.4  Meteorological data 

Air temperature and humidity, relative wind velocity and direction as 
well as air pressure and solar radiation were measured and recorded by 
the underway logging system. The wind direction sensor was found to be 
unreliable. 





3  MEASUREMENTS-DESCRIPTIONS, TECHNIQUES, AND CALIBRATIONS 


3.1  Rosette Sampler and Sampler Bottles (R. Groenewegen) 

A 22-position rosette sampler was used, fitted with 10 litre NOEX sampler 
bottles. A multi-valve system, developed at NIOZ, allowed closing the 
sampler bottles by computer command from the CTD operator. A new piston 
pressure system was applied to close the bottles. This new system 
operated very well as long as one does not forget to fill up the pressure 
tank. 


3.2  Temperature measurements (R. Groenewegen) 

Mounted on the CTD-rack was a high-precision SBE35 reference temperature 
sensor, which recorded the temperature every time a sampler was closed. 
Halfway the cruise the integration time of the SBE35 has been reset from 
32 to 20 seconds. 


3.3  Pressure measurements (CTD party) 

On sampler bottles 1, 6, and 11 thermometer racks were mounted, fitted 
with 2 SIS reversing electronic pressure sensors. On deck, prior to the 
CTD cast, these pressure sensors corrected internally for zero pressure. 
The readings of the sesensors are used to monitor, and if necessary to 
correct the calibration of the CTD pressure sensor. 


3.4  Salinity sampling (CTD party) 

Water samples for the salinity determination were collected in 
homogeneous layers at a depth of 2000 m and deeper. After 3 times rinsing 
water was drawn from the samplers into 0.25 litre glass sample bottle  
stopper as well as a screw lid for subsequent salinity determination at 
NIOZ. The salinity data will be used to check the calibration of the CTD 
conductivity sensor (SN043035). 


3.5  Oxygen measurements (S. Gonzalez) 

For the determination of dissolved oxygen concentration, water samples 
were drawn into pre-calibrated 120 ml pyrexglass bottles. Before drawing 
the sample, each bottle was flushed with at least 3 times its volume. The 
determination of the volumetric dissolved oxygen concentration of water 
samples was carried out by measuring the formed Iodine colour at 460 nm 
on a Traacs 800 continuous flow spectro-photometer, combined with a 
stand-alone NIOZ-made sampler, based on Winkler technique (see Su-Chen 
Pai et al., Marine Chemistry 41 (1993), 343-351). Immediately after 
acidification, all bottles were covered with parafilm against evaporation 
and shielded with PVC caps to prevent light-induced Iodine formation. A 
stock solution of KIO3 was used in the analysis spiked to seawater blanks 
(reversed order addition of the Winkler chemicals) to obtain a 
calibration line, with an R2=1.0000 for 4 calibrants in each run, for 
calibrating the spectrophotometer. The stock solution was stored in an 
airtight water-saturated box (100% humidity) to prevent evaporation. 

At each cast duplicate samples were taken from the shallowest Rosette-
bottle, in order to determine the inter variability between the daily 
runs. Gain-drift of the spectrophotometer was corrected by the used 
software. To obtain accuracy in between the runs a reference sample was 
measured, drawn from a large volume of saturated ocean water (50l 
container) bottled according to Winkler. The reference yielded a narrow 
band signal of +/- 1 µMol on a level of 236 µMol O2 between the runs and 
better than 0.20 µMol within a run. From the volumetric oxygen 
concentration in µMol/dm3 the densimetric oxygen concentration in µMol/kg 
was determined by dividing the sample density at sample temperature and 
salinity. 


Figure 4: Dissolved oxygen concentration 



3.6  Nutrient measurements (K. Bakker) 

From all Rosette bottles samples were drawn for the shipboard 
determination of the nutrients silica, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate. 
The samples were collected in polyethylene sample bottles after three 
times rinsing. The samples were stored dark and cool at 4°C. All samples 
were analysed within 12 hours with an autoanalyzer based on colorimetry 
using Technicon TRAACS 800 autoanalyzer. The samples, taken from the 
refrigerator, were directly poured in open polyethylene vials (6ml) and 
put in the auto sampler-trays. A maximum of 60 samples in each run was 
analysed. The different nutrients were measured colorimetrically as 
described by Grashoff (1983). 
 
• Silicate reacts with ammoniummolybdate to yellow complex, which, after 
  reduction with ascorbic acid forms blue silica-molybdenum complex that 
  was measured at 800 nm (oxalic acid was used to prevent formation of 
  the blue phosphate-molybdenum). 

• Phosphate reacts with ammoniummolybdate at pH 1.0, and 
  potassiumntimonyltartrate was used as an inhibitor. The yellow 
  phosphate-molybdenum complex was reduced by ascorbic acid to a blue 
  complex and measured at 880 nm. 

• Nitrite was diazotated with sulphanilamide and naftylethylenediamine to 
  a pink coloured complex and measured at 550 nm. 

