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CRUISE REPORT: AR07W
(Updated NOV 2013)



A CRUISE NARRATIVE


1.  Highlights


                          Cruise Summary Information


          WOCE Section Designation  AR07W
Expedition designation (ExpoCodes)  18HU20100513 (HUD2010014 or l8Hul00l4 (ISDM format))
                  Chief Scientists  Glen Harrison / BIO
                             Dates  2010 MAY 13 - 2010 MAY 30
                              Ship  CCGS HUDSON
                     Ports of call  May 13, 2010 St. John's, NL, Canada
                                    May 30, 2010 BIO, Dartmouth, NS, Canada

                                                 60° 38.82' N
            Geographic Boundaries  63° 19.27' W               48° 13.54' W
                                                 41° 10.04' N

                         Stations  293
     Floats and drifters deployed  11 APEX floats deployed
   Moorings deployed or recovered  1 mooring deployed, 1 recovered

                             Contact Information:

                                Glen Harrison
        Ocean Sciences Division • Department of Fisheries and Oceans
                      Bedford Institute of Oceanography
                PO Box 1006 Dartmouth • NS, Canada • B2Y 2A4
                    Internet: Glen.Harrison@dfo-mpo.gc.ca




2.  Cruise Summary Information

a.  Cruise Track

A cruise track is shown in Figure A.2. 1. The ship's position at 0000 UTC 
on each day of the cruise is indicated with a date label.

The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) - format cruise station 
summary file (SUM) outlines the science operations conducted during the 
cruise.


Figure A.2.1: Cruise track for HUD2010014. The pink dots indicate the ship's 
              position for each hour of the voyage. The green dots and date 
              labels indicate the ship's position at 0000 UTC for that 
              particular date.


b.  Total Number of Stations Occupied

The CTD / ROS station positions are shown in Figure A.2.2. Table A.2.1 
lists the science operations for HUD2010014.


Table A.2.1:  Science operations conducted on HUD2010014.

Cast      Number of 
Type      Operations  Detailed Division                   Operation Numbers
--------  ----------  ----------------------------------  -------------------------
Rosette      31       23 of the 28 regular AR7W Sites     see Table A.2.2
 & CTD	                (L3 line) plus sites 2a, 3a, 4a, 
	                      5a, 6a, 8.5, 23.5 and 25.5
             13       Halifax Line Sites 2, 3, 6, 6.3,    267, 271, 274, 276, 
                      6.5, 6.7, and 7 - 13                277, 278, 281, 282, 
                                                          283, 284, 286, 290,
                                                          293
              3       Mini Eddy Line just of AR7W         178,181,183
                      (L3N4,_L3N3,_L3N2)
              3       Biology Casts not included          27,202,270
                      in other tables
              1       Station 27                          3
              2       Transit Stations                    7, 13
              3       Aborted Operations                  114, 245, 247

Moorings      2*      Recovery                            287
              1       Deployment                          239

Floats       11       APEX floats deployed                17, 30, 48, 59, 87, 130, 
                                                          179, 182, 184, 190, 197

Biology      42       200 micron net tows                 1, 4, 6, 10, 12, 15, 24, 
                                                          26, 45, 56, 70, 72, 77, 
                                                          83, 96, 101, 111, 113, 
                                                          119, 121, 127, 177, 180, 
                                                          200, 201, 208, 210, 217, 
                                                          223, 229, 242, 244, 250, 
                                                          253, 255, 257, 260, 263, 
                                                          280, 285, 288, 292
             22       76 micron net tows                  2, 5, 11, 25, 46, 57, 71, 
                                                          78, 97, 102, 112, 120, 
                                                          128, 209, 218, 224, 230, 
                                                          243, 254, 258, 261, 289
              6       Multi-net tows                      213, 268, 275, 272, 279, 
                                                          291

Chemistry    15       129I surface                        47, 73, 79, 85, 103, 129, 
                                                          189, 196, 212, 219, 246, 
                                                          251, 252, 264, 266
              9       129I profile                        16, 58, 115, 203, 225, 
                                                          267, 271, 277, 278

Other                 ~400 Hrs Ship Board ADCP	            No number assigned
            138       XBT Deployments                     18-23, 31-39, 41-43, 
                                                          49-55, 60-68, 74-76, 
                                                          80-82, -86, 88, 90-95, 
                                                          100, 104-106, 108, 
                                                          109, 116-118, 123-126, 
                                                          131-139, 141-150, 
                                                          152-176, 185-188, 
                                                          191-195, 198, 199, 
                                                          204-207, 214-216, 
                                                          220-222, 226-228, 
                                                          232-235, 237, 238, 240, 
                                                          249
              6       MVP                                 8, 9, 14, 69, 140, 241
              6       ASIP                                29, 44, 110, 211, 236, 269

* For some reason no operation number was given to the recovering of mooring 
  #1729 which was near station L3_08. The replacement mooring #1771 that was 
  deployed was given the operation number 239. The mooring recovered for 
  operation 287 was near station HL_02.



Along AR7W, the stations were full-depth WHP small volume rosette casts with 
up to 24 rosette bottles. Water samples were analyzed for CFCs, total 
inorganic carbon (TIC), total alkalinity, oxygen, salinity, nutrients 
(nitrate, phosphate, and silicate), total organic carbon (TOC), pH and 
bacterial abundance. Chlorophyll was analyzed at depths less than 200m at 
most stations. Samples were collected for 129I (iodine-l29) and O-18 
(Oxygen18) on selected casts.


Table A.2.2:  AR7W (L3) sites and rosette and CTD operation numbers for 
              HUD2010014.

              AR7W Site Number  2010014 Deep Cast Operation Number
              ----------------  ----------------------------------
                    1                        266
                    2a                       265
                    3a                       264
                    4a                       262
                    5a                       259
                    6a                       256
                    7                        252
                    8                        251
                    8.5                      248
                    9                        246
                   10                        231
                   11                        225
                   12                        219
                   13                        212
                   14                        203
                   15                        196
                   16                        189
                   17                         16
                   18                         28
                   19                         47
                   20                         58
                   21                        129
                   22                        122
                   23                        115
                  23.5                       107
                   24                        103
                   25                         98
                  25.5                        89
                   26                         85
                   27                         79
                   28                         73



Figure A.2.2:  HUD2010014 locations (red-filled stars) for operations 
               involving one or more of the following data collection 
               methods: Rosette, CTD and LADCP.


The AR7W Labrador Sea section and the extended Halifax Section were 
occupied during the HUD2010014 mission. These survey lines combined 
with the Orphan Basin lines occupied within the same four week period 
on HUD200901 1 provide a comprehensive assessment of the oceanographic 
conditions in the Canadian sector of the Atlantic Ocean.

c.  Floats and Drifters deployed

Eleven APEX profiling floats (Teledyne Webb Research, E. Falmouth, MA) 
equipped with SBE-41 temperature-conductivity sensors (Sea-Bird Electronics, 
Inc., Bellevue, WA) were deployed as a Canadian contribution to the 
international Argo project. This effort was jointly supported by Fisheries 
and Oceans Canada and the Canadian Ice Service of Environment Canada. Table 
A.2.3 gives details of the float deployments.


Table A.2.3:  APEX float deployments on HUD2010014.

       Apex Float       WMO   Event    Launch Position       Start Time   Launch Time
     Type        SN                  Latitude    Longitude       UTC          UTC
--------------  ----  ------- ----- ----------  -----------  -----------  -----------
                                                             17 May 2010  17 May 2010
APEX-SBE APF9A  4962  4901156   17  57°48.31'N  051°22.45'W     10:29        11:36
                                                             17 May 2010  17 May 2010
APEX-SBE APF9A  4837  4901142   30  58°14.74'N  050°52.63'W     19:40        20:05
                                                             18 May 2010  18 May 2010
APEX-SBE APF9A  4956  4901150   48  58°38.64'N  050°24.68'W     01:53        03:50
                                                             18 May 2010  18 May 2010
APEX-SBE APF9A  4836  4901141   59  59°03.87'N  049°54.48'W     08:02        09:39
                                                             19 May 2010  19 May 2010
APEX-SBE APF9A  5004  4901158   87  60°19.93'N  048°36.51'W     01:07        02:01
                                                             20 May 2010  20 May 2010
APEX-SBE APF9A  4963  4901157  130  59°29.45'N  049°29.04'W     05:47        07:43
                                                             21 May 2010  21 May 2010
APEX-SBE APF9A  4960  4901154  179  58°36.16'N  052°17.41'W     02:12        04:10
                                                             21 May 2010  21 May 2010
APEX-SBE APF9A  4959  4901153  182  58°21.84'N  052°13.28'W     06:21        08:18
                                                             21 May 2010  21 May 2010
APEX-SBE APF9A  4983  4901159  184  58°08.76'N  052°12.69'W     11:23        12:27
                                                             21 May 2010  21 May 2010
APEX-SBE APF9A  4957  4901151  190  57°22.72'N  051°49.9'4W     20:19        21:30
                                                             22 May 2010  22 May 2010
APEX-SBE APF9A  4958  4901152  197  56°56.17'N  052°13.29'W     01:31        03:49



d.  Moorings deployed or recovered

Moorings deployed and recovered

The Aanderaa current meter mooring near station L3_08 on the AR7W line 
was once again serviced on May 23, 2010. Mooring #1729 was recovered 
successfully under good sea conditions. The RCM8 appeared to have 
worked properly and all mooring tackle was in good condition. The 
replacement mooring #1771 was deployed successfully on the same day.


Recovery:

  M 1729  55°07.20'N    Standard mooring consisting of one current meter
  Anchor  54°05.21'W    positioned 20m above bottom along AR7W on the
                        Labrador Slope (12-month deployment) at the 1029
  Drop                  metres.
          55°07.17'N
          54°05.15'W
  MCa1


Deployment:

  M 1771  55°07.2120'N  Standard mooring consisting of one current meter
  Anchor  54°05.3901'W  positioned 20m above bottom along AR7W on the
                        Labrador Slope (12-month deployment) at the 1029
  Drop                  metres.
          55°07.2018'N
          54°05.3224'W
  MCa1



A software package called M-Cal (Mooring Calibrator) V 1.04 was used. M-Cal 
is a subset of a program called WorkBoat by James Illman of Software 
Engineering Associates. This enables the user to position the mooring once 
on the bottom. A computer is linked to the ship's navigation as well as, in 
this case, to the Benthos DS7000 deck unit. As the ship travels near the 
mooring, M-Cal transponds to the acoustic release and measures the time 
interval between the send and reply pulses. This information combined with 
the navigation data enables the program to calculate the position of the 
release. As more and more data is gathered, the position continually 
updates. M-Cal also calculates a depth for the release.

This software is of great use if a mooring is off location for some 
reason. M-Cal gives a position so that locating the mooring is much 
quicker. Transponding to a release only gives a slant range and not a 
direction. A ship has to randomly travel to minimize this slant range 
which could be time consuming.


An engineering mooring deployed on April 9, 2010 was recovered on May 29, 
2010. This mooring included a profiling instrument called the SeaHorse.


Figure A.2.3:  HUD2010014 mooring location (green-filled square - a mooring 
               was recovered and a new one deployed in the same location) 
               and float deployment locations (red-filled circles).




3.  List of Principal Investigators


Table A.3.1:  List of Principal Investigators (see Section 7 for addresses).

Name/email                        Affiliation  Responsibility
--------------------------------  -----------  -----------------------------
Kumiko Azetsu-Scott               BIO          Chemistry program
Azetsu-ScottK@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca                coordination, Alkalinity,
                                               CO2, CFCs, O18, and pH.

