Cruise Report  for PR1S and PR24 

PR1S:A Hydrographic Section along 130-00'E
PR24:A Hydrographic Section from Mindanao SE to    
     Indonesia
6N  :A Hydrographic Section from Mindanao SE to Palau

28 April 1994

R/V KAIYO
12 Feb. 1994 - 3 March 1994

Contents

1. Highlight
2. Summary of the observations and data files
3. Cruise track, stations and sampling depths
4. Preliminary results
5. Parameters, Contribution Institutions, and Personnel
6. Underway Measurement
7. Sampling/measurements equipments
8. CTD/Rosette hardware
9. Moorings
10. CTD/Rosette operation
11. CTD data processing
12. Sample water salinity measurements
13. Dissolved Oxygen determination
14. Nutrients measurements
15.  Plant Pigments measurements
16. Drifters
17.  Distribution of atmospheric and oceanic CO2
18. C-14 sample drawing
19. Weather and sea condition
20. Problems
21. Report on CTD system performance
Acknowledgements

List of Tables

Table 2-1 KYZZZZ94.SUM
Table 4-1 The average and the standard deviation of the properties below 3000 dbar
Table 5-1 List of parameters measured, the sampling group(s) responsible for each, and the 
principal investigator(s) for each.
Table 5-2 Cruise participants
Table 6-1 Sampling equipments
Table 7-1 The differences between water depth estimated summing of CTD observation 
plus altimeter reading and uncorrected echosounding depth
Table 8-1 Summary of RTM and RPM data. Average (upper raw) and Standard deviation 
(lower raw)
Table 11-1 Definition of noise and the number of noise detected by this definition
Table 12-1 Summary of standardization
Table 12-2 cell factors
Table 13-1 Comparison of standards from JAMSTEC and SIO
Table 14-1 The standard deviation of the differences between duplicate samples
Table 14-2 The results of the quality control samples at the same depth
Table 14-3 The results of the repeat analysis as a range of concentration
Table 15-1 The Chl. a and Chl. b concentration.
Table 16-1 List of drifters deployed on this cruise
Table 19-1 Weather observation record
Table 21-1 Comparison between primary and secondary temperature sensors
Table 21-2 Salinity comparison between primary and secondary sensors
Table 21-3 CTD salinity from primary sensors at nominal depths
Table 21-4 Difference between CTD salinity and AUTOSAL salinity at selected depths

List of Figures*

Figure 2-1 Track chart
Figure 4-1a Preliminary section of salinity along  6N taken from the CTD stations
Figure 4-1b Preliminary section of temperature along  6N taken from the CTD stations
Figure 4-2a Preliminary section of salinity along  PR24 taken from the CTD stations
Figure 4-2b Preliminary section of temperature along  PR24 taken from the CTD stations
Figure 4-3a Preliminary section of salinity along  PR1S taken from the CTD stations
Figure 4-3b Preliminary section of temperature along  PR1S taken from the CTD stations
Figure 8-1 Results from TCCOMP
Figure 9-1 The TMN mooring site
Figure 9-2 The TMS mooring site
Figure 9-3 The mooring line at TMN
Figure 9-4 The mooring line at TMS
Figure 9-5 The marker buoy
Figure 11-1 Computer systems for CTD data processing
Figure 11-2 total salinity spike area variability for time lag between temperature and 
conductivity at cast 6N021 and K1S181.
Figure 11-3 Pressure variability
Figure 11-4 Variability of deck pressure
Figure 11-5 Data flow of CTD data processing
Figure 14-1 Flow diagram for TRAACS800 nitrate method
Figure 14-2 Flow diagram for TRAACS800 nitrite method
Figure 14-3 Flow diagram for TRAACS800 silicate method
Figure 14-4 Flow diagram for TRAACS800 phosphate method
Figure 17-1 Distribution of atmospheric and oceanic CO2
Figure 21-1a
Figure 21-1b
Figure 21-2a
Figure 21-2b
Figure 21-3
Figure 21-4
Figure 21-5 

1. Highlight 
by K. Muneyama (4 March 1994)

Chief Scientist: Kei Muneyama, JAMSTEC,Japan
Co-Chief Scientist: Syaefudin, BPPT,Indonesia   
Co-Chief Scientist: Michio Aoyama, JAMSTEC, Japan
Cruise: KAIYO-9307
Dates: 12 February to 3 March 1994
Ship: R/V Kaiyo
Ports of call: Marakal, Palau to Marakal, Palau

	Although our first plan was to observe PR23, 7.30'N section between Mindanao
and Palau, shiptime restricted us to carry out to observe this WOCE designated 
section. We planned instead to observe (7-30'N,134-00'E) to (6-00'N,130-00'E)
to (6-00'N,127-30'E).