• Nitrate was mixed with the buffer imidazole at pH 7.5 and reduced to 
  nitrite by a copper-coated cadmium coil (efficiency >98%), and measured 
  as nitrite (see above) to yield the nitrate content after subtraction 
  of the nitrite content. The reduction efficiency of the cadmium column 
  was measured in each run. 


Figure 5: Dissolved silicate 

Figure 6: Dissolved phosphate 

Figure 7: Dissolved nitrate 


Calibration standards were prepared by diluting stock solutions of each 
nutrient in the same nutrient depleted surface ocean water as used for 
the baseline water. The standards were kept dark and cool in the same 
refrigerator as the samples. Standards were prepared fresh every two 
days. Each run of the system had a correlation coefficient for the 
standards of at least 0.999. The samples were measured from the surface 
to the bottom to obtain the smallest possible carry-over-effects. In 
every run a mixed control nutrient standard containing silicate, 
phosphate and nitrate in constant and well-known ratio, the so-called 
nutrient-cocktail, was measured, as well as control standards sterilised 
in an autoclave or gamma radiation. These standards were used to check 
the performance of the analysis and the gain factor of the autoanalyzer 
channels. As a result, for silica there will be recalculation of about 
1.5% later in the lab, after checking the standard. 

The auto analyzer determined the volumetric concentration (µMol/dm3) at a 
temperature of 24°C. In order to obtain the densimetric concentration in 
µMol/kg, the volumetric concentrations were divided by the density of 
seawater at 24°C, at sample salinity and zero sea level pressure. 

In addition, samples were taken for determination of the concentrations 
of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP), which, after 
subtraction of the inorganic nutrient phases (see above), will yield the 
concentrations of total organic nitrogen (TON) and total organic 
phosphorous (TOP). Samples were drawn from all Rosette bottles, then 
frozen and stored at -20°C for subsequent analysis at Royal NIOZ. 



3.7  DOC (S. Gonzalez) 

Twenty milliliter samples were collected in amber colored glass vials for 
the analysis of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Subsequently five drops 
of H3PO4 were added in order to convert inorganic carbon to CO2 and the 
acidified samples were stored at 4°C for later analysis. At NIOZ, the 
inorganic carbon will be stripped from 8 ml subsamples by vigorous 
bubbling with nitrogen. DOC will be measured by combustion of the 
subsample at680°C into an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA, LiCor-6262) using 
oxygen as carrier gas. Prior to the analysis the carrier gas is dried 
over cold trap (-180°C) and brought back to room temperature. 



3.8  DIC and Alkalinity  (S. van Heuven and H. Zemmelink) 

Seawater samples were collected at different depths by a rosette unit 
equipped with NOEX bottles. Subsamples of 0.5 L were collected from the 
NOEX bottles and analyzed within 12 hours for total dissolved inorganic 
carbon and alkalinity using a VINDTA-3C system (designed by Dr. L. 
Mintrop, Marine Analytics and Data, Germany).

Dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2) in a 100 ml sample was determined by 
coulometry. An automated extraction line takes a volumetrical subsample 
which is acidified with 8.5% phosphoric acid (H3 PO4) to decrease the pH 
and all DIC to CO(2,aq). The sample is stripped using nitrogen gas and 
the carrier gas is led into the titration cell. This cell contains a 
solution of dimethylsulfoxide, ethanolamine and the colourimetric 
indicator thymolphtalein. The irreversible reaction of the CO2 gas with 
the ethanolamine generates hydroxyethylcarbamic acid which in turn gives 
a color change of the dark blue indicator. The fading of the color is 
detected photometrically. During the electrochemical titration the 
hydroxyethylcarbamic acid is neutralized by OH(^2) ions. From start to 
end of the titration the current is integrated over time the 
concentration of DIC computed.

Alkalinity was determined by potentiometric titration of 20 ml samples 
with 0.1 M HCl. From the titration curve the total carbonate alkalinity 
(TA) was calculated by subtracting the contribution from other ions 
present in seawater as determined from the salinity and initial pH of the 
sample.

The precision of both TA and TCO2 was determined from duplicate analysis 
on a number of samples. The accuracy was set by running certified 
standards made available by Dr. A. Dickson of the Scripps Institution of 
Oceanography (USA) for each set of 10 samples.

 
Figure 8: Distribution of (a) dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) and (b) 
          total or titration alkalinity (AT) along the former WOCE AE1 
          section.

          The concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (CT, Fig.8a) 
          vary slightly with depth in the water column. Lowest values, 
          around 2070 μmol kg-1, are found in the surface waters. The 
          Irminger Sea, characterized by Labrador Seawater reveals a 
          homogeneous distribution of around 2160 μmol kg-1 with similar 
          values in Denmark Strait Overflow Water at the bottom. CT 
          values increase towards the Rockall Plateau and in the Rockall 
          Through, with highest values in North East Atlantic Deep Water 
          at the bottom and in the North Atlantic Current Water around 
          1000 m depth.

          Total alkalinity (AT, Fig.8b) shows low values (~ 2270 μmol kg-1) 
          in the relative fresh water close to Greenland. Alkalinity 
          concentrations in the Irminger sea are homogeneously 
          distributed, while towards the East concentrations increase, 
          with highest values in North Atlantic Current Water between 
          1000 m and the surface.