Carina Gjerdrum                   CWS          Sea bird program
Carina.Gj erdrum@ec.gc.ca

Glen Harrison                     BIO          Senior Scientist, Biological
HarrisonG@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca                    program coordination

Erica Head                        BIO          Macrozooplankton
HeadE@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca                        distribution, abundance and
                                               metabolism

Paul Kepkay                       BIO          Dissolved organic carbon,
KepkayP@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca                      colloid chemistry and
                                               plankton respiration

Bill Li                           BIO          Pico-plankton distribution 
LiB@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca                          and abundance, bacterial
                                               abundance and productivity

John Smith                        BIO          Radioisotope sampling
SmithJN@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca                      program

Igor Yashayaev                    BIO          Associate Senior Scientist,
Yashayaevl@mar.dfo-mpo.gc. ca                  CTD program coordination,
                                               XBTs




4.1  Physical - Chemical Program

a.  Narrative

The physical and chemical program on Hudson 2010014 continued an annual 
series of measurements in the Labrador Sea that began in 1990 as a 
contribution to the World Climate Research Programme and has evolved 
into a component of a multidisciplinary regional monitoring effort, 
presently known as Atlantic Zone Off-shelf Monitoring Programme 
(AZOMP). The broad goals are to investigate interannual and long-term 
changes in the physical and chemical properties of the Labrador Sea and 
better understand the mechanisms that cause these changes. A particular 
focus is on changes in the intensity of winter overturning of surface 
and intermediate-depth waters and the resulting formation of Labrador 
Sea Water with varying temperature and salinity properties. This 
overturning is part of the thermohaline circulation that plays a role 
in the global climate system. Convection also transfers atmospheric 
gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide from the surface layers to 
intermediate depths. The resulting oceanic storage of anthropogenic carbon 
reduces the rate of increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere but also 
increases the acidity of oceanic waters. The physical-chemical 
investigations are part of a larger multidisciplinary effort seeking a 
better understanding of interannual and long-term changes in regional 
ecosystems.

Hudson 2010014 program elements included:

 1. CTD profile measurements of pressure, temperature, salinity, dissolved 
    oxygen, pH, fluorescence, and light intensity at a fixed set of 
    stations (L3 line) spanning the Labrador Sea from Hamilton Bank on the 
    Labrador Shelf to Cape Desolation Island on the West Greenland Shelf;
 2. Measurements of salinity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients (nitrate/nitrite, 
    phosphate, silicate), CFCs, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, and 
    Iodine-129 from discrete water samples from a rosette sampler on the 
    CTD package;
 3. Recovery and redeployment of a current meter mooring providing 
    near-bottom current and temperature measurements on the Labrador Slope 
    in 1000 m water depth;
 4. Current measurements from a ship-mounted acoustic current profiler;
 5. Current measurements at CTD stations from a lowered acoustic current 
    profiler (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution);
 6. Temperature profile measurements from Expendable Bathythermographs 
    (XBT5) at selected points between CTD stations;
 7. Autonomous float deployments as part of the Canadian Argo Program and 
    the international Argo Project;
 8. Physical and chemical measurements at Station 27 on the Newfoundland 
    Shelf and on the Halifax Line on the Scotian Shelf in support of the 
    Atlantic Zone Monitoring Program (AZMP);
 9. Physical and chemical measurements on the Scotian Slope in support of 
    an expanded offshore monitoring program and a joint study with the UK 
    Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory;
10. Measurements of light carbonyl compounds in surface waters and marine 
    air and associated measurements of atmospheric ozone, nitrogen oxides, 
    and non-methane hydrocarbons (McGill University).
11. Measurements of physical and biological parameter in the upper 200 m 
    layer with MVP in transit between the port and work area.
12. Fine-structure measurements in the top 50 m with ASIP (Air-sea 
    interaction profiler).


Station 27 off St. John's was occupied as a contribution to the AZMP. 
Problems with the connector on a pH sensor that disrupted the first shallow 
CTD stations on the outward transit were resolved. Operations on the 
outward transit to the L3 line included 7 shallow CTD casts, 3 ring net 
hauls, 9 XBT drops, and 2 float deployments.

The Labrador Sea station work went well except that unusually heavy sea ice 
on the western side of the Labrador Sea prevented access to stations L3_l 
to L3_7 on the Labrador Slope and Shelf. Favourable ice conditions on the 
eastern side of the Labrador Sea at the time of our survey allowed the 
occupation of all planned stations on the West Greenland shelf. High winds 
interrupted over-the-side operations in the western Labrador Sea for 
approximately 12h. Operations on the L3 line included 25 full-depth CTD 
casts, 5 shallow CTD casts, 35 ring net hauls, 81 XBT drops, 6 float 
deployments, and 9 air samples.

A Net haul and CTD cast were carried out near the ice edge on the 
Newfoundland Shelf in 320 m water depth as a proxy for missed stations on 
the Labrador Shelf.

Ice conditions made it necessary to return via Cape Race rather than take 
the shorter route through Belle Isle Strait and the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

The combined Halifax Line/offshore Halifax Line (HL) was surveyed with 8 CTD 
casts, 4 Multinet hauls with 5 sampling levels down to 1000 m (HL_6 - HL_9), 
and 5 vertical ring net tows (HL_3 - HL_5). The offshore survey stopped at 
HL_9 because of time constraints. HL_6.5 and all AZMP Halifax Line stations 
except Stations 1 and 2 were occupied. An Apex profiling float was deployed 
at HL_9.

Researchers from McGill University analyzed 39 water samples from 31 
stations for light carbonyl compounds (formaldehydes, acetone, etc.) and 
collected 13 underway air samples close to 7 of these stations.

Weather and ice presented challenges to time management on this mission. Sea 
ice on the Labrador Coast was late in withdrawing, necessitating detours on 
transit and a longer return via Cape Race. Weather interrupted operations in 
the western Labrador Sea for approximately 12h. The formal mission plan 
allowed for a return to BIO as late as 05:00 UTC (08:00 ADT) on 1 June 2010 
but nearing the offshore end of the Halifax Line on 29 May 2010 we made a 
considered commitment to return to BIO late on the afternoon of Sunday, 31 
May 2010 to facilitate unloading from HUD2010014 and loading for the 
following mission, based on a short turnaround time and an assessment that 
we were in a position to do this and still complete the priority Halifax 
Line objectives. Arrangements were then made to have a working party and 
crane on the BIO jetty waiting for our arrival. Subsequently we were obliged 
to detour inshore to Halifax Line Station 6 to avoid a tropical depression 
approaching the offshore end of the Extended Halifax Line. This doubled the 
steaming time to occupy the offshore stations. Persistent fog made it 
necessary to reduce steaming speed and further cut into our station time. We 
occupied stations on the Extended Halifax Line out to site HL_9 but time 
constraints prevented the planned occupation of HL_10. On the return to BIO 
we occupied Stations 6.5 to 3 on the AZMP Halifax Line, still hampered by 
persistent fog. We had to bypass the AZMP time series at Halifax Line 
Station 2 because of poor time management over the final hours of the 
mission, which we particularly regret.

Summary log (all times are UTC)

17 May 2010  12:40 Depart St. John's harbour.

17 May 2010  13:40 2 Net hauls, CTD at Station 27 about 7 km from St. 
             John's harbour. Events 1-3. Transit to site L3_22 to start 
             work on the eastern end of the L3 line.

17 May 2010  23:15 Deviated ~60 nm east of planned track near 49°20'N to 
             avoid ice. Ice also prevented an approach to the Notre Dame 
             Trough for a planned brief sub-bottom survey for colleagues in 
             the Atlantic Geosciences Centre with the 3.5 kHz Knudsen Chirp 
             3260 sounder.

18 May 2010  11:20 Transit_01a Net haul, shallow CTD Event 5. The CTD failed 
             on the downcast. The SBE 18 pH sensor installed for the first 
             time on this station had a fault in its connecting cable that 
             was eventually identified as the cause of the problem. Transit 
             _0lb shallow CTD Event 6 at same location after removing the 
             depth-limited biological sensors (Licor PAR sensor and WetLabs 
             fluorometer) was also aborted at 58 dbar on the downcast. Trial 
             Transit 02a shallow CTD Event 7 again without the shallow 
             biological sensors was aborted after a partial downcast. 
             Transit_02b shallow CTD Event 8 without the pH sensor was 
             completed without incident. 15:35 Steamed south in response to 
             a SAR call; called off about 3 hours later, resumed steam 
             north. Transit 03 shallow CTD Event 9.

19 May 2010  Transit to L3_22. Transit_04 Net haul, shallow CTD, 2 float 
             deployments, 8 XBT drops. Events 10-21.

20 May 2010  Transit to L3_22. Transit_05 Net haul, shallow CTD including 
             pH measurements with the repaired SBE 18 pH sensor, XBT drop. 
             Events 22-24. 20:00 Start L3 line. 2 Net hauls, CTD, 2 XBT 
             drops, air sample. Events 25-30.

21 May 2010  L3 line. 5 Net hauls, 7 CTD casts, float deployment, 8 XBT 
             drops. Events 31-53.

22 May 2010  L3 line. 6 Net hauls, shallow CTD, 4 full-depth CTD casts, 22 
             XBT drops, 3 air samples. Events 54-88.

23 May 2010  L3 line. 6 Net hauls, shallow CTD, 4 full-depth CTD casts, 19 
             XBT drops, 2 air samples. Events 89-120. 

23 May 2010  20:25 High winds, break off work and run into the wind to the 
             NW and W.

24 May 2010  08:45 Begin steam SE 25 nm to rejoin L3 line at L315. 2 Net 
             hauls, shallow CTD, 2 full-depth CTD casts, 2 float 
             deployments, 9 XBT drops. Events 121-136.

25 May 2010  L3 line. Moved from site L3_11 to mooring site on Labrador 
             slope in mid-day to allow recovery in daylight hours. 
             Recovered and redeployed slope mooring. Ice edge approximately 
             5 nm southwest of mooring site prevented further access to the 
             Labrador Slope and Shelf. Occupied station L3_7.5 at ice edge 
             in approximately 600 m water depth.

9 Net hauls, 5 CTD casts, release test, mooring recovery and redeployment, 
             2 float deployments, 17 XBT drops, 2 air samples. Events 
             137-174. It was reported that the hoses connected to the CTD 
             sensors to keep them wet while the CTD is on deck between 
             stations were left on the sensors during Event 174 (L3_7.5).

26 May 2010  L3 line. Occupied stations between ice edge and site L3l0. 5 
             Net hauls, shallow CTD, 4 full-depth CTD casts, 4 XBT drops. 
             Events 175-188. End of L3 line work

27 May 2010  Transit south along edge of ice edge. Ice conditions at the 
             entrance to Belle Isle Strait blocked the shorter route to the 
             Halifax Line through the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

28 May 2010  02:35 BON BAY Net haul, CTD in 320 m water depth about 20 nm SE 
             of AZMP Bonavista Line Station 6 at the southern limit of sea 
             ice to sample winter water as a proxy for missed stations on 
             the Labrador Shelf. Events 189-190. Transit around Cape Race 
             to site HL_10 on the extended Halifax Line.

29 May 2010  15:00 Altered course toward site HL_6 to avoid a forecast 
             tropical depression.

30 May 2010  Occupied stations seaward from HL_6 to extended Halifax Line 
             HL_9.4 Multinet hauls, 4 CTD casts, float deployment, 4 air 
             samples. Events 191-203.

31 May 2010  Occupied Halifax Line stations shoreward HL_6.5 to HL_3.5 Net 
             hauls, 4 CTD casts. Events 204-212. Final transit to BIO. 
             19:45 Alongside BIO jetty.


b.  Chemical Oceanography

We have measured carbonate system (dissolved inorganic carbon and total 
alkalinity), Transient tracers (Halocarbons-CFCs), nutrients and dissolved 
oxygen in the GP Lab during 2010-014. Water samples for pH and oxygen 
isotope composition were also collected, preserved and stored.