	One day before we would leave Koror, Palau for the cruise, a sudden request 
were made for us to search 5 missing  Japanese divers and one Palauan diving 
instructor at a remote island some 60 n.miles apart. Next day R/V KAIYO left
Koror for search of the 6 missing persons. This search was kept for 5 days from
February 7 to 11.  We started the WOCE cruise at (7-00'N,134-00'E) to (6-00'N,
130-00'E) to (6-00'N,127-30'E) on February 12 1994. As this section is not PR23
,we designated it simply 6N.  This 6N section consists 15 stations(STN 1-15),
and required us 5 days for completion. Station spacing was 30 n.miles from the 
start to the end of this section. 

	PR24 section is extended from K6N STN 15(6-00'N,127-30'E) to PR24 STN 20
(1-33.3'N,129-40.0'E). Station spacing was kept less than 30 n.miles in this 
section. Stations 5,12,13,18 and 21 were excluded to save shiptime.
We added an optional section PR24-2 because current flows in this region are
known to be complex by the previous observation executed last year. We have
deployed ADCP moorings at 4-01.239'N,127-30.634'E  and 3-10.793'N,128-27.367E
with double acoustic releasers for each mooring.

	PR1S section (S means southern part of PR1) occupies between PR1S STN 1( 0-
45'N,130-00'E)  and PR1S STN 25(10-00'N,130-00'E). The lack of shiptime has forced 
us to delete STNs 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 22, 23, 24 and 25. We carried out observations from 0-
45'N to 8-00'N on the 130E by 30 n.miles of station spacing.  We deployed 8 surface 
drifters between 2-00'N and 8-00'N on 130-00'E. We arrived at Koror on March 3rd.

	A General Oceanics (GO) 36 position rosette water sampler with 12 liter 
Niskin bottles has worked well with a Sea Bird Electronics CTD 9-11 plus deck 
unit.  If we did not have a 36 position rosette water sampler, our cruise track
had to be forced notably to change due to 5 days reduction for the unfortunate 
accident.   Our preliminary survey of PR24 region executed in 1992 has told us 
a very steep topographic change. We installed two altimeters to the GO 36 
position water sampler, one Benthos'model 2110-1 and another Datasonic PSA-900A. 
Nevertheless we did not notice at one occasion that the wirecable was bent 
almost rectangularly at the top of protection frame of the rosette as wirecable
was hooked to a Niskin bottle until the CTD/rosette surfaced obliquely.    
We used 12 position rosette water sampler at PR24-2 section as the topography 
there is very steep.  We had paid attention to the length difference of CTD/
rosette water sampler between the reading of CTD pressure and the wire-out 
measurement of the winch.

	The analysis of CTD corrected by the Autosal indicate that they  meet WHP quality 
guideline for precision and accuracy. Salinity measurement  due to bottle samplings has 
shown  ca. 0.001 PSS in accuracy and ca. 0.0005 PSS in precision.  The precision of 
dissolved oxygen (DO.) measurement is ca. 0.5% and its accuracy is ca. 0.1% when the 
interlab comparison of the standard solution at ODF/SIO is adopted.  The precision of 
nitrate analysis is ca. 0.4% , that of silicate analysis is ca. 0.4% and that of phosphate 
analysis is ca. 1.2% when experiments tried at  duplicative water samples below 3000m 
depth is adopted.

2. Summary of the observations  and data files
by M. Aoyama ( 10 March 1994)

The ship's track is shown in Figure 2-1*. 
Station positions and all scientific events are in the WOCE format KYZZZZ94.SUM file 
and shown in Table 2-1.

K6NZZZ94.SEA, K24ZZZ94.SEA and K1SZZZ94.SEA are the WOCE format ---.SEA 
files for section 6N, PR24 and PR1S, respectively.  The ---.SEA files for section TM 
(from Talaud Is. to Morotai Is.) are not reported.

The WOCE format ---.CTD files are named as follows;
1st digit: K ( This means KAIYO)
2nd and 3rd digits: line designator
4th and 5th digits:  station number
6th digits: cast number
7th and 8th digit: the last two digits of the year

For example, the ---.CTD file name of the first cast at the station 15 on section PR1S 
becomes K1S15194.CTD.