3.9  CTD Data Collection and Processing (M.F. de Jong)

For the data collection the new Seasave software for Windows (V 5.28c), 
produced by SBE, was used. The CTD data were recorded with a frequency of 
24 data cycles per second. After each CTD cast the data were copied to a 
hard disk of the ship's computer network, and a daily back-up copy was 
made.

On board the up-cast data files were sub-sampled to produce files with 
CTD data corresponding to each water sample, taken with the rosette 
sampler. The CTD data were processed with the preliminary calibration 
data, and reduced to 1 dbar average ASCII files. These were used for the 
preliminary analysis of the data. Full data processing with the final 
calibration values will be completed at Royal NIOZ, Texel.



3.10  VMADCP Data Collection and Processing (C. Veth)

The VMADCP data were collected with a dedicated service computer, 
together with the appropriate navigational data. Daily these data were 
transferred to the appropriate directory of the ship's computer network. 
For the determination of the alignment of the VMADCP relative to the 
newly installed dual GPS antennas bottom tracking data were collected 
over the continental shelves if Ireland and Greenland. Final data 
processing will take place at NIOZ after the cruise. The Thales Aquarius 
dual GPS system showed more and more failures during the cruise and 
stopped providing the ships heading. From that moment the gyrocompass 
heading was used.

 

3.11  Sediment trap moorings and sample processing (G.J.A. Brummer and 
      L. Jonkers)

During cruise 64PE240 sediment trap mooring IRM-2 at 59°14.88’N 
39°39.21’W (Figure 3) was successfully recovered on September 15, 2005. 
The mooring was deployed next to CTD-profiler/ADCP mooring LOCO 02-2 
during cruise CD164 on October 2, 2004. It consisted of two Technicap 
PPS-5/2 sediment traps (24 cups), one mounted in a bottom frame at 2993 m 
depth, the other at 238 m above the bottom, both with a collecting area 
of 1.0 m2 and provided with a 1.5 cm honeycomb baffle. In addition, each 
sediment trap was provided with a sensor package for recording trap tilt, 
ambient pressure, temperature, and optical back scattering (OBS), a 
measure of turbidity, logging the data every 6 minutes. The bottom trap 
completed its pre-programmed sampling programme, which started on October 
6, 2004 at 01:00 UCT with 8 19 days intervals followed by 16 9.5 days 
intervals, thus ending on August 7, 2005. Due to a motor failure, the 
trap at 238 m above the bottom collected all sediment in the first 
bottle. Both sensor packages performed flawlessly. Immediately after 
recovery and 1, 3 and 13 days later, subsamples were taken of the 
supernate solution from the collecting cups and filtered for shipboard 
analysis of dissolved silica and phosphate in order to determine chemical 
dissolution and physical diffusion fluxes.

Following servicing of the traps and sensors, the mooring was redeployed 
as IRM-3 at 59°14.86’N 39°39.47’W, water depth 3038 m alongside the LOCO 
02-3 mooring on September 19, 2005. Configuration of the mooring (Figure 
9) was the same as for IRM-2, except that the trap at 238 m above the 
bottom was replaced by a McLane Mark 78G-21 trap recovered from the CIS-
mooring nearby. This trap was kindly from the British marine 
instrumentation pool through mediation by Dr. Lampitt from NOC, 
Southampton, UK. The McLane Mark 78G-21 sediment trap (21 cups) has a 
collecting area of 0.5 m2 and a 2.5 cm honeycomb baffle. Rotation schemes 
of both traps are given in table 2. Sample cups of the bottom trap were 
filled with seawater collected near the deployment depth of the traps and 
near the actual deployment site, to which a biocide (HgCl2; end-
concentration 1.9 g l-1) and a pH-buffer (Na2B4O7·10H2O; end 
concentration 1.9 g l-1) were added, supplemented by milliQ-water. Sample 
cups 4 through 24 from the recovered shallow IRM-2 trap were reused. 
These too were filled with ambient seawater, to which a biocide (HgCl2; 
end-concentration 1.8 g l-1) and a pH-buffer (Na2B4O7·10H2O; end 
concentration 3.6 g l-1) were added, supplemented by milliQwater to a 
density of 0.002 g cm -3 in excess of the ambient seawater. A blank 
sample was taken for later comparison with the actual collecting cups to 
determine chemical dissolution fluxes. As for IRM-2, each sediment trap 
was provided with a sensor package for recording trap tilt, ambient 
pressure, temperature and turbidity by optical back scattering (OBS), 
logging the data every 6 minutes.
  