Figure A.4.1.1  The chemistry team from left to right: Yuri Geshelin, 
                Richard Nelson, Carol Anstey, Darlene Brownell, Kumiko 
                Azetsu-Scott, and Stephen Punshon.


c.  Radioisotope Sampling Program 
    John Smith

Water samples were collected for 129I from a near surface rosette bottle at 
15 stations on the L3 (AR7W) line. Fuller depth sampling for 129I was 
carried out at five stations on the same section and four on the Halifax 
line. See table A.2.1 for the list of operations during which 129I, was 
sampled.


d.  ASIP Measurements
    Brian Ward & Adrian Callaghan
    (National University of Ireland)

    Jonathan Lilly
    (Earth & Space Research)


ASIP is an autonomous vertically-moving profiling platform that is equipped 
with a suite of instruments that make measurements of the physical 
properties of the ocean from a maximum depth of 100m up to the air-sea 
interface. ASIP is equipped to measure pressure, temperature, conductivity, 
shear, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), oxygen concentration and 
saturation, turbidity and dissolved organic matter.

ASIP is ~2.5m in length and weighs approximately 100kg. Figure 1 shows ASIP 
in an upright position moments before deployment. The instruments are 
located at the top of ASIP and are protected by a guard. In addition there 
is an NBOSI temperature and conductivity sensor located on the side of ASIP 
approximately 25 cm below the instruments that are protected by the guard.


Figure A.4.1.2:  A photo of ASIP while secured to CCGS Hudson's foredeck.


Before each deployment, ASIP's mission parameters are set in the lab. These 
include ASIP 's maximum profiling depth, the time before ASIP performs its 
first profile and the time between all subsequent profiles. A maximum of 
approximately 100 profiles can be performed in a given deployment before 
ASIP needs to be recovered due to battery demands. Once deployed and after 
the initial wait period, ASIP turns on its thrusters which submerge ASIP to 
the mission depth. Once this depth has been reached the thrusters shut off 
and ASIP rises under its own positive buoyancy through the water column to 
the air-sea interface. Once at the surface ASIP gets a GPS fix and transmits 
its position via iridium satellite which is received on the boat. ASIP then 
goes into sleep mode until it makes its next profile. ASIP continues to 
profile until its batteries reach a preset level of depletion. Once 
deployed, as well as transmitting its position which is received on the 
research vessel, ASIP can also receive messages via iridium satellite. 
Therefore mission parameters such as profiling depth and interval can be 
changed mid deployment. Also, ASIP can be set into sleep mode to conserve 
battery power.

During the CCGS Hudson cruise in the Labrador Sea in May 2010, ASIP was 
deployed a total of 6 times, summarised in the table below.


Table A.4.1.1: List of ASIP deployments.

Deployment  Deployment   Recovery   Number   Profile  Latitude  Longitude
  Number    Date/Time   Date/Time     of      Depth     (°)       (°)
             (UTC)        (UTC)    Profiles    (m)
---------  -----------  ---------  --------  -------  --------  ---------
    1      May17 18:54    May17       5        15      58.218    50.898
                          19:34 
    2      May17 22:37    May18      20        60      58.638    50.419
                          00:36 
    3      May19 16:44    May19      33        75      60.003    48.888
                          21:15
    4      May22 18:28    May22      30       100      56.109    53.111
                          22:50
    5      May23 12:36    May23      50       100      55.264    53.976
                          19:53
    6      May27 09:49    May27      60      100/40    41.773    60.911
                          17:16


Deployment 1 was essentially a shakedown to see if the profiler was 
operating according to its programmed mission. It was also an opportunity 
to see if the data was being recorded correctly. As it turned out, the 
accurate CT sensor on ASIP was not being recorded and we had to contact the 
engineers to come up with a fix. After trying a software change, it was 
clear that this was not going to get solved in this way. The solution came 
after we were able to take the signal and re-route it to another port, but 
the data from this port was not available until deployment 4. We do have 
high-resolution (albeit less accurate) CT data for the other deployments.

Deployment 2 was another baby-sitting routine where we programmed ASIP to 
conduct 9 rapid profiles, followed by a satellite communication link. This 
"rapid" profiling technique was developed on the Hudson, and increased the 
number of profiles during a deployment by eliminating the computer turn-on 
and turn-off times, as well as bypassing the satellite link. This turned 
out to be a very successful feature for this cruise, as time was often 
limited and the objective was to maximise the data return.

Deployment 3 was the first time that ASIP was released, and the Fast Rescue 
Craft (FRC) returned to the ship without the instrument. It was 
successfully recovered after 4 hours, and conducted the programmed mission 
precisely. This provided enhanced confidence in ASIP's ability to 
autonomously carry out its mission as well as call back with its position.

Deployment 4 was the first time ASIP was deployed to 100m, and again 
operated precisely according to the programmed mission.

Deployment 5 was again to 100m, but we acquired 50 this time. There was an 
issue with the antenna during deployment, and so the instrument was 
dismantled and a new antenna seal was installed, as there was concern that 
the O-ring seal was interfering with the antenna extension.

Finally deployment 6 was conducted in the highest wind conditions, with 
significant wave breaking at the surface. For this reason, we changed the 
mission programme in realtime by sending a message to ASIP while it was 
being deployed, and changed its measurement depth from 100 to 40m. This was 
to increase the turbulence data near the surface to improve our statistics. 
There was however a small bug in the mission code which resulted in ASIP 
doing rapid profiles only, which prevented any satellite communications. 
However, after the maximum number of profiles had expired ASIP stayed at 
the surface and transmitted its position every 2 minutes. Recovery was 
complicated by the 35 knot winds, and sight of the instrument was lost 
several times during the recovery operation.

In summary the cruise was very successful and we have some very valuable 
data of the upper ocean.


Figure A.4.1.3:  HUD2010014 ASIP deployment locations (plus sign).



4.2  Biological Program

a.  Narrative

The biological program conducted as part of cruise 2010014, with some 
modifications, was a continuation of studies began in 1994 to describe the 
large-scale (spatial and temporal) variability in plankton biomass, 
productivity and biogenic carbon inventories in the Labrador Sea.


The program has consisted of essentially four elements: 

1) a phytoplankton biomass/primary productivity program conducted by Jeff 
   Anning (for Glen Harrison), 
2) a microbial program conducted by Tim Perry (for Bill Li), 
3) a mesozooplankton program (Erica Head), and 
4) a total organic carbon program conducted by Jeff Anning (for Paul Kepkay)

The ultimate aim of these studies is twofold: 

1) to provide a description of the inventories in and export of biogenic 
   carbon from the Labrador Sea, their turnover rates and variability in 
   space and time as part of Ecosystem Research Division's (ERD) continuing 
   climate studies and 
2) to provide a description of plankton life-cycles and productivity in the 
   Labrador Sea and its influence or contribution to ecosystems downstream 
   in support of ERD's ecosystem-related research.


In addition to the Labrador Sea study, phytoplankton, mesozooplankton and 
nutrient samples were collected along the extended Halifax Section in 
support of ERD/OSD's obligations to the Atlantic Zone Monitoring Program 
(AZMP) and the new climate component.

A pelagic bird survey was carried out by Sarah Wong, contractor for 
Environment Canada's Canadian Wildlife Service (Dartmouth, NS) supporting 
CWS's work on seabird issues. The goal of this survey was to gather data on 
the offshore distribution and abundance of marine birds in order to identify 
and minimize the impacts of human activities at sea on birds. These data 
will provide critical, and currently unavailable, information for 
environmental assessments for offshore developments, and will help identify 
areas where birds are at high risk from oil pollution, and other human 
activities.


Figure A.4.2.1:  HUD2010014 ring net tow (yellow-filled circles) and 
                 multi-net tow (red-filled triangles) locations.


b.  Zooplankton Sampling 
    E. Head / M. Ringuette

The zooplankton sampling is part of an ongoing program, the aim of which is 
to investigate the distribution, abundance and life history of the major 
zooplankton groups found in the Labrador Sea and its associated shelf 
systems. Particular emphasis is placed on the copepod species of the Calanus 
genus, which dominate the zooplankton in this region.

Vertical net tows were taken at 30 stations (1 at Station 27, 2 in transit 
to the L3 line, 25 on the L3 line and 4 on the Halifax Line). At all 
stations, tows were made from 100 meters to the surface using a m diameter 
200 µm mesh ring net, except at Station 27 and those on the Halifax Line 
where tows were from the 1000 m or bottom to the surface. An additional tow 
was made using a using a 30 cm 76 µm mesh ring net at 22 stations (21 on the 
L3 line and 1 at HL_02).


c.  Egg Production and developmental rates (EPR and DR) of 
    Calanusfinmarchicus in the Labrador Sea
    E. Head / M. Ringuette


EPRs were measured at 9 different stations the primary goal being to serve 
as a measure the secondary production. Egg production rates were monitored 
every 6 hours to determine the presence of a circadian cycle in egg 
production. The monitoring of a series of 24 vials containing 50 eggs each 
is being used to provide an estimate of the hatching rate of the population, 
and the time necessary to molt into subsequent naupliar stages up to N3. 
Replicate vials from each of 3 experiments are being preserved daily with 
formalin for subsequent laboratory counting. The experiments will continue 
in the laboratory, after the ship has docked. Development rates obtained in 
these experiments, together with estimates of EPRs and in situ levels of 
eggs and naupliar stages 1-3, will be used to determine mortality of the 
early life stages.


d.  Depth Distribution of Calanusfinmarchicus in the Slope Water off the 
    Scotian Shelf
    E. Head / M. Ringuette


The vertical depth distribution of Calanus finmarchicus in the Slope Water 
off the Scotian Shelf was investigated. At four stations, HL 8-9-11 and 13, 
five depth strata (660-600, 600-400, 400-200, 200-100, 100-0 meters) were 
sampled using a square 0.5 x 0.5 m multi-net fitted with five 200 µm mesh 
nets. Limitation in the cable length explains the low depth reaches at these 
stations. See Table A.4.2.1 below.


Table A.4.2.1:  Net tows performed on HUD2010014.

                                         Ring Net        Devel.
     Station         Date   Multi-net  200µm  76µm  EPR  Time
------------------  ------  ---------  -----  ----  ---  -----
    Station 27      13 May               X     X
Biological cast #1  14 May               X     X     X
Biological cast #2  15 May               X     X     X
      L3-17         17 May               X
      L3-18                              X     X     X     X
      L3-19                              X     X
      L3-20         18 May               X     X
      L3-28                              X     X
      L3-27                              X     X
      L3-26                              X
      L3-25         19 May               X     X
      L3-24                              X     X
      L3-23                              X     X     X     X
      L3-22                              X     X     X
      L3-21         20 May               X     X
      L3-N4                              X
      L3-N3         21 May               X
      L3-14         22 May               X           X     X
      L3-13                     X        X     X     X
      L3-12                              X     X
      L3-11         23 May               X     X
      L3-10                              X     X
      L3-9                               X     X     X
      L3-8          24 May               X
      L3-6A                              X     X     X
      L3-5A                              X     X
      L3-4A                              X     X
      L3-3A                              X

      HL-9          27 May      X
      HL-11                     X
      HL-13                     X
      HL-8          28 May      X
      HL-7                               X
      HL-6          29 May               X
      HL-2                               X     X
      HL-3                      X        X



e.  Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
    Jeff Anning
    (for Paul Kepkay)

In order to better understand the cycling of carbon in the Labrador Sea, it 
is necessary to examine the pool of total organic carbon (TOC). Obtaining a 
profile of TOC concentration in the water column can help determine the fate 
of organic carbon. Elevated concentrations of TOC at depth are indicative of 
transport of carbon to the deep ocean, which basically removes it from the 
effects of biological re-mineralization. This can result in the long term 
storage of organic carbon in the deep ocean. Such information can be applied 
to models that track the fate of carbon in the environment and its potential 
effects on climate change.

During CCGS Hudson cruise 2010-014 TOC depth profiles were collected from 
stations of the AR7W line as indicated in the table below.


Table A.4.2.2 TOC sampling on HUD2010014.