In each ---.SUM, ---.SEA and ---.CTD files, we use "KY " as a ship code.

Sampling accomplished: 
57 CTD/Rosette stations and 3 trial casts were occupied.

Number of water samples analyzed:
Salinity  ca.  1600
Oxygen  1602
Nutrients ca. 1600
Plant Pigment  73

Number of water samples collected for shore-based analysis:
AMS radiocarbon  ca. 220  (7 stations, all replicate samples)

8 drifters were deployed.
2 ADCP moorings were deployed.
Measurements of surface layer pCO2 and atmospheric pCO2 were made along the entire 
ship track.

3. Cruise Track, Stations and sampling depths 
by M. Aoyama (5 March 1994)

	The ship's track is shown in Figure 2-1*. Station positions are in the KYZZZZ94.SUM file.
The sampling interval from 7-00N, 134-00E  to 6-00N,127-00E was 30 nm. Sampling  
continued from 6-00N, 127-00E to 2-40N, 129-00E with station interval 20 nm or less 
across the east mouth of the Celebes Sea along over the 3000 to 6000 meters isobaths just 
west of the Philippine trench. From 2-40N, 129-00E, we turned toward Talaud Is. and 
continue to sample at 20 nm interval or less. Stations include over the ridges and trenches 
between 2-40N, 129-00E and 2-52N, 128-42E. From 2-52N, 128-42E, we turned back to 
2-23N, 129-10E and continue to sample at approximately 20 nm interval until we approach 
1-33N,129-40E. Then we turned south to 0-45N, 130-00E and turned north to 8-00N, 
130-00E. The sampling interval along 130-00E was at 30 nm .

	The sampling depths shallower than 1000 meters were 10, 20, 30, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 
200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 meters. Below 1000 meters, the 
vertical sampling interval is 250 meters and the deepest sampling depth will be up to within 
7-50 meters of the bottom. Although our rosette sampler used in section 6N, PR24 and 
PR1S is 36 positions, 2 casts was not  done at few stations deeper than 5000 meters due to 
save the ship time. At the stations deeper than 5000 meters, we canceled some of  the 
shallower sampling layers.  Since the sea condition became hard at the station PR1S-
19,20,21,  we reduced the Niskin bottles to 30 (at PR1S-19,20), 24 (at PR1S-21) to make 
the CTD/Rosette operation safety. Since we used 12 position Rosette In the section PR24-
2, the sampling depths were largely reduced. 

4. Preliminary results
by M. Aoyama (22 April 1994)

	The temperature and salinity section along 6N, PR24 and PR1S are shown in Fig. 4-1a*, 
1b*, Fig. 4-2a*,-2b*, and Fig. 4-3a*,-3b*. The densest water having almost the same properties 
are found below 4000 db among all stations at the interested area, where the densest water 
is 27.77 in sigma-theta, 34.679 to 34.680 in salinity, 1.245 to 1.240 in potential 
temperature. The average and the standard deviation for salinity, temperature, dissolved 
oxygen, silicate, nitrate and phosphate concentrations are summarized in table 4-1.
As shown in Table 4-1, the deep water properties below 5000 dbar at the stations along 
6N, PR24 and PR1S are 1.2395 in potential temperature, 34.6794 in salinity, 150.6 
umol/kg in dissolved oxygen, 139.7 umol/kg in silicate concentration, 36.08 umol/kg in 
nitrate concentration and 2.46 umol/kg in phosphate concentration. The salinity decreased 
to 34.6748 in the depth between 4000 to 3000 dbar and it becomes variable in five times 
magnitude larger than that  below 5000 dbar. 

	The distinctive feature in the salinity section along PR1S is the saline water below 4000 
dbar around 4 degree north and 5 degree north (stations PR1S-12,13,15). This saline 
water is exceeding 34.680 in salinity.


Table 4-1  The average and the standrad deviation of the properties below 3000 dbar.