  
Figure 9: IRM-2 and IRM-3 mooring configuration 
  

Table 2: Deployment scheme sediment trap IRM-3

Bottom trap                              Shallow trap
——————————————————————————————————————   ——————————————————————————————————————
                            Collecting                               Collecting
Bottle #        Start        interval    Bottle #        Start        interval
           dd/mm/yr hr:min    (days)                dd/mm/yr hr:min    (days)
—————————  ———————————————  ——————————   —————————  ———————————————  ——————————
IRM-3 B1   21/09/05 01:00      16.0      IRM-3 A1   21/09/05 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B2   07/10/05 01:00      16.0      IRM-3 A2   07/10/05 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B3   23/10/05 01:00      16.0      IRM-3 A3   23/10/05 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B4   08/11/05 01:00      16.0      IRM-3 A4   08/11/05 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B5   24/11/05 01:00      16.0      IRM-3 A5   24/11/05 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B6   10/12/05 01:00      16.0      IRM-3 A6   10/12/05 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B7   26/12/05 01:00      16.0      IRM-3 A7   26/12/05 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B8   11/01/06 01:00      16.0      IRM-3 A8   11/01/06 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B9   27/01/06 01:00      16.0      IRM-3 A9   27/01/06 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B10  12/02/06 01:00      16.0      IRM-3 A10  12/02/06 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B11  28/02/06 01:00      16.0      IRM-3 A11  28/02/06 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B12  16/03/06 01:00      16.0      IRM-3 A12  16/03/06 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B13  01/04/06 01:00       8.0      IRM-3 A13  01/04/06 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B14  09/04/06 01:00       8.0      
IRM-3 B15  17/04/06 01:00       8.0      IRM-3 A14  17/04/06 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B16  25/04/06 01:00       8.0      
IRM-3 B17  03/05/06 01:00       8.0      IRM-3 A15  03/05/06 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B18  11/05/06 01:00       8.0      
IRM-3 B19  19/05/06 01:00      16.0      IRM-3 A16  19/05/06 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B20  04/06/06 01:00      16.0      IRM-3 A17  04/06/06 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B21  20/06/06 01:00      16.0      IRM-3 A18  20/06/06 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B22  06/07/06 01:00      16.0      IRM-3 A19  06/07/06 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B23  22/07/06 01:00      16.0      IRM-3 A20  22/07/06 01:00      16.0
IRM-3 B24  07/08/06 01:00      16.0      IRM-3 A21  07/08/06 01:00      16.0
   end     23/08/06 01:00                   end     23/08/06 01:00     



3.12  Organic contaminants sampling 

Knowledge of organic contaminant transport in the environment primarily 
stems from measurements in terrestrial and coastal systems, particularly 
in the vicinity of densely populated areas. The evidence available for 
open ocean systems shows that distinct north-south gradients exist in 
atmosphere, water, and organisms. The general picture is that the more 
volatile compounds show an increase in concentration between the equator 
and the poles, and that the less volatile compounds show a decrease in 
concentration, probably because the less volatile compounds need more 
time to establish a steady-state distribution. The existing models on 
global transport of organic contaminants identify the poles as the final 
sink where most of these compounds will condense. Very little is known, 
however, to what extent the oceanic circulation plays a role in 
redistributing organic contaminants. It is assumed that the ocean is 
vertically well-mixed with respect to organics, but no data is available 
to check whether this assumption makes sense at all. The situation is 
further complicated by the fact that the aqueous concentration (which is 
the quantity of interest, because it is closely related to the 
thermodynamic potential) of most organic contaminants is in the low pg/L 
range, necessitating large water volumes and low blank values. With the 
recent developments in the field of passive sampling of organic 
contaminants new methods have become available to address these issues. 
The samplers are typically small (which allows for low blank values) and 
the effective water volume that can be extracted with these devices can 
be quite high (m3 range, depending on the compound). The effecting 
sampling rates are often the limiting factor, however (~ 10 L/d). The 
long-term mooring deployments within LOCO (> 1 year) create new 
opportunities to deploy passive samplers for prolonged time periods in 
remote areas in the deep oceans.

During cruise 64PE240, two pairs of passive samplers were successfully 
mounted on the LOCO profiler moorings, one pair on LOCO02-3 (#7 and #9) 
and the other pair on LOCO-03-3 (#11 and #28), of which one sampler was 
mounted above each CTD-profiler section and the other below the profiler 
section, i.e. shallow and deep, respectively. Each sampler cage contained 
three different plastic membranes with a high affinity for organic 
contaminants, which are rapidly taken up as a function of temperature and 
flow, i.e. silicone, double layered LDPE and trioleine coated SPMD. Prior 
to deployment, all sampler cages were kept in metal cans and stored at -
20°C as the membranes are very efficient air samplers as well. For the 
same reason each sampler to be deployed was accompanied by a blank one 
which was exposed to the same conditions as reasonably possible. 
Immediately prior to mounting, the appropriate metal cans were 
transferred to the aft deck, where they were opened and the aluminium 
foil cover removed. Immediately after the sampler cage was mounted, the 
blank sampler was returned to its metal can and transferred back to the -
20° C freezer for subsequent analysis at the Royal NIOZ.



3.13  Stable oxygen isotopes (G.-J.A. Brummer) 

A total of 33 samples for analysis of the stable oxygen isotope 
composition (δ(^18) O(w)) of bottom waters were drawn from the 
appropriate NOEX bottle at each CTD station along the former WOCE A1E 
section into a 35 ml glass bottle after 3 times rinsing and closed 
airtight by a rubber septum. In addition, several samples were taken from 
drifting land-derived ice near the Greenland coast. These will complement 
the surface water samples taken along the same transect during the 
CAMP2003 cruise and be analysed at the Free University Amsterdam within 
the collaborative VAMOC project in order to determine the 
(dis)equilibrium calcification of modern benthic foraminifera for 
paleoreconstruction of bottom water flow and provenance from downcore 
sediment records.