                             Station     TOC Profile
                           ------------  -----------
                           AR7W site 1        X
                           AR7W site 2A       X
                           AR7W site 3A       X
                           AR7W site 4A       X
                           AR7W site 5A       X
                           AR7W site 6A       X
                           AR7W site 7        X
                           AR7W site 8        X
                           AR7W site 9        X
                           AR7W site 10       X
                           AR7W site 11       X
                           AR7W site 12       X
                           AR7W site 13       X
                           AR7W site 14       X
                           AR7W site 15       X
                           AR7W site 16       X
                           AR7W site 17       X
                           AR7W site 18       X
                           AR7W site 19       X
                           AR7W site 20       X
                           AR7W site 21       X
                           AR7W site 22       X
                           AR7W site 23       X
                           AR7W site 24       X
                           AR7W site 25       X
                           AR7W site 26       X
                           AR7W site 27       X
                           AR7W site 28       X



f.  Primary Production Measurements 
    Jeff Anning

Water samples for photosynthesis-irradiance (P-I) experiments were collected 
from the rosette at 6 stations. For each incubation experiment, 33 aliquots 
were inoculated with 14C labelled sodium bicarbonate and then incubated at 
in situ temperatures at 30 light levels (+ 3 dark bottles) for approximately 
3 hours. At the end of the incubation period the cells were harvested onto 
GF/F glass fibre filters for later counting in a scintillation counter. 
Duplicate chlorophyll, duplicate particulate organic carbon, one particulate
inorganic carbon, one HPLC, and one Absorption Spectra sample were collected 
for each incubation experiment.


Table A.4.2.3:  Photosynthesis/Irradiance incubations were conducted at the 
                above stations.

Station    Event    Lat.     Long.        Date         Time     Depth    ID
---------  -----  -------  --------  -------------  ----------  -----  ------
L3_18 Bio    27   58.2188  -50.8833  "May 17 2010"  "15:22:56"   30    369182
             27   58.2188  -50.8833  "May 17 2010"  "15:26:53"    2    369185
L3_23 Bio   114   60.0057  -48.8717  "May 19 2010"  "17:58:39"   30    369351
            114   60.0057  -48.8717  "May 19 2010"  "18:00:56"    2    369355
L3_14 Bio   202   56.5405  -52.6718  "May 22 2010"  "12:08:54"   31    369507
            202   56.5405  -52.6718  "May 22 2010"  "12:11:28"    4    369511
L3_10       231   55.4198  -53.826   "May 23 2010"  "11:21:15"   30    369630
            231   55.4198  -53.826   "May 23 2010"  "11:22:27"    4    369631
L3_06a      256   54.4698  -53.8422  "May 24 2010"  "11:02:32"   31    369694
            256   54.4698  -53.8422  "May 24 2010"  "11:05:07"    3    369698
HL_11 Bio   270   41.7772  -60.908   "May 27 2010"  "10:31:21"   30    369790
            270   41.7772  -60.908   "May 27 2010"  "10:34:02"    3    369794
L3_18 Bio    27   58.2188  -50.8833  "May 17 2010"  "15:22:56"   30    369182
             27   58.2188  -50.8833  "May 17 2010"  "15:26:53"    2    369185
L3_23 Bio   114   60.0057  -48.8717  "May 19 2010"  "17:58:39"   30    369351
            114   60.0057  -48.8717  "May 19 2010"  "18:00:56"    2    369355
L3_14 Bio   202   56.5405  -52.6718  "May 22 2010"  "12:08:54"   31    369507
            202   56.5405  -52.6718  "May 22 2010"  "12:11:28"    4    369511
L3_10       231   55.4198  -53.826   "May 23 2010"  "11:21:15"   30    369630
            231   55.4198  -53.826   "May 23 2010"  "11:22:27"    4    369631
L3_06a      256   54.4698  -53.8422  "May 24 2010"  "11:02:32"   31    369694



g.  Bacterial Abundance and Production of Microbial Plankton 
    Tim Perry

At every depth at every station sampled on the L3 line and stations sampled 
on the HL line a sample was collected for bacterial counting by flow 
cytometry.

Water samples were collected from all depths at 9 stations on the L3 line 
and incubated for between 3-24 hours after inoculation with 3H labelled 
leucine. The cells were collected by centrifugation and prepared for 
scintillation counting back on shore.


Table A.4.2.4:  Microbial production incubations were conducted at the above 
                stations.

Station  Event    Lat.      Long.        Date          Time
-------  -----  --------  ---------  -------------  ----------
 L3_18     28   5812.886  -5052.848  "May 17 2010"  "18:21:33"
 L3_27     79   6027.000  -4822.221  "May 18 2010"  "22:27:34"
 L3_24    103   6011.521  -4841.698  "May 19 2010"  "12:16:18"
 L3_21    129   5929.066  -4928.745  "May 20 2010"  "07:35:40"
 L3_14    203   5633.082  -5241.107  "May 22 2010"  "15:04:46"
 L3_10    231   5524.802  -5346.965  "May 23 2010"  "11:23:06"
 L3_08    251   5505.747  -5406.484  "May 24 2010"  "04:57:58"
 L3_04a   262   5402.643  -5446.256  "May 24 2010"  "16:15:25"
 L3_01    266   5340.527  -5533.011  "May 24 2010"  "21:36:24"



h.  Pelagic Bird Survey
    Carina Gjerdrum


Carina Gjerdrum, Environment Canada
45 Alderney Drive, Dartmouth, N.S. B2Y 2N6
(902) 426-9641 carina.gjerdrum@ec.gc.ca

Seabird Observer: Sarah Wong (snpwong@dal.ca)

Background

Our primary objective for the pelagic monitoring program is to map the 
relative abundance and distribution of pelagic birds in Atlantic Canada. We 
rely on ships-of-opportunity to carry seabird observers to offshore areas 
through the region, and prioritize areas that can be surveyed across 
multiple seasons and years. These data will provide critical, and currently 
unavailable, information for environmental assessments for offshore 
developments, help identify areas where birds are at high risk for oil 
pollution and other human activities, identify critical marine habitat, and 
allow us to monitor trends in abundance and distribution of marine birds.

Protocol

The main objective of our protocol is to ensure that observers conducting 
surveys at sea from a moving platform are recording data in a consistent, 
unbiased fashion that permit subsequent conversion into seabird densities. 
This protocol is consistent with methods used elsewhere in the world, making 
these data comparable to other geographic areas.

Surveys are conducted while looking forward from the bridge, scanning ahead 
to a 900 angle from either the port or starboard side, limiting observations 
to a transect band 300m wide from the side of the platform. A survey 
consists of a series of five-minute observations periods, which are 
exclusively dedicated to detecting birds at sea. We conduct as many 
consecutive five-minute observation periods as possible, regardless if birds 
are present or not, and try to ensure consistent coverage throughout the 
day.

We scan the transect continuously by eye, to count and identify birds 
present in air or on water. Binoculars are used to confinn the species 
identification, and other details, such as age, moult, carrying fish, etc. 
We continuously record all birds observed on the sea surface and estimate 
their distance from the platform. Flying birds are not recorded continuously 
as this would overestimate bird density. Instead, we record flying birds 
using instantaneous counts, or "snapshots" at regular intervals through the 
observation period. The number of snapshots conducted depends on the speed 
of the platform.


GENERAL RESULTS: 
Written by Sarah Wong

Seabird surveys were conducted from May 13 to May 29, 2010 from the bridge 
of the CCGS Hudson. A total of 1088 five-minute observation period were 
completed. During this time, 1014 birds from 6 different families were 
counted in transect (this does not include birds outside of the 300m wide 
transect, birds following the ship or birds in flight that were not captured 
during the instantaneous snapshots)(Table 1). In general, birds were widely 
distributed throughout the survey area, although higher densities were found 
over Newfoundland and Scotian slope waters.

Species from the family Alcidae were the most abundant group observed (45%), 
most of which were murres. Huge flocks of murres were observed through the 
Strait of Belle Isle (not included in the total as most were further than 
300m away) and large numbers on the Scotian shelf. Dovekies were found 
mainly over the Greenland Slope waters, although some were observed in the 
Labrador Sea. Razorbills and Atlantic puffins were found mainly on off the 
coast of Newfoundland. Munes were most common off the coast of Newfoundland, 
but were also observed in the Labrador Sea.

Species observed in the family Procellariidae (accounting for 11%) were 
mainly Northern Fulmars. Fulmars followed the ship throughout the Labrador 
Sea. The total number given in Table 1 does not count ship followers, which 
sometimes numbered 400-500. Sooty and Greater Shearwaters were found on the 
Scotian Shelf and were first when we approached the Gully.

Storm-petrels accounted for 16% of the observations and were most numerous 
on the Scotian shelf and Slope. Gulls (Herring, Great Black-backed and 
Glaucus) also followed the ship in the Labrador Sea, though were more 
numerous closer to the shelf waters.

Non-seabirds observed included unidentified passerines (including sparrows 
and a thrush), 7 peregrin falcons and an osprey.


Acknowledgements

Our work could not occur without the generous support of DFO scientists and 
staff, and the Coast Guard officers and personnel.


Table A.4.2.5:  List of species observed during the seabird survey. Total 
                numbers include only those birds considered "in" transect.
                They do not include birds following the ship, birds outside 
                300m and flying birds not captured during the "snapshot".


Family          Species                  Latin Name           Number Observed
--------------  -----------------------  -------------------  ---------------
Alcidae         Dovekie                  Alle alle                  88
                Thick-billed Murre       Uria lomvia                86
                Common Murre             Uria aalge                 20
                Unknown Murre            Uria spp.                 112
                Razorbill                Alca torda                 19
                Murre or Razorbill                                  83
                Atlantic Puffin          Fratercula artica          46
                Black Guillemot          Cepphus grylle              2
                Unknown Alcid            Alcidae                     5
Hydrobatidae    Wilson Storm-Petrel      Ocean ites oceanicus       34
                Leach's Storm-Petrel     Oceanodroma leucorhoa      44
                Unknown Storm-Petrel     Oceanodroma or Oceanites   89
Laridae         Herring Gull             Larus argentatus           26
                Great-Black-backed Gull  Larus marinus               5
                Glaucus Gull             Larus hyperboreus          11
                Black-legged Kittiwake   Rissa trydactyla           73
                Iceland Gull             Larus glaucoides            1
                Arctic Tern              Sterna paradisaea           3
                Unknown Tern             Sterna spp.                 9
                Pomarine Jaeger          Stercorarius pomarinus      2
                Long-tailed Jaeger       Stercorarius longicaudus    2
                Parasitic Jaeger         Stercorarius parasiticus    1
                South Polar Skua         Stercorarius maccormicki    2
                Unknown Gull                                         1
Procellariidae  Northern Fulmar          Fulmarus glacialis        106
                Greater Shearwater       Puffinusgravis              6
                Sooty Shearwater         Puffinus griseus            4
Scolopacidae    Red Phalarope            Phalaropusfulicaria        82
                Red-necked Phalarope     Phalaropus lobatus         11
                Unknown Phalarope        Phalaropus spp.             7
Sulidae         Northern Gannet          Morus bassanus             34




5.  Major Problems and Goals Not Achieved

The only major problems were that a couple days were lost due to stormy 
weather and sea ice along the Labrador coast was encountered. The ship's 
speed was reduced during several periods of low visibility due to fog or 
tricky patches of sea ice. The presence of coastal sea ice prohibited the 
original occupation for stations 2 - 6 of the AR7W line, the 20th annual 
realization of this section by DFO Maritimes Science. Most of the full 
Halifax Line was occupied (stations 2, 3, 6, and 7); plus six additional 
deeper offshore stations.




6.  Other Incidents of Note

There were none to report.