Range        THETA   SALNTY   OXYGEN    SILICAT    NITRAT    PHSPHT
dbar         degree  PSS      umol/kg   umol/kg    umol/kg   umol/kg

7600 - 4998  1.2395  34.6794  150.6      139.7     36.08     2.46
             0.0029  0.0007   0.73       1.06      0.31      0.03

6001 - 4998  1.2403  34.6793  150.6      139.7     36.11     2.47
             0.0024  0.0008   0.76       1.14      0.31      0.02

5003 - 3996  1.2447  34.6790  150.4      139.8     36.12     2.47
             0.0042  0.0009   0.88       1.22      0.33      0.03

4003 - 2998  1.3060  34.6748  146.79     140.47    36.29     2.48
             0.0482  0.0034   3.03       1.26      0.34      0.04


5. Parameters, Contribution Institutions, and Personnel  
by  M. Aoyama (4 March 1994)

The details for these factors are given in Tables 5-1 and 5-2.

Table 5-1: List of parameters to be measured, the sampling group(s) responsible for each, 
and the Principal Investigator(s) for each.

Parameter / Instr.       Sampling Group    Principal Investigator(s)  
CTD/rosette              JAMSTEC           Yuji Kashino and
                                           Kentaro Ando

Salinity                 JAMSTEC           Takeshi Kawano

O2, NO3, NO2, PO4, SiO2  JAMSTEC           Michio Aoyama

Mooring                  JAMSTEC/STM       Kentaro Ando, Hidetoshi Watanabe
                                           and Atsushi Ito

Plant Pigments           BPPT              Rusana Meisianti Djalimun

Surface Drifter          JAMSTEC           Shoichiro Nakamoto

CO2                      MRI               Hisayuki Y. Inoue

Radiocarbon*             JAMSTEC           Michio Aoyama

Cs-137 and Sr-90**       JAMSTEC/MRI       Michio Aoyama and 
                                           Katsumi Hirose
* Funding still Pending.   ** Cancelled


Table 5-2: Cruise participants
Cruise participants with role and / or affiliation in parentheses.
Kei Muneyama                       JAMSTEC Chief Scientist
Syaefudin                          BPPT    Co-Chief Scientist/CTD
Michio Aoyama                      JAMSTEC Co-Chief Scientist/O2,
                                           Nutrients,C-14,Cs-137,
                                           Sr-90
Takeshi Kawano                     JAMSTEC Salinity
Yuji Kashino                       JAMSTEC CTD Softwares
Kentaro Ando                       JAMSTEC CTD/rosette hardware/
                                           Mooring
Yudi Anantasena                    BPPT    CTD
Rusana Meisianti Djalimun          BPPT    Plant pigments 
Akira Sonoda                       NME     O2
Hiroshi Yamamoto                   NME     CTD/Mooring
Koichi Takao                       NME     Salinity
Atsuo Ito                          NME     Salinity
Misumi Aoki                        NME     O2
Hidetoshi Watanabe                 STM     CTD/Mooring
Ranko Takeo                        STM     O2
Takehiko Shiribiki                 STM     O2
Keiko Komine                       STM     Nutrients
Teruhisa Hattori                   STM     CTD/Mooring
Hidekazu Ota                       KEEC    Nutrients
Kiyotaka Nakao                     KEEC    Nutrients
Kazuhiro Murakami                  KEEC    CTD/CO2
Richard J. Bauman                  SBE     CTD hardware/software support

note: JAMSTEC Japan Marine Science and Technology Center, Japan
      BPPT Badan Pengkajian Dan Penerapan Teknologi (Agency for the Assessment
           and Application of Technology of the Republic of Indonesia), Indonesia
      STM Sanyo Techno Marine, Inc., Japan
      NME Nippon Marine Enterprises, Ltd., Japan
      KEEC Kansai Environmental Engineering Center, Ltd., Japan
      SBE Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc., United States of America
      MRI Meteorological Research Institute, Japan

6. sampling/measurements equipments
by M. Aoyama (4 March 1994)

The details for these factors are given in Tables 6-1.

Table 6-1: Sampling Equipments

Small-Volume	:One 36-place rosette (GO1016) with 12-liter bottles.
sampling	One 24-place rosette (GO1016) with 30-liter bottles.
		One 12-place rosette (GO1015) with 5-liter bottles for
		backup.

CTD System:	:One SBE-911plus CTD with altimeter and O2 sensor.
		Another SBE-911plus with altimeter and O2 sensor for backup.
		Two SBE-11plus deck units of sampling frequency at 
		24 Hz.

Winch and cable: Two Tsurumi Seiki TS-10PVCTD winches having 8000
		meters cable of 10.6 mm diameter. The maximum
		rolling load is 3800 kg x 47 m/minute.