3.14  Chlorophyll sampling (G.J.A. Brummer)

In order to calibrate the fluorometer mounted in the CIS-mooring, between 
2 and 5 liters of water drawn from 12 CTD bottle depths were filtered 
onto 25 mm GF/F glass fibre filters. In addition, 6 depths were sampled 
at the nearby IRM-2/3 mooring site. These will be analysed for 
chlorophyll-a at the NOC, Southampton.



3.15  Data Management (M.F. de Jong)

All raw data were copied to a cruise directory on the network computer in 
different groups of sub-directories. Subsequent processed data, final 
products, documents and figures were copied to separate sub-directories 
within the cruise directory. Backups of the network disks were made on a 
daily basis. At the end of the cruise copies of the whole cruise 
directory have been made on a laptop PC. A final overview of the mooring 
activities, hydrographic stations, water samples, and the available raw 
data and samples was made in the cruise summary file (Appendix A).



3.16  Servicing of CIS Mooring (M. Busaack, M. Kohlhaus) 

The interdisciplinary CIS (Central Irminger Sea) mooring is funded by the 
European project MERSEA.

The recovery of the 2745m long mooring took place on 16 September 2005.

It included :

- 14 SBE37 (MicroCats), salinity and temperature recorders, 6 of them 
  with pressure sensors, at several depths down to 1500m

- 2 ADCPs at 151m (Workhorse 300kHz up-looking, LongRanger 75kHz down-
  looking)

- a sensor frame at 40m with a NAS nutrient sensor, fluorescense, pCO2 
  and also a MicroCat for T,S and P

- two RCM-8 current meters

- and a small telemetry bouy at the surface for realtime data 
  transmissions (this failed shortly after deployment by the Charles 
  Darwin cruise CD161 in September 2004).

All recovered instruments worked well and recorded data.

For the new deployment two days later it was necessary to check, service 
and calibrate 6 of the 14 MicroCats, 8 new ones came from Kiel. The two 
ADCPs got new Batteries and were also re-deployed in the new mooring. For 
the sensor frame at 40m new nutrient, flurenscense and pCO2 sensors had 
been provided by the project partners. Two new RCM-8 arrived also from 
Kiel.

The new mooring was deployed on the 19 September again with a telemetry 
buoy, which now includes an additional temperature sensor at the surface. 
Otherwise the mooring is identical to the recovered one. First data 
received indicated functioning of the telemetry system but only to 40m 
depth.



3.17  ARGO-float deployments (C. Veth, R. Groenewegen) 

Three institutes have asked to deploy ARGO floats during the cruise at 
certain positions along the CTD section.

     KNMI De Bilt (Netherlands):                 4 ARGO-floats (Metocean 
                                                                – MARTEC)
     IFM-Hamburg (Germany):                      3 ARGO-floats (Webb)
     Bedford Institute of Oceanography (Canada): 1 ARGO-float  (Webb).

KNMI

KNMI-Float 1
————————————
nr.: 6300383           SN.:05 MT-S2-01            ARGOS ID (HEX): 52A7AF2
date: sept 13th 2005   time magnet: 18:33:30 UTC  time water: 18:38:00 UTC
position: 59 18.47 N   35 53:53 W

KNMI-Float 2
————————————
nr.: 6300384           SN.:05 MT-S2-02            ARGOS ID (HEX): 543C100
date: sept 13th 2005   time magnet: 18:43:00 UTC  time water: 19:02:00 UTC
position: 59 20.40 N   35 55:14 W
CTD-cast position near floats 1&2: station # 3
          59 20.32 N   35 54.89 W

KNMI-Float 3
————————————
nr.: 6900385           SN.:05 MT-S2-03            ARGOS ID (HEX): 543C113
time magnet: 23:42:45  UTC date: sept 20th 2005
time water:  00:06:00  UTC date: sept 21th 2005
position:  59 07.04 N  33 57:98 W

KNMI-Float 4
————————————
nr.: 6900386           SN.:05 MT-S2-04            ARGOS ID (HEX): 543C126
time magnet: 00:07:15  UTC date: sept 21th 2005
time water:  00:30:00  UTC date: sept 21th 2005
position:  59 06.68 N  33 53:33 W
CTD-cast position near floats 3&4: station # 20
           59 06.70 N  33 53.20 W