7.  List of Cruise Participants

Name                   Responsibility                          Affiliation
---------------------  --------------------------------------  -----------
Anfing, Jeffrey        Biological                               ERD, BIO
Anstey, Carol          Nutrients, Oxygens                       ERD, BIO
Azetsu-Scott, Kumiko   Scientist, Carbonate, Alkalinity, O-18   OSD, BIO
Boyce, Richard         Salts, Mooring                           OSD, BIO
Brownell, Darlene      CFCs                                     BDR
Callaghan, Adrian      ASIP                                     NUI
Dimerov, Entcho        Computer Room, XBTs                      MUN
Geshelin, Yuri         Oxygens                                  OSD, BIO
Hanison, William Glen  Chief Scientist, Biological              ERD, BIO
Harding, Adam          Winch Room, LADCP, VADCP                 OSD, BIO
Head, Erica            Scientist, Biological, Net Tows          ERD, BIO
Jackson, Jeffrey       Data management, Computer Room           OSD, BIO
King, Randy            MVP                                      OSD, BIO
Lilly, Jonathan        ASIP, Computer Room                      ESR
Nelson, Richard        CFCs                                     ERD, BIO
Perry, Timothy         Biological                               ERD, BIO
Punshon, Stephen       Carbonate, Alkalinity                    OSD, BIO
Ringuette, Marc        Biological, Net Tows                     ERD, BIO
Ryan, Robert           CTD Tech., Winch Room                    OSD, BIO
States, George         MVP                                      OSD, BIO
Ward, Brian            ASIP                                     NUI
Wong, Sarah            Sea bird observer                        EC, CWS
Yashayaev, Igor        Associate Chief Scientist, Computer      OSD, BIO
                       Room, XBTs


BIO      Bedford Institute of Oceanography
         PO Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS, Canada, B2Y 2A4

BDR      BDR Research Ltd.
         Box 652, Station M, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3J 2T3

EC, CWS  Environment Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service
         45 Alderney Drive, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, B2Y 2N6

ERD      Ecosystem Research Division

ESR      Earth & Space Research
         2101 Fourth Ave., Suite 1310
         Seattle WA 98121 USA

MUIN     Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland
         P.O. Box 4920 St. John's, NL Canada A1C 5R3

NUI      National University of Ireland, Galway
         University Road, Galway, Ireland.

OSD      Ocean Sciences Division





B.  UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS


1.  Navigation and Bathymetry 
    Jeff Jackson

The navigation system onboard CCGS Hudson consists of one differential GPS 
receiver and navigation software. The receiver is one of many NMEA feeds 
into a multiplexer that provides all the NMEA strings to a PC on the bridge. 
The PC running the navigation software, then rebroadcasts the NMEA strings 
to distribution units in the computer room, which provide many output lines 
for the working labs. The resulting broadcast navigation strings are 1 Hz. 
The navigation data are then logged at specified intervals on a PC. For this 
cruise the navigation was logged approximately every second.

AGCNAV is a PC-based display and waypoint setting software package, 
developed at the Atlantic Geoscience Centre at BIO. This software 
graphically displays ship position, waypoints, course, speed, etc. to the 
various science working areas. This has been the standard software package 
for years now. It was used on this mission to view the ship's position but 
it was not used to log the navigation data.

The navigation data was logged using the Geological Survey of Canada's (GSC) 
Survey Suite navigational software. This is a windows package which grabs 
every NMEA string broadcast over the network. It adds a date/time stamp to 
every data record acquired. It is much easier to configure and operate than 
AGCNAV. The only negative observation is that it does not have a waypoint 
viewer.

The echo sounder system used for collecting bathymetric data at station 
locations consisted of a 12 KHz Raytheon PTR echo sounder that created an 
analog trace on a Raytheon Line Scan Recorder located in the forward 
laboratory. The transducer beam width is 15 degrees. The sweep rate of the 
recorder was adjusted throughout the course of data collection to aid in 
identifying the bottom signal. One transducer is positioned on a Ram that 
can be lowered or raised depending on conditions. When the ram is up, the 
waterline to transducer offset is 6 m. When the ram is down, the offset is 8 m.




2.  Vessel Mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler 
    Adam Hartling

Ocean Surveyor II vessel mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler system 
consists of a 75 kHz phased array transducer assembly mounted in a well in 
the ship's hull. The deck unit and computer are located in the forward lab.

The transducer assembly is mounted on a ram penetrating the ships hull that 
can be lowered if necessary. Transducer remained in the retracted position 
for the duration of the cruise. It was determined during sea acceptance 
testing that lowering the transducer did not effect the operation of the 
system. The transducer is located approximately 6m below the waterline.

The system is capable of collecting bottom track data to 1000m and profile 
data to 650m. Setup includes 100-8m bins. The Ocean Surveyor was set to 
operate in the narrow band single ping mode with 3 sec ensemble time. 
Position, heading, pitch and roll data is provided by the ADU5 attitude 
determination unit at a 1 Hz rate. Ships gyro heading data is connected 
directly to the OSII deck unit. The Ocean Surveyor also includes a 
temperature sensor for sound speed calculations.

WinADCP software package used monitor profile data in real time. WinADCP is 
set to display times series of short-term averaged profile and attitude 
data. VmDas Software package used to deploy OSII and log raw data, VmDas 
option files, intermediate and processed files. Data back-up on external 
hard-drive. Data back-up includes only raw data and VmDas option files.

All NMEA strings are logged during data collection. The gyro heading is 
included in the raw data. Raw data is processed in real time for a short 
term average of 3Osec and a long term average of 300sec.

Data will have to be reprocessed using gyro heading during periods with low 
quality or no attitude solution. Raw data can be reprocessed using VmDas.

Significant increase in noise floor caused by bow thrusters while on 
station, during high sea states, or during travel at speeds in excess of 12 
knots. Increase in noise floor results in significant decrease in data 
quality and reduction in profile range.




3.  Continuous Flow Multisensor Package (CFMP) 
    Jeff Anning

Water from approximately 4m was continuously pumped to the forward lab. The 
temperature, conductivity and fluorescence were measured and logged every 15 
sec. The temperature and conductivity were measured with Sea-Bird 
Themiosalinograpgh and the fluorescence by a Wetlabs flow through 
fluorometer. Incident Photosynthetically Active Radiation was measured with 
a Li-Cor Spherical Quantum Sensor and this data was collected as hourly 
means. Exact time and positions were provided by the ships GPS and logged 
with the other data.




4.  XBT measurements and high-resolution mapping of the thermal
    structure of the upper layer
    Igor Yashayaev

Expendable Bathythermographs were routinely deployed during the HUD2010014 
mission. See Fig. B.4.1 for a map with the XBT drops indicated. We used 
three different models of XBTs: Sparton T5, Sippican T7 and Sippican T10. 
TSs are capable of measuring to maximum depths of 1900m at the cruising 
speed of 6 knots, T7s record temperature to 800m at the cruising speed 15 
knots and TIN to 200m. The vertical resolution of the measurements was about 
0.6-0.8m. There were 24 T5, 45 T7 and 27 T10 XBTs launched during the cruise 
(Table A.2.1 lists the operation numbers when these were deployed).


Figure B.4.1:  XBT sites (indicated by yellow open squares) during 
               HUD2010014.




5.  Ashtec ADUS Attitude Determination Unit 
    Adam Hartung

4-antenna receiver configuration uses differential carrier phase 
measurements to compute heading, roll, and pitch in real-time at a 5-Hz 
update rate.

Position and velocities are computed only for Antenna 1. The remaining 
antennas provide carrier phase data for attitude determination. Antenna 1 is 
a Beacon antenna providing differential position when in range of a base 
station. Beacon corrections were available for all but the most north - east 
portion of the cruise.

Antenna separations in a normal multipath environment determine the level of 
solution accuracy. Fore - aft antenna separation is 3m provides potential 
heading accuracy of 0.2 degrees. Port - starboard antenna separation of lm 
provides potential pitch/roll accuracy of 0.6 degrees.

When the receiver is searching for the ambiguities, or when a valid solution 
has not been found code phase estimate of heading appears in the PASHR,AT2 
string and pitch and roll are displayed as exactly 0.00. Heading may also be 
displayed as 0.00 if no estimate is available. The PASHR, AT2 string 
contains a quality flag which indicated the quality of the solution. When 
either of these situations exist, the attitude reset flag is set to 1 in the 
attitude output message (a 0 for the attitude reset flag indicates a good 
attitude solution).

If noisy or bad satellite measurement data was received by the ADUS the 
Kalman filters sometimes get lost. This results in no valid solution. This 
often is the result of high multipath interference. BRMS and MRMS fields in 
the PASHR,AT2 string will exceed maximum noise levels, and the PDOP will 
become large. For a good solution PDOP should be less than 6.

Solution quality was monitored on a daily basis with the aid of the Teledyne 
RDI VMDAS and WinADCP software packages used to log and monitor the OSII 
ADCP current profile data.


6. Meteorological observations

The officer of the watch manually logged meteorological variables at regular 
intervals. Negotiations are ongoing with the Meteorological Service of 
Canada to install an automated weather reporting system on Hudson.




7.  Atmospheric Chemistry

There was no atmospheric chemistry program.





C.  HYDROGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS - DESCRIPTIONS TECHNIQUES AND CALIBRATIONS


1.  Salinity 
    Rick Boyce

a.  Description of Equipment and Technique

595 salinity samples were analyzed using a Guildline Autosal 8400B 
salinometer, serial number 69780. Samples were drawn into 200 ml bottles. 
Once the sample bottle was rinsed three times and filled to the shoulder, 
the neck and threads of the bottle were dried using paper towel and a new 
dry cap was installed. Once the bottles reached room temperature, the caps 
should be retightened. The drying of the neck of the bottle and installing a 
dry cap has been a technique used since the HUD2000009 cruise and prevents 
salt crystals from forming under the cap if samples are left for a long 
period of time before analysis.

The samples are placed into a constant temperature water bath set to 23.5°C 
with the Autosal running at 24°C. The cell of the salinometer was filled and 
rinsed three times with sample water. A fourth sample was introduced into 
the cell and readings were averaged over a 10 to 15 second interval until 
the operator was satisfied that the correct value was attained. If there was 
any doubt in this value, subsequent refills were performed and readings 
averaged as above. Once satisfied, a sample ID number and Conductivity Ratio 
was recorded onto the Salinity Log Sheet. Periodically, the room temperature 
was recorded constantly.

b.  Data Processing Technique

Conductivity ratios, sample ID's and standards were entered into the ODIN 
database. Conductivity ratios were used to compute salinities using the 
water sample conductivity ratio and the standard IAPSO formula applied in an 
ODIN module. Any changes in the salinometer readings between successive 
standardizations were assumed to have occurred as a linear drift of the 
instrument. Thus, the program applied a correction to the ratios, which 
varied linearly with the samples analyzed. An offset was also applied if the 
initial standardization was different from the quoted value given on the 
ampoule label. The computed salinity data was then placed in the water 
sample database.

c.  Laboratory and Sample Temperatures

Full cases of samples were taken from the Winch Room to the Drawing Office. 
Cases of 24 salinity bottles were placed into water baths set at 23.5° C and 
allowed to equilibrate before analyzing. During this particular Mission, the 
room temperature in this area ranged remained quite stable hovering near 
24°C. The Autosal bath temperature was set to 23.5°C for all samples.

d.  Standards Used

The salinometer was standardized during the mission using JAPSO standard 
water, Batch P150 dated May 22/08 having a K15 value of 0.99978, salinity of 
34.991. Typically, standardization checks were performed at the beginning 
and end of a run. After ID# 396652, the standard changed to Batch P151, 
expiry date May 22/10 having a K15 value of 0.99994, salinity of 34.999. 
Typically, standardization checks were performed at the beginning and end of 
a run.

e.  Performance of the Autosal salinometer

Overall, the Autosal salinometer worked well during the mission except for a 
run #6 stating with ID# 396652 and ending with ID# 369746. There was some 
drift in the standards over the cruise period. The introduction of water 
baths to bring the samples close to the temperature of the Autosal bath has 
made the analysis much better. The instrument spends very little time in 
bringing the sample to the temperature of the bath thus reducing bath 
fluctuations. The lab temperature was stable during all runs which is an 
important factor when trying to optimize the performance of the instrument. 
Historically the Autosal was setup in the General Purpose (GP) lab onboard 
Hudson. Air temperature was difficult to control in this area. For this 
mission the Autosal was installed in the Drawing Office where the operator 
could control the ambient air temperature much better than in the GP lab.