Salinometer:	:Two Guildline Autosal 8400B with HP 2804A quarts
		thermometer.
		One ampoule of IAPSO Standard Seawater per
		station.

Oxygen Analysis:Carpenter method. Automated potentiometric
		titration. Two ligs of Metrohm 716 DMS Titrino.

Nutrient Analysis:Bran Luebbe TRACCS 800 4 channels system.

Plant Pigments	:Shimazu UV2000 Spectrophotometer
                

7.Underway Measurement

a. Navigation-GPS 
by M. Aoyama (6 March 1994)

Navigation, ship position and velocity over the ground was provided throughout the cruise 
by a Magnavox MX4400 GPS receiver. Throughout the cruise, the positioning was based 
on the WGS-84 and in 3-D mode.  Since we cloud get 4 satellites  throughout the cruise, 
the HDOP was ranged from 1 to 2. Positions were logged in port Marakal at the start and 
the end of the cruise and a rms position error are as follows;

Pre-Cruise; 
Mean position at Marakal harbor, Palau: 7-19.831N, 134-27.482E
Rms position error: N-S: 19 meters     E-W: 29 meters

Post-Cruise; 
Mean position at Marakal harbor, Palau: 7-19.???N, 134-27.???E
Rms position error: N-S: ?? meters     E-W: ?? meters

b. Echosounding
by M. Aoyama (22 April 1994)

The water depth obtained by the multi-narrow beam echo sounder (General Instrument) and 
by using the CTD observation and altimeter equipped to CTD are summarized in Table 7-1. 
The differences are less than +/- 0.5 %  at the most stations, while the differences increased 
up to 4 %  at the stations at steep topography.

Table 7-1.  The differences between water depth estimated summing of CTD observation 
plus altimeter reading and uncorrected echosounding depth.

Station number	CTD plus altimeter	echosounding	Diff.
					(uncorrected)
		meter			meter		meter
6N     1          3188                 3180                -8
6N     2          4129                 4133                 4
6N     3          3751                 3798                47
6N     4          4017                 4026                 9
6N     5          4862                 4852               -10
6N     6          5278                 5258               -20
6N     7          5561                 5539               -22
6N     8          5568                 5541               -27
6N     9          5494                 5470               -24
6N    10          5580                 5567               -13
6N    11          5327                 5349                22
6N    12          4642                 4654                12
6N    13          5572                 5547               -25
6N    15          3787                 3782                -5
24     1          5370                 5270              -100
24     2          5677                 5733                57
24     3          6430                 6390               -40
24     4          3987                 4031                44
24     6          3172                 3178                 6
24     7          2479                 2475                -4
24     8          2884                 3003               119
24     9          2033                 2060                27
24    11          3474                 3483                 9
24    12          3571                 3551               -20
24    14          3488                 3489                 1
24    15          4163                 4175                12
24    16          3408                 3430                22
24    17          3594                 3640                46
24    19          4735                 4727                -8
24    20          4266                 4270                 4
1S     1          1473                 1526                53
1S     2          3006                 3020                14
1S     4          4114                 4124                10
1S     6          4394                 4395                 1
1S     8          3996                 4003                 7
1S     9          3128                 3120                -8
1S    11          4500                 4508                 8
1S    12          4712                 4707                -5
1S    13          4816                 4856                40
1S    15          5035                 5031                -4
1S    16          5462                 5436               -26
1S    17          5479                 5456               -23
1S    18          5546                 5516               -30
1S    19          5549                 5521               -28
1S    20          5542                 5514               -28
1S    21          5672                 5636               -36

8. CTD/Rosette hardware
by K. Ando and M. Aoyama (6 March 1994)

(1) CTD/rosette systems
	The 12-liters 36-positions intelligent GO rossette
ttached on the CTD were two temperature sensors, two conductivity sensors, one DO 
sensor, one pressure sensor and two altimeter sensors. The CTD and 36 position rosette 
were mounted within a stainless frame of dimension 1.7 m height x 2.2 meter diameter. 
The weight of the package in the air is 800 Kg when the 36 bottles of 12 liters are full. 
Thirteen to seventeen of the rosette bottles were fitted with the set of two SIS digital 
reversing thermometers and one SIS digital reversing pressure meter. The wire was a 
single conductor 10.6 mm steel rope manufactures by Rochester cables, and the winch was 
built by Tsurumi Seiki Japan. Since our winch was not of traction winch design nor jumble 
sheave design, we reduce the bottles from 36 to 30-24 when the swell became up to 2 to 
2.5 meters for the safety operation.