IFM-Hamburg floats
——————————————————
float 2242             ARGOS ID number 29BD44C
magnet reset: 23 sept 2005, 21:10:00 UTC  deployed: 23 sept 2005, 23:35:40 UTC
Position North: 57 42.08                  Position West: 21 33.47
CTD station 34 (ID CAMP-25) at same position

float 2243 ARGOS ID number 29BD45F
——————————————————————————————————
magnet reset: 24 sept 2005, 05:33:30 UTC  deployed: 24 sept 2005, 07:34:00 UTC
Position North: 57 38.71                  Position West: 21 02.67
CTD station 35 (ID CAMP-26) at same position

float 2247 ARGOS ID number 29BD4D4
——————————————————————————————————
magnet reset: 24 sept 2005, 13:23:00 UTC  deployed: 24 sept 2005, 13:37:50 UTC
Position North: 57 34.35                  Position West: 21 36.55
CTD station 36 (ID CAMP-27) at same position (CTD on the next day because of 
    storm)

Bedford Institute of Oceanography
—————————————————————————————————
Serial No. 1400        Argos No. 48869    WMO Code 4900502
Float was started with magnet: 17th sept 2005, 19:14:25 GMT
Float was deployed:    17th sept 2005, 22:18:30 GMT
Event no.              station # 11 cast 1
Latitude 59 45.70 N    Longitude 40 44.77 W
Water depth 2416 m
Nearest CTD:
  Event no. Station #11 cast 2 17th sept. 2005, 22:31:00 GMT
  Latitude: 59 45.84 N Longitude: 40 44.68 W
  Max. depth: 2416



4.  PRELIMINARY RESULTS 


Hydrography

At the end of the cruise the data were available in raw form and in 
partially processed form, but without final calibrations applied. From 
these data preliminary sections of potential temperature and salinity 
were plotted (Figures 10 and 11). The potential temperature and salinity 
at a pressure of 500 dbar can be compared with the results for the CAMP 
survey in the summer of 2000 (Figure 12).

 
Figure 10: The vertical distribution of the potential temperature along 
           the former WOCE A1E section observed during the CAMP survey in 
           2005.

 
The distribution of the potential temperature along the A1E section 
(Figure 10) shows the customary picture with the main mass of warm water 
in the eastern half of the Atlantic Ocean. At ~35°W a front is 
encountered in the upper 1000 dbar, which separates the water of the 
Irminger Current from the colder waters in the centre of the Irminger 
Basin. An eddy like structure seems to be visible between 35°W and 32°W. 
At approximately 27°W the Sub-Arctic front is encountered which forms the 
western boundary of the North Atlantic Current in the Iceland Basin. In 
the deep layers the cold overflow water from Denmark Strait is found over 
the continental slope off Greenland (q < 1.5°C). In the Iceland Basin the 
overflow water originating from the sills between Iceland and Scotland 
can be observed over the eastern slope of the Reykjanes Ridge (θ < 2.5° 

 
Figure 11: The vertical distribution of the salinity along the former 
           WOCE A1E section as observed during the CAMP survey in 2005

 
The distribution of the salinity along the A1E section (Figure 11) shows 
that in the upper 1000 dbar the temperature fronts, mentioned above, 
coincide with salinity fronts. In the Irminger Basin at intermediate 
levels the two low salinity cores of “Labrador Sea Water” near 800 and 
1600 dbar, also encountered in 2000 are still present. Their salinity 
seems to have not significantly increased since then, but in contrast to 
2003. There is a weak indication of an isolated body of saline water (S > 
34.90) probably originating from a mesoscale eddy, is found in the centre 
of the Basin, like in 2003. The Labrador Sea water in the Iceland Basin 
and the Rockall Channel still show a single low salinity core near 
respectively 1800 and 2000 dbar. 

 
Figure 12: The potential temperature and salinity from the bottles at a 
           pressure of 500 dbar along the A1E section from the CAMP 
           survey of 2000 (black symbols) and of 2005 (red symbols). For 
           comparison 2000 and 2003 from the Cruise report of CAMP 20037.

Figure 13: The zonally smoothed potential temperature and salinity at a 
           pressure of 500 dbar along the A1E section from the CAMP 
           survey of 2000 (open symbols) and of 2003 (black symbols).

  

Sediment trap mooring IRM-2 

Since the sediment trap at 239 m above the bottom did not function 
properly, this section applies to the trap at 2 m above the bottom only. 
Throughout the year, the bottom trap intercepted extraordinary large 
amounts of fluffy sediment. Approximate accumulation rates, calculated 
assuming constant density, are variable and range from 8.4-16.4 mm m-2 
day-1 (Fig.14) The overall high accumulation rates are probably due to 
resuspended particles and/or advective depositional focussing, with 
highest values are reached between March and April 2005. No macroscopic 
swimmers were detected and since no ammonia data of the sample solution 
are available yet, it is difficult to ascertain whether biological decay 
of organic matter is taking place in the samples due to insufficient 
biocide concentrations with respect to the large quantities of 
particulate residue. Presence of swimmers, hidden in the sediment, is 
however expected.