2.  Measuring Dissolved Oxygen Concentration and calibration of Sea-Bird 
    oxygen primary sensor on the Hudson 2010-009 and 2010-014 missions.
    Carol Anstey / Yuri Geshelin


1.  Introduction

In the spring of 2010, the CCGS Hudson carried out two field missions: 
2010-009 (5-13 May 2010, Orphan Basin) and 2010-014 (14-30 May 2010, the 
annual occupation of the AR7W / L3 line across the Labrador Sea). On both 
missions, samples and standard measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO) were 
taken at various depths as part of the cruise program with the use of 
titration methods and by means of Sea-Bird DO primary and secondary sensors. 
Attempts at calibration of the primary sensor were made during the 
missions(1). The purposes of this note are (a) to describe the methods of 
collecting samples, data acquisition and processing; (b) outline the 
problems and provide recommendations for improving the future work; (c) to 
provide some preliminary results of the expedition in the form of 
quantitative estimates.

Section 4 of the report is divided in two parts, each of which corresponds 
to one of the two missions. This is done not due to climatological or 
geographical considerations, but because of the transition to a newer 
titration system, which took place at the beginning of the second mission. 
The system used on the 2010-009 mission was developed at the Scripps 
Institute of Oceanography and is based on a modified Winkler titration 
technique. The system used on the 2010-014 mission was based on the 
colorimeter principle, and its Matlab-based software was developed at the 
Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Quebec and referred to as BOB in this writing.

The replacement had to be done because of the failure of the Scripps system. 
This change had impact on both the protocol of work and results. While both 
systems have problems, the newer one proved to be more efficient and in 
general, capable of producing consistent results.


2.  Procedures and methods

Oxygen sub-samples were drawn from 10L bottles attached to a 24-bottle 
Rosette Sampler. To reduce air contamination of the samples to a possible 
minimum, the sampling was done immediately after the dissolved organic 
carbon (DOC) and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) sampling(2). On the 2010-009 
mission, no replicate samples were taken. During the 2010-014 mission, on 
most oceanographic stations, replicate samples were collected at least at 
one depth. Normally, these depths were chosen to be at the minima and maxima 
of the DO vertical profile as determined from the CTD cast in the computer 
room. This strategy ensues from the calibration purpose: we strived for the
maximum range of the calibration curve. Another characteristic point on the 
oxygen vertical profile, where, in most cases, duplicate samples were taken, 
is the bottom (i.e. the deepest observation).

The oxygen sampling bottles were 125 mL Iodine flasks with matched custom 
ground stoppers. The volumes of flasks with the corresponding stoppers were 
predetermined gravimetrically, and volume data were saved to titration 
programs prior to the mission. The matched flasks and stoppers are etched 
with identification numbers.

Each oxygen sub-sample was drawn through a silicone tube attached to the 
spigot of the Rosette bottle. The flask and stopper were thoroughly rinsed. 
The flow was then allowed to continue until two to three flask volumes 
overflowed. The sampling tube was slowly removed with continuous low flow to 
ensure that no air was trapped in the flask and the volume kept to the brim 
until the stopper was added.

On the 2010-009 mission, the draw temperature of each sample was taken by a 
digital thermometer in the winch room. That temperature was subsequently 
entered in the processing software. Several discussions were held on whether 
this procedure is mandatory, or the time-binned in situ temperature from 
Sea-bird can be used instead, as in the previous years. As seen from Figure 
C.3.1, there is a good agreement between the two temperatures (the 
correlation coefficient is 0.98). A few outliers are probably due to the 
errors made by the sample collector. As pointed out by Stephen Punshon, such 
discrepancy between the two temperatures is too negligible to cause any 
effect on the titration process.


—————————————————————————————————————————
(1) The data logged by the Sea-Bird secondary dissolved oxygen sensor were 
    incorrect during most of the mission due to the wrong calibration 
    coefficients and / or wrong equation; therefore, the secondary oxygen 
    channel has not been given much attention up to this point. 
(2) In some instances, only CFC sampling preceded the DO sampling.




Figure C.3.1:  Draw temperature of samples taken in the winch room vs the in 
               situ temperature.


At the end of the 2010-009 mission, upon consideration, a decision was made 
to discontinue taking the draw temperature. Another simple reason for not 
taking it on the 2010-014 mission was the fact that the colorimeter software 
does not request the draw temperature at all (see the Introduction about the 
replacement of the titration system).

Samples were oxidized immediately with the addition of 1.0 mL each Alkaline 
Iodide and Manganous Chloride. A discussion was held on whether or not the 
tip of the spout should be submerged under the surface of the sample during 
this procedure, and the decision was made to submerge. The flask stopper was 
carefully inserted to avoid introducing air and the flask was thoroughly 
shaken.

The procedures for storing samples were different on the 2010-009 and 
2010-014 missions. On the first one, the samples were stored immediately 
after collection for at least 30 minutes to allow the precipitate to settle 
in a 4°C refrigerator located in the GP lab as per original protocols: store 
cool and in the dark to prevent undesirable photochemical reactions. In the 
middle of the 2010-014 mission, upon having numerous problems with the 
colorimeter probe, it was believed that the problems were caused by tiny 
nitrogen bubbles, which form at low temperatures. Consequently, the decision 
was made to store samples in a dark place (also immediately) at room 
temperature, but no longer than for 2 hours, to avoid problems with bubbles 
due to higher temperatures.




3.  Replicate analysis (time series)

As mentioned, during the 2010-014 mission, replicate samples were collected 
at least at some depths. Normally, two samples (duplicates) were taken; on 
two occasions, triple samples (triplicates) were taken. Figure C.3.2 
presents the time series of the difference between the DO concentrations 
sampled at the same depth. As seen from the figure, most of the large 
differences occurred at the beginning of the 2010-014 mission, at the stage 
when the new Winkler system was poorly known. A few of them, however, 
happened at a later stage. The reasons for these discrepancies are not well 
understood, but we believe they are due to the formation of the bubbles on 
the colorimeter.


Figure C.3.2:  Difference between the DO concentrations sampled at the same




4.  Sea-Bird - Winkler comparisons

On both the 2010-009 and 2010-014 missions, the secondary CTD oxygen channel 
was logging spurious values because of the equation and calibration 
coefficients were wrong. This was fixed at the end of the cruise by Jeff 
Jackson. For this reason, this report covers only the results obtained for 
the primary oxygen channel.

4.1.  Cruise 2010-009, Scripps Winkler system

The scatter plot of Sea-Bird vs Winkler O2 concentration is presented in 
Figure C.3.3. The left panel of that plot presents the scatter plot of the 
two values. The correlation coefficient is fairly small, almost negligible: 
R = 0.26. Nevertheless, at high end the cluster of points seems to be 
reasonably well aligned along the one-to-one correspondence line. This 
suggests that the problems at low end can be accounted for by poor sampling 
technique. The samples were taken by new people.

Plotted on the right panel of Figure C.3.3 is the relationship between the 
difference between the two values and pressure. The apparent slope is an 
indication that something was not right with the calibration coefficients 
used by the Sea-Bird processing software.


Figure C.3.3:  Scatter plot of Sea-Bird vs Winkler O2 concentrations depth.


4.2.  Cruise 2010-014, BOB system

The scatter plot of Sea-Bird vs BOB O2 concentration is presented in Figure 
C.3.4. The date when Jeff Jackson fixed the Sea-Bird calibration 
coefficients (20 May 2010) is used for the color-coding of the data points. 
Apparently, most of the red points are grouped along the one-to-one 
correspondence line, while most of the blue ones are off that line. 
Exceptions to this rule exist, however there are obvious outliers in both 
groups. The overall correlation coefficient is 0.46, although the removal of 
outliers would result in a successful calibration.


Figure C.3.4:  Scatter plot of SeaBird vs Winkler O2 concentrations




5.  Conclusions and recommendations

We have summarized the procedures for sampling, measuring and calibrating 
the DO concentrations on two Hudson missions in the spring of 2010. The two 
main problems encountered at sea were:

- Poor sampling practices were exercised (the 2010-009 mission only). The 
  air bubbles in the samples caused some overestimation of the DO 
  concentration at the low end of the calibration curve (see the lower part 
  of the left panel in Figure C.3.3).
- The Sea-Bird calibration coefficients were incorrect for the majority of 
  both missions.
- The BOB titration system was at times out of order. In such cases, the 
  software produced the "PROBLEM" message. As a result, about 10 samples 
  were lost.

In the future, we need to gain more understanding about the BOB titration 
system. Consultations with the software developers at IML are needed. In the 
future, we also need to ensure that the Sea-Bird calibration coefficients 
and equations used at sea are correct. This needs to be done prior to the 
missions.





3.  Nutrients 
    Carol Anstey

a.  Description of Equipment and Technique

Samples were analyzed for silicate, phosphate, nitrate (nitrate plus 
nitrite) and ammonia using a Technicon Autoanalyzer II. The methods were 
standard Technicon for Seawater Analysis (Silicate 186-72W, Phosphate 
155-71W, Nitrate/Nitrite 158-71W) except for Phosphate which has been 
modified by separating the Ascorbic Acid (4.0 gm/l) from the Mixed Reagent. 
The modified Mixed Reagent instead of water was introduced at the start of 
the sample stream (0.23 ml/min.) and the Ascorbic Acid was introduced 
separately between the two mixing coils (0.32 ml/min.) (Strain and Clement, 
1996). Ammonia was determined by a method developed by R. Kerouel and A. 
Aminot; 'Fluorometric determination of ammonia in sea and estuarine waters 
by direct segmented flow analysis.' Marine Chemistry 57 (1997) 265-275.


b.  Sampling Procedure and Data Processing Technique

Duplicate nutrient samples were drawn into 30 ml HDPE (Nalgene) wide mouth 
sample bottles from the 10 L Rosette bottles. The sample bottles were 
pre-washed in 10% HCL, rinsed three times with Alpha-Q (de-ionized water) 
and oven dried at >100 Degrees F.

A sample run included six Calibration Standards, analyzed in duplicate, at 
the beginning and end of each shift's analysis. The standards, wash water 
and blanks for phosphate, silicate and nitrate/nitrite were made up in 33 
ppt NaC1 (Sigma, ACS Reagent); for ammonia, Alpha-Q water only. The second 
most concentrated Calibration Standard was used as a Check Standard every 16 
samples, followed by blanks as a baseline check. The quality of analysis was 
checked by analyzing an Intercalibration Reference Material MOOS-1 for 
nutrients produced by NRC, Ottawa. There was no existing ammonia Reference 
Material.

The raw analog data was converted to digital data, processed and 
concentrations calculated using Michaelis-Menton Regression, including 
statistics, by an in-house Pascal 7.0 program (AAII) on a PC. Chart 
recordings, hard copy and disk copies of the data were archived.


c.  Replicate Analysis

Total number of duplicate samples analyzed for Orphan Basin HUD2010-009: 892 
and AR7W Labrador Sea HUD2010-014: 1476. Samples were analyzed as soon as 
possible after collection. Any samples collected off watch were kept 
refrigerated (4°C) and analyzed within eight hours of collection.