 
Figure 14: Accumulation rates in the trap bottles

  
Dissolved phosphate and silica concentrations in the sample solution are 
given in Figure 15. The silica concentrations peak in May-June 2004, 
probably related to the spring bloom. Phosphate concentrations remain 
quite constant, except for the peak concentration in bottle 6, which 
occurs concurrently with a sharp decrease in the particle accumulation 
rate. Subsequent measurements show that the phosphate concentrations 
remain constant within the analytical error, whereas silica 
concentrations clearly increase. The increase in silica concentrations is 
related to the continuing chemical dissolution of particulate opal, e.g. 
from diatom frustules, and, possibly as a result of the sudden decrease 
in pressure the samples after their recovery. Proper shore-based 
processing, gravimetric and chemical analyses are, however, needed to 
provide firm data on the actual mass flux and its composition through 
time.

Preliminary, that is uncorrected data, from the sensor packages mounted 
on the traps are available for both trapdepths (see Figure 16). Optical 
back scattering (OBS) on the shallow trap shows an extreme high spike 
during the last days of 2004 and the first days of 2005. The sudden 
increase in turbidity on December 26, 2004 is striking but its cause yet 
remains unknown. Minor peaks in the turbidity record might be associated 
with intermediate layer activity or a temporal shoaling of the benthic 
nepheloid layer. Changes in turbidity do not seem to occur simultaneously 
with changes in tilt, pressure or temperature. OBS values for the bottom 
trap show generally higher values than those of the shallow trap. Peaks, 
occurring mainly during the initial and the final deployment period, last 
longer than those 238 m above the bottom and are probably related to 
enhanced resuspension. Again, OBS values do not seem to be influenced by 
tilt, pressure or temperature. Tilt of the trap has, however, influenced 
the accumulation rate (Figure 14). It should be noted that due to fouling 
of the OBS sensor, it becomes less sensitive to enhanced turbidity with 
time, thus increasingly obscuring maxima as observed during the initial 
deployment period. 

 
Figure 16: The data from the sensor packages on the IRM-2 mooring 
           shipboard report 64PE240


Samples will be analysed for dry bulk mass, organic matter (Corg, N), 
carbonate (CaCO3), biogenic silica and lithogenic matter at Royal NIOZ, 
as well as for dissolved phases sampled shipboard. These will be followed 
by more specific analyses of bulk molecular, element and isotope 
composition, grain size distribution as well as analysis of specific 
particle groups and sizes, such as foraminiferal species and their 
element and isotope composition. Together, they will inform on the 
provenance and magnitude of the intercepted fluxes, and be interpreted 
using the physical forcing conditions as measured by the instrumentation 
on the nearby LOCO 02-2 mooring alongside (current direction and 
strength, stratification and mixing, temperature, etc.).

 

5.  BIRD OBSERVATIONS (L. Jonkers)

A total of 29 bird species (see table 3 next page) was seen during the 
cruise. Observations were made irregularly and most time was spent on the 
open ocean, therefore the abundance given below serves as an indication 
only.

The Northern Fulmar was by far the commonest bird; a few were virtually 
always present, even during very bad weather. The dark phase of the 
species was observed regularly near Greenland. Surprising were the two 
groups of Oystercatchers that were encountered on the open ocean. These 
were probably birds from Iceland that were on migration and possibly 
blown off track.


Abundance of each species is given for 3 different regions:

• O: Atlantic Ocean, roughly extending from 30 nautical miles (n.m.) 
     offshore
• G: Irminger Sea close (±<15 n.m.) to Greenland
• E: Areas close to British Isles, including the North Sea, extending 
     north to the Faroe region.

 
Table 3: Bird Observations

Species                                                                       Abundance*
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————  ———————————
                                                                               O   G   E
                                                                              ——— ——— ——— 
 1 Black-throated Diver Parelduiker                                            -   -   2

                                                          Gavia immer

 2  Northern Fulmar          Noordse Stormvogel      Fulmaris glacialis        6   5   6
 3  Great Shearwater         Grote Pijlstormvogel    Puffinis gravis           5   1   4
 4  Sooty Shearwater         Grauwe Pijlstormvogel   Puffinus griseus          4   1   3
 5  Manx Shearwater          Noordse Pijlstormvogel  Puffinus puffinus         1   -   -
 6  European Storm-petrel    Stormvogeltje           Hydrobates pelagicus      -   -   2
 7  Northern Gannet          Jan-van-gent            Morus bassanus            2   -   6
 8  European Shag            Kuifaalscholver         Stictocarbo aristotelis   -   -   2
 9  Grey Heron               Blauwe Reiger           Ardea cinerea             -   -   1
10  Greylag Goose            Grauwe Gans                                       -   -   3

                                                          Anser anser

11 Oystercatcher             Scholekster             Heamatopus ostralegus     3   -   -
12 Turnstone                 Steenloper              Arenaria interpres        -   -   2
13 Great Skua                Grote Jager             Stercorarius skua         3   -   4
14 Pomarine Skua             Middelste Jager         Stercorarius pomarinus    2   -   -
15 Arctic Skua               Kleine Jager            Stercorarius parasiticus  -   1   -
16 Black-headed Gull         Kokmeeuw                Larus ridibundus          -   -   3
17 Herring Gull              Zilvermeeuw             Larus argentatus          -   -   3
18 Lesser Black-backed Gull  Kleine Mantelmeeuw      Larus Graellsii           3   -   3
19 Great Black-backed Gull   Grote Mantelmeeuw       Larus marinus             -   -   2
20 Glacous Gull              Grote Burgemeester      Larus hyperboreus         -   2   -
21 Iceland Gull              Kleine Burgemeester     Larus glaucoides          -   3   1
22 Kittiwake                 Drieteenmeeuw           Rissa tridactyla          5   5   5
23 Sandwich Tern             Grote Stern             Sterna sandvicensis       -   -   3
24 Arctic Tern               Noordse Stern           Sterna paradisea          -   -   2
25 Common Guillemot          Zeekoet                 Uria aalge                -   -   3
26 Razorbill                 Alk                     Alca torda                -   -   3
27 Meadow Pipit              Graspieper              Anthus pratensis          3   -   3
28 Pied Wagtail              Rouwkwikstaart          Motacilla yarelli         -   -   2
29 Northern Wheatear         Tapuit                  Oenanthe oenanthe         2   1   2
—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————  
   * 1: 1  
     2: 2-10  
     3: 10-40  
     4: 40-100  
     5: 100-1000  
     6: >1000



6.  Acknowledgements

The hydrographic research reported here is part of the Royal NIOZ 
contribution to the Dutch CLIVAR programme (CLIVARNET). The LOCO moorings 
were funded by NWO via the large investments funding programme. The 
sediment trap mooring and associated biogeochemical flux research were 
carried out within VAMOC as part of RAPID, a collaborative framework 
funded by NWO-ALW, NERC (UK) and the Norwegian Science Foundation.

I thank the ship's captain and crew as well as NIOZ technicians for their 
professional support and active participation in the preparation and 
execution of the research programme during this cruise. The contributions 
of the colleagues from the NIOZ department of Physical Oceanography and 
from the supporting engineering and administrative departments are highly 
acknowledged.

4 October 2005

Kees Veth

Chief Scientist 





CCHDO DATA PROCESSING NOTES


• 2012-05-10
  Hendrik van Aken 
  CTD/BTL/SUM 
  Submitted to go online 

  Detailed Notes
  zipped file with summary and bottle data in Excel format and CTD data 
  in CSV ASCII format

• 2012-07-13
  Bob Key 
  CrsRpt 
  Submitted to go online 

  Detailed Notes
  van Aken submitted the bottle and CTD files back in May. Here's the 
  cruise report. 

• 2012-07-18
  Bob Key 
  BTL 
  Submitted to go online 

  Detailed Notes
  This version of the bottle data for this cruise supersedes that 
  submitted to you by van Aken. There are minor corrections to column 
  labels and carbon parameters. I will leave the CTD file format to 
  you/argo. 

• 2012-08-29
  Andrew Barna 
  CTD 
  Website Update 
  Exchange, NetCDF files online 

  Detailed Notes
  2012-08-23
  AR07E 2005 ExpoCode 64PE20050907 conversion notes (ctd) 
  A Barna

  SUBMISSION
  64PE240.zip submitted by H.M. van Aken on 2012-05-10
  containing xls sum and bottle files with csv ctd files data processed 
  and online.

  The file contains the following parameters (* with flag column):
  CTDPRS
  CTDTMP
  CTDSAL
  THETA
  GAMMA

  The following changes were made to the submission file:
  Changed sumfile section id from AR7E to AR07E
  Note: no bottle numbers present in sum file or bottle file

  FORMATTED FILE
  Changed expocode from 64PE240 to 64PE20050907
  Parameter gamma removed
  converted to exchange using libcchdo.formats.cruises.64pe240.ctd 
  (abarna)
  all present measurements assigned flag 2
  NetCDF bottle file created using exbot_to_netcdf.pl (S Diggs)
  Exchange and NetCDF files opened in JOA with no apparent problems
 Exchange files opened in ODV4 with no apparent problems

  working directory
  /data/co2clivar/atlantic/ar07e/ar07e_64PE20050907/original/20120823_
  ctd_abarna/

• 2012-08-30
  CCHDO Staff 
  CTD/BTL/SUM 
  Website Update 
  Available under 'Files as received' 

  Detailed Notes
  The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', 
  unprocessed by the CCHDO.

  64PE240.zip 

• 2012-08-30
  CCHDO Staff 
  CrsRpt 
  Website Update 
  Available under 'Files as received' 

  Detailed Notes
  The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', 
  unprocessed by the CCHDO.

  64pe240.pdf 

• 2012-09-17
  CCHDO Staff 
  BTL 
  Website Update 
  Available under 'Files as received' 

  Detailed Notes
  The following files are now available online under 'Files as received', 
  unprocessed by the CCHDO.

  64PE20050907.exc.csv

• 2012-10-22
  Jerry Kappa
  CrsRpt
  Submitted
  Final PDF version ready to go online

  Detailed Notes
  I've placed 1 new version of the cruise report:
  ar07e_64PE20050907do.pdf
  into the co2clivar/atlantic/ar07e/ar07e_64PE20050907/ directory.
  It includes summary pages and CCHDO data processing notes as well as a 
  linked Table of Contents and links to figures, tables and appendices.
  It will be available on the cchdo website following the next update 
  script run.