This year it was decided to attempt to run all 5 nutrients at sea: 
nitrate/nitrite, silicate, phosphate, ammonia and nitrite. There were 
problems with a very erratic baseline and contamination for phosphate on the 
first shift of analysis. Samples from stations OB 2, 3, 7 and 9 had to be 
frozen until the sources of the problems could be repaired. All tubing was 
replaced, reagent bottles were acid washed and new reagent made up. Also, a 
double amount of surfactant was added to phosphate ascorbic acid; problems 
solved. Rough seas on May 5th to May 9th caused several mechanical problems. 
The sampling arm on the carousel for ammonia and nitrite would not swing. 
This was caused by the outer casing pushing against the swing arm mechanism 
where the instrument was tied down too tight. The older silicate colorimeter 
broke down possibly due to extra violent shaking breaking the A/D board or 
internal data cable connection. Data was collected on the strip chart but 
none in the voltage file on the computer. Data for calculations were entered 
manually from peak height measured from strip chart (OB-368536-368653). The 
spare that was brought along was a newer type that was not compatible with 
the older style data cables. Instead, the nitrite colorimeter was converted 
for use as silicate and no nitrite data was collected. Both of the older 
Kipp and Zonen chart recorders failed. Two new ones brought as spares were 
used allowing data collection for only four channels, silicate, phosphate, 
nitrate and ammonia. The peristaltic pump seized for silicate, phosphate and 
nitrate May 11(368861-368900 analyzed; 368885-368900 frozen and reanalyzed 
next day). Extensive data editing had to be done before data could be 
reported. May 15, (369124-369134), silicate and phosphate channels collected 
data fine but ammonia and nitrate channels only collected on chart recorder; 
peak height data again had to be entered manually for calculation. Cause for 
this problem could not be found. A 'dummy' run was set up with standards 
only and all data collected fine. Extremely rough seas affected phosphate 
channel May 22; air bubbles kept getting caught in the flowcell. 
Unfortunately phosphate data had to be discarded (369437-369499). Frequent 
flushing of the entire system with 1N HCl followed by Alpha-Q water helped 
to prevent sample flow problems and build-up of molybdate coating of the 
flow cells.

The ammonia system was initially set up following guidelines recommended by 
Malcolm Woodward, Plymouth Institute of Oceanography. He recommended using 
High Purity Nitrogen gas in Tedlar bags to replace the 'air' supply for the 
segmented flow and head space of the mixed reagent. Also, the Alpha-Q system 
was brought to re-sieve Alpha-Q water brought on board in acid washed 
carboys. The Tedlar bags of gas were a dismal failure; difficult to fill and 
leaked very badly. The pump brought to push water back through the Alpha-Q 
system was inadequate. Ammonia data was not collected for the first few 
shifts. In the end, the air supply and reagent bottle were both fitted with 
a homemade gas trap consisting of a 10cc syringe filled with Sicacide 
(sulphuric acid coated molecular sieve) to absorb any ammonia from the air. 
Standards and samples were covered with Parafilm as soon as the sample cups 
were poured. These measures turned out to be perfectly adequate for avoiding 
any ammonia contamination. There was no increase in baseline or check 
standards throughout run and fluorometer settings did not change from normal 
lab settings for gain or sensitivity. The mixed reagent did not pick up 
ammonia and could be used over two days with no problem. Data for sample 
runs were excellent: stable baselines and very good calibration RMS - 'fit 
to curve'.

Again this year the GP lab temperature remained very warm: 24°C to 30°C. A 
fan was used to circulate air from an open porthole but doors were kept shut 
to maintain warm temperatures for the pH and alkalinity analysis. It helped 
that the Autoanalyzer was run at night when the ambient temperatures were 
cooler preventing degassing of molybdate reagents and build-up of 
precipitate in the nitrate colour reagent line but the warmer temperatures 
caused problems with degassing the dissolved oxygen samples coating the new 
colorimetric method cell window with fine bubbles.

All raw data had to be brought back to the Institute for editing and final 
calculations. The computer for this purpose cannot be used as a 'stand 
alone' but must be tied into the BIO Intranet. The old computer cannot be 
uploaded with an excel program adequate to edit and sort data. This problem 
must be solved before the next cruise so that data can be calculated, edited 
and reported on board.

The data quality parameters, determined with check standards and RMS offset 
from the calibration curve, came well within accepted values. However the 
MOOS-l Intercalibration Reference Standard gave consistently high results. A 
summary of QC/QA MOOS-l data as follows:


QC/QA                      Silicate  Phosphate  Nitrate
                              µM        µM        µM
--------------------------  -------  ---------  -------
Accepted Values       from  25.00     1.490     22.80
                      to    27.00     1.630     24.60
-------------------------------------------------------
Analytical Results MOOS-1   27.16     1.852     24.93
                            27.44     1.828     25.41
                            28.41     1.881     27.76
                            28.39     1.912     27.25
                            26.94     1.822     27.00
                            26.94     1.797     25.46
                            27.46     1.818     27.15
                            27.50     1.790     27.04
                            27.34     1.788     25.76
                            27.16     1.790     26.20
                            27.03     1.786     26.07
                            26.97     1.771     25.56
                            26.92    no data    26.37
                            26.81    no data    25.62
                            27.44     1.837     25.39
                            27.40     1.838     25.62
                            26.66     1.824     25.47
                            27.01     1.832     25.56
                            27.07     1.995     27.71
                            26.96     1.839     27.88
                            26.91     1.877     27.06
                            26.96     1.791     26.99
                            27.52     1.819     27.11
                            27.67     1.754     27.11
 
 
RMS offset from the predicted calibration curve is a measure of how 
acceptable the calibration was for a specific analysis run. There is no firm 
cut-off for 'good' or 'bad' data. The following table lists acceptable 
limits for RMS fit determined by averaging 34 runs of data deemed to be 
acceptable by peak shape, stability of the baseline and precision between 
duplicates.

RMS Offset from Curve:

                             SILICATE  PHOSPHATE  NITRATE  AMMONIA
                             --------  ---------  -------  -------
         Mean (µM) (n=34)     0.115      0.042     0.089    0.080
         Std. Deviation (µM)  0.115      0.020     0.043    0.032
         Maximum (µM)         0.695      0.111     0.271    0.132

         Cruise Average:

         Orphan Basin (n=7)   0.108      0.009     0.074    0.125
         Std. Deviation (µM)  0.083      0.004     0.072    0.035

         Labrador Sea (n=36)  0.075      0.018     0.175    0.139
         Std. Deviation (µM)  0.044      0.007     0.131    0.052


The nutrient detection limits are an average of all analytical runs from 
both the Orphan Basin and Labrador Sea legs of the cruise.

                                Silicate     Phosphate     Nitrate    Ammonia
                               ----------  ------------  ----------  -----------
Number of Samples (both legs)     2368         2244         2368        2010
Number of Duplicates              4736         4488         4736        4020
Detection Limit (µ moles/L)    0.19 ±0.16  0.039 ±0.033  0.11 ±0.06  0.10 ±0.09


Analytical Precision: Standard Deviation of Check Standards

                   Silicat  Phosphate  Nitrate  Ammonia
                   -------  ---------  -------  -------
                    0.047     0.008     0.039    0.027
                    0.195     0.010     0.098    0.082
                    0.255     0.015     0.003    0.751
                    0.303     0.031     0.141    0.019
                    0.016     0.016     0.202    0.130
                    1.615     0.024     0.417    0.075
                    0.420     0.020     0.253   no data
                    0.469     0.015     0.205    0.155
                    0.204     0.017     0.090    0.135
                    0.302    no data    0.329    0.116
                    0.385     0.032     0.156    0.129
                    0.513     0.051     0.246    0.080
                    0.571     0.029     0.185    0.082
                    0.220     0.032     0.183    0.090
                    0.714     0.041     0.465    0.075
                    0.197     0.047     0.321    0.074
                    0.217     0.050     0.225    0.137
                    0.143     0.035     0.160    0.090
                    0.202     0.017     0.153   no data
                    0.223     0.013     0.189   no data
                    0.250     0.022     0.227    0.123
                    0.504     0.023     0.765    0.104
                    0.272     0.028     0.218    1.296
                    0.120     0.041     0.104    0.113
                    0.242     0.020     0.246    0.146




5.  Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), Total Alkalinity (TA) and pH in 
    Seawater
    Kumiko Azetsu-Scott / Stephen Punshon


Samples for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) were 
collected at standard hydrographic depths at the whole-number stations 1-28 
on the AR7/W Line, with the exception of station 22 where no bottles were 
fired due to a malfunctioning rosette/CTD, and at stations 2, 3 and 6-13 on 
the Halifax Line.

Seawater samples were collected in 500 mL borosilicate glass bottles and 
analyzed for DIC followed by TA typically within 12 hours of collection 
following the methods prescribed in "Guide to Best Practices for Ocean CO2 
Measurements" by Dickson et al. (2007). Water samples from stations 14 and 
11 on the AR7/W were poisoned with 100µl of mercuric chloride to stop 
microbial activity and stored prior to analysis during the transit from the 
AR/7W to Halifax line. This preservation procedure was necessary due to a 
valve failure on the SOMMA instrument at the end of Station 15 and because 
of lack of analysis time between stations. A total of 475 samples for AR7/W 
and 206 samples for the Halifax Line were analyzed.

DIC was determined using gas extraction and coulometric titration with 
photometric endpoint detection (Johnson, et al., 1985). Total alkalinity was 
measured by open-cell potentiometric titration with a five-point method 
(Haraldsson et al., 1997). Bottles of Batch 99 Certified Reference Material 
(CRM) (supplied by Professor Andrew Dickson, Scripps Institution of 
Oceanography, San Diego, USA) were analyzed in duplicate every 20 samples to 
evaluate accuracy.

Samples for pH measurements were also collected at the same stations and 
depths as DIC/TA with additional samples taken at the biological stations. 
pH samples were collected in 60 mL amber "Boston Round" glass bottles with 
poly-seal lined closures and poisoned by adding 20 µL of saturated 
mercuric chloride solution within one hour of collection. A small air space 
of ~1 mL allowed for expansion of the sample due to temperature changes. 
These samples are stored at room temperature for later analysis using a 
spectrophotometric method at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography.

The SOMMA system for DIC was updated for 2010 with anew electronic valve 
interface control system, new software and a modem computer, and generally 
worked very well with excellent precision of around ± 1-2 µmol kg -1. 
Unfortunately, the failure of an old Bio-Chem pinch valve (Valve #9) at the 
penultimate analysis of the Station 15 samples required preservation of the 
Station 14 samples so that a repair could be made. Valve #8 occasionally did 
not close completely, allowing excessive phosphoric acid to be delivered to 
the stripping chamber. The thermostat for the DIC sample water bath failed 
at the start of the Halifax Line requiring the cooler to be turned on and 
off manually. Consequently, the SOMMA water jacket temperature fluctuated in 
the range of 7-13°C throughout the Halifax Line measurements.

In the case of the TA analytical system, there was an initial tendency for 
the stirrer motor to stick due to the titration cup support warping. This 
was rectified by applying a downward pressure on the support with an elastic 
cord. A slow leak of hydrochloric acid from the anti-diffusion delivery tip 
was noticed after filling the acid reservoir on May 20th and this may have 
caused some low TA values and poor precision especially for Stations 15 and 
16. Efforts were made to wipe the delivery tip immediately prior to 
titration and the precision subsequently improved. It is likely that a 
leaking rotary valve on the Dosimat 655 titrator is the cause of this 
problem.




6.  Oxygen isotope composition (delta-18O) 
    Kumiko Azetsu-Scott / Stephen Punshon

Water samples were collected in 60 mL amber "Boston Round" glass bottles 
with polyseal lined closures at the surface three depths for the every 
station along AR7W line. For the station 17, the bottom three bottles were 
sampled instead of surface three samples. Entire depths were sampled at 
station 5, 16 and 28.




7.  Halocarbons (CFCs) 
    Darlene Brownell / Richard Nelson

Concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons, CFC-12, CFC-ll, CFC-113, carbon 
tetrachloride and methyl chloroform were measured along transect lines, L3 
and the Halifax line from May 13th to May 30th 2010. Overall, 32 stations 
were sampled, 564 and 10 sea water and air samples were collected and 
analysed, respectively.

a.  Description of Equipment and Technique

To avoid atmospheric contamination, CFC water samples were drawn first, 
directly from the spigots of the PVC bottles on the rosette sampler directly 
into 100-ml glass syringes. Syringes were rinsed three times before they 
were filled. The samples were stored in a water bath of continuously flowing 
surface seawater until analysis (0°C - 10°C), less than 24 hours.

Halocarbons were stripped from seawater using an automated purge and trap 
system. Water samples were injected directly into the systems from a 100-ml 
glass syringe. A measured volume of seawater sample was transferred to a 
purge chamber, warmed to 80°C, and purged with a stream of UHP Nitrogen (80 
mumm) for 10 minutes. The analytes were trapped on a chromatographic 
absorbent (Porapak-N) packed in stainless steel tubing (3 mm x 17 cm) 
maintained at 10°C, the compounds were then desorbed by heating the trap to 
170°C. A Varian 3300 Gas Chromatograph equipped with a 75m DB-624 megabore 
column and electron capture detection was used for the separation and 
quantification of the halocarbons.

The purge and trap system was susceptible to contamination whenever it was 
open for maintenance and repairs. For this reason, blanks are run after the 
system has been open until a stable baseline could be achieved.

b.  Calibration

Results were calibrated using working standards prepared gravimetrically at 
Brookhaven National Laboratories, which was calibrated against a standard 
air sample certified by CMDL/NOAA, Boulder, Colorado. Analytical precision 
calculated from replicate measurements for CFCs was 1-3% and for CCl4 4%.

c.  Problems Encountered

There were minimum problems encountered with the instrumentation during the 
cruise. One of the computers (486 model) over heated and needed to be 
replaced. Another computer was re-built using spare parts and other similar 
computers and was used as a new back up computer.

d.  Future work

Atmospheric CFC's have stopped increasing as a result of the restrictions 
enacted in the 1980s on the production and release of CFCs. Using CFCs as 
tracers to estimate the age of water masses have become more problematic 
encouraging the use of a new transient tracer. Currently, a new system is 
being built which will measure sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), a new chemical 
tracer as well as CFC-l2. This system is expected to be ready for the 
Labrador Sea 2011 cruise.




D  APPENDICES


Appendix 1:  OPERATION NOTES REPORT
             Jeff Jackson


Note Number: 1  Entry Time:            Note Made By:   Operation ID:
                19/May/2010 21:35:56   Jeff Jackson    115

The CTD and rosette bottles stopped working at around 250 m during the 
upcast. The last 5 bottles could not be fired (369376 - 369380). The 
termination/splice was redone after this station.


Note Number: 2  Entry Time:            Note Made By:   Operation ID:
                23/May/2010 19:22:07   Jeff Jackson    245

This CTD operation failed.


Note Number: 3  Entry Time:            Note Made By:   Operation ID:
                23/May/20 10 23:13:13  Jeff Jackson    247

CTD failed at 926 db. Piercing noise and error light flashing on deck unit.


Note Number: 4  Entry Time:            Note Made By:   Operation ID:
                26/May/2010 02:11:10   Jeff Jackson    69

Original MVP was lost due to the line being snagged on something in the 
water.


Note Number: 5  Entry Time:            Note Made By:   Operation ID:
                26/May/2010 02:19:56   Jeff Jackson    84

Net was cancelled but the operation was entered in the database when it 
should not have been.


Note Number: 6  Entry Time:            Note Made By:   Operation ID:
                26/May/2010 02:49:41   Jeff Jackson    151

This was assigned to an XBT but the XBT was never launched and this 
operation was entered in the database but should not have been.





Appendix 2:  MOORING DETAILS
             Rick Boyce


MOORING #1729 HENDRY LAB SEA MAY 2009

MOORING #1771 HENDRY LAB SEA MAY 2010

MOORING #1766 SEAHORSE HAMILTON HALIFAX STN #2 APRIL 2010





Appendix 3:  CTD INITIAL SETUP INFORMATION
             Rick Boyce

                                           Original Request X    Update ____
                                          Information Supplied By:  Bob Ryan
                                                        Date: April 30, 2010

Mission:  HUD201O-014                           Departure Date: 17 May, 2010
Chief Scientist:  Hendry

INSTRUMENT CONFIGURATION
Frequency channels suppressed = 0            Pri. Pump Serial Number: 051775
Voltage words Suppressed = 0                 Sec. Pump Serial Number: 051776
Computer interface = RS-232             Carousel Serial Number: 3240415-0624
Scans to average = 1
Surface PAR voltage added = No X  Yes ____
Scan time added= No X   Yes ____
NMEA position data added = Yes


  Channel                                                Serial     Calibration     System
Designation         Parameter           Model Number     Number         Date        Number
-----------  ------------------------  ---------------  --------  ----------------  ------
Frequency 0  Temperature - Primary     SBE3             035081     8 April 2010      TS13
Frequency 1  Conductivity - Primary    SBE4             043561     8 April 2010      C513
Frequency 2  Pressure - SBE9plus       410K-105         69009     25 March 2010      PP06
               s/n 9P7356-0289         Modulo l2P       0362      31 Jan 1997
Frequency 3  Temperature - Secondary   SBE3             035083     8 April 2010      TS14
Frequency 4  Conductivity - Secondary  SBE4             043562     8 April 2010      C514
Voltage 0    Altimeter                 2110-2           222       18 May 1999        ALO1
Voltage 1    Fluorometer Chelsea       AquaTracka Mk 3  088172    10 February 1997   FCO1
Voltage 2    Oxygen                    SBE43            430042    06 January 2010    OXO1
Voltage 3    Oxygen                    5BE43            431588    06 March 2010      0X03
Voltage 4    Irrandiance (PAR)         LI-1935A         SPQA2711  17 June 1999       1R03
                                       PN 90310         0002-CHI  17 April 98        LA01
Voltage 5    Fluorometer, WetLabs      CDOM WETStar     WSCD-987P 18 August 2003     FLO7
Voltage 6    pH Sensor                 SBE18            180669     5 November 2008   PH01
Voltage 7    Free                      Free             Free         Free



Additional Configure Information

    ASCII Output: Shared File - C:\CTDdata\shared.dat (refer to attached)
    Deck Unit Modem COMM Port = COM    
            (selected in 'Realtime Data: Start Acquisition')
        Water Sampler
        Number of Water Bottles = 24
        Water Sampler Type = SBE Carousel
        Firing Sequence = Sequential
        Bottle Positions For Table Driven =        
            <See CTD System Administrator if REQUIRED >


                                   SPARES



                    Model        Serial     Calibration    System
Parameter           Number       Number        Date        Number
------------------  -----------  ------  ----------------  ------
Temperature          SBE3        031256  23 February 2010   T506
Temperature          SBE3        032303  13 March    2010   TS1O
Temperature          SBE3        031376   9 February 2010   TSO3
Temperature          SBE3        032298  13 February 2010   TSO9
Conductivity         SBE4        040997  23 February 2010   CSO6
Conductivity         SBE4        041874  13 March    2010   CS1O
Conductivity         SBE4        041076   9 February 2010   C503
Conductivity         SBE4        041873  13 February 2010   C509

Pressure - SBE9plus  410K-105    49258   18 March    2010   PPO2
    s/n 9P5676-0249  Modulo 12P  0084    18 March    2010
        
Pressure - SBE9plus  410K-105    50601   18 March    2010   PP05
    s/n 9P9984-0370  Modulo l2P  0838    l8 March    2010  




ASCII Output Setup (for shared file)

             X Generate Shared File

Shared File... C:\Metering Sheave\shared.dat

Number of seconds (data time) between ASCII updates: 0.5

ASCII Output Variables    
-----------------------   Dec.
             Variable    Digits
            -----------  ------
Column  #0  scan number    0
Column  #1  pressure       2
Column  #2  altimeter      2
Column  #3  none           3
Column  #4  none           3
Column  #5  none           3
Column  #6  none           3
Column  #7  none           3
Column  #8  none           3
Column  #9  none           3
Column #10  none           3
Column #11  none           3
Column #12  none           3
Column #13  none           3
Column #14  none           3




E REFERENCES


Carritt, D.E. and J.H. Carpenter. 1966. Comparison and evaluation of 
    currently employed modifications of the Winkler method for determining 
    dissolved oxygen in seawater. Journal of Marine Research, 24, 268-318.

Culberson, C.H. 1991. WHP Operations and Methods. Dissolved Oxygen.
    (http://whpo.ucsd.edu/manuals/pdf/91_i/culber2.pdf)

Levy, E.M., C.C. Cunningham, C.D.W. Conrad and J.D. Moffatt. 1977. The
    determination of dissolved oxygen in sea water. Bedford Institute of    
    Oceanography Report Series, BI-R-77-9, August 1977.

SIO/ODF. 2000. Oxygen titration manual. Scripps Institute of Oceanography, 
    Ocean Data Facility. Version 22-Feb-2000.

Strain, P.M. and P.M. Clement. 1996. Nutrient and dissolved oxygen 
    Concentrations in the Letang inlet, New Brunswick, in the summer of 
    1994. Can. Data Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1004: iv +33p.


Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.
1808 136th Place NE
Bellevue, Washington 98005 USA
Telephone: 425-643-9866
Fax: 425-643-9954
E-mail: seabird@seabird.com 10/24/05
Website: http://www.seabird.com

Webb Research Corporation
82 Technology Park Drive
E. Falmouth, MA 02536-4441
(508) 548-2077 FAX (508) 540-1686
Website: http://www.webbresearch.com





CCHDO Data Processing Notes


Date        Person        Data Type   Action          Summary
----------  ------------  ----------  --------------  ----------------------------------
2012-05-30  Jackson, J    CTD         Submitted       to go online

2012-05-30  Jackson, J    SUM         Submitted       to go online

2012-09-17  Staff, CCHDO  CTD         Website Update  Available under 'Files as received'
            The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
            received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.
              1 8HU20 10051 3_CTD .zip

2012-09-17  Staff, CCHDO  SUM         Website Update  Available under 'Files as received'
            The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
            received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.
              20100l4sum .txt
  
2012-10-11  Staff, CCHDO  BTL         Website Update   Available under 'Files as received'
            The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
            received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.
              AR07W_20 l0do.pdf
              18HU20100513.exc.csv

2012-10-11  Key, Bob      BTL/CrsRpt  Submitted        to go online
            1. All of the data labeled NITRAT are actually N03+N02. This is 
               noted in the header text, so if the column header is 
               corrected, then the header text should be edited accordingly.
            2. I ran all parameters of each cruise through QC. Many flags 
               have been altered relative to the original submissions. In 
               several cases I went back to the PI and got updates (mostly 
               CTD calibrations).
  
2012-12-04  Jackson, J    SUM         Submitted        Updated version to go online
  
2012-12-06  Staff, CCHDO  SUM         Website Update   Available under 'Files as received'
            The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
            received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.
              18HU20100513_sum.txt
  
2013-06-12  Key, Bob      CFCs        Submitted        Updated flags
            Here are the 1999-2004 Hudson data. These are the same as 
            previously submitted except that the various chlorofluorocarbon 
            flags CFC-1 1,12,1 13,CCL4 have been updated by Reiner 
            Steinfeldt (a CFC expert). 6 years here, the remainder in the 
            next submission
  
2013-06-21  Staff, CCHDO  CFC flag    Website Update   Available under 'Files as received'
            The following files are now available online under 'Files as 
            received', unprocessed by the CCHDO.
              18HU20100513.exc.csv
  
2013-11-06  Jackson, J    CrsRpt      Submitted        to go online
  
2013-11-20  Kappa, J      CrsRpt      Website Update   PDF version online
            I've placed a new PDF version of the cruise report: 
              18HU20100513_do.pdf
            into the directory:
              http://cchdo.ucsd.edu/data/co2clivar/atlantic/ar07w/ar07w_18HU20100513/.
            It includes all the reports provided by the cruise PIs, summary 
            pages and CCHDO data processing notes, as well as a linked Table     
            of Contents and links to figures, tables and appendices.

2013-11-20  Kappa, J      CrsRpt      Website Update   TXT version online
            I've placed a new TXT version of the cruise report: 
              18HU20100513_do.txt
            into the directory:
              http://cchdo.ucsd.edu/data/co2clivar/atlantic/ar07w/ar07w_18HU20100513/.
            It includes all the reports provided by the cruise PIs, CCHDO 
            data processing notes, and appendices.