     After a cast the rosette was pushed forward on a railway about 6 meters in the shelter 
that is modified standard sea carrier container with air conditioned  and all sampling was 
performed there.  Subsequently digital instruments were read and the TC sensors was 
cleaned by Triton-X detergent, fresh water and pure water at each cast.

        The 5 liters 12-positions rosette water sampler with SBE9plus CTD for 6,800 meters 
(secondary CTD system) was used on the line of TM to save the ship-time.

	The sensors used attached on the primary CTD system and the secondary CTD 
system are listed in (a) and (b).

(a) The sensors of the primary CTD system
        The sensors used are listed below.  
        
        Primary temperature sensor:     Model SBE3 for 10,500 meters  S/N 031462
        Primary conductivity sensor:    Model SBE4 for 10,500 meters  S/N 041045
        Pump for primary sensor pair:   Model SBE5 for 10,500 meters  S/N 050846
        Secondary temperature sensor:   Model SBE3 for 10,500 meters  S/N 031465
        Secondary conductivity sensor:  Model SBE4 for 10,500 meters  S/N 041174
        Pump for secondary sensor pair: Model SBE5 for 10,500 meters  S/N 050847

        Pressure sensor:   Digiquarts pressure sensor for 10,500 meters S/N 41223
        Primary Altimeter: Benthos model 2110-1 for 12,000 meters       S/N 199
        Secondary Altimeter: DATASONIC PSA-900A for 6,000 meters        S/N 396
        Dissolved Oxygen sensor: Model SBE13 for 10,500 meters          S/N 130311

The calibrations of temperature, conductivity and pressure sensors were 
conducted by NRCC in October 1993.  The drift of temperature and 
conductivity sensors are reported in Chapter 11.

Sensor performances during this cruise :
	The differences of two sensors for temperature and conductivity are shown in Figure 8-1*.  
Though the calculation of these differences are performed by using the raw data under 500 meters, 
the maximum differences are within 0.001 C in temperature sensors and within 0.0002 S/m 
in conductivity sensors.

(b) The secondary CTD system
        The sensors used are listed below.  
        
        Primary temperature sensor    : Model SBE3 for 6,800 meters  S/N 031207
        Primary conductivity sensor   : Model SBE4 for 6,800 meters  S/N 040960
        Pump for primary sensor pair  : Model SBE5                   S/N 050484
        Secondary temperature sensor  : Model SBE3 for 6,800 meters  S/N 031523
        Secondary conductivity sensor : Model SBE4 for 6,800 meters  S/N 041148
        Pump for secondary sensor pair: Model SBE5                   S/N 050863

        Pressure sensor: Digiquarts pressure sensor for 6,885 meters S/N 43435
        Altimeter:       DATASONIC PSA-900A for 6,000 meters         S/N 396
        Dissolved Oxygen sensor: Model SBE13 for 6,800 meters        S/N 130257

	During the cast, we used the 32 of  reversing thermometers (SIS RTM) and 17 of  
reversing pressuremeters (SIS RPM).  5 of 32 RTM were broken during the cruise.
Since 8 of RTM were varied much and 2 of RTM began to drift, we basically adapted the 
data of  stable 17 RTM data.  

	Since one RPM (RPM 10055) showed larger difference of 20 dbar, we do not refer to the 
data of RPM 10055.

	A comparison result  of CTD and RTM temperature and RPM pressure below 4000 dbar is 
given in Table 8-1.

Table 8-1  Summary of RTM and RPM data. Average (upper raw) and Standard deviation 
(lower raw).

Range			CTD-RTM			CTD-RPM
dbar              

7600 - 4998		0.003			-1.1
			0.001			 2.5

6001 - 4998		0.003			-1.1
			0.001			 2.6

5003 - 3996		0.004			-0.4
			0.002			 1.8   

9. Moorings
by Kentaro Ando (JAMSTEC) for ADCP and CTD 
Hidetoshi Watanabe (STM) for current meters
Atsuo Ito (NME) for mooring system  (3 March 1994)

	Here we describe the deployment of two moorings and the recovery of two moorings 
between Talaud-Morotai Islands.  The deployments of two moorings have successfully 
finished, but the recovery of two moorings have failed.  

(a) DEPLOYMENT OF MOORING BETWEEN TALAUD AND MOROTAI  ISLAND
        
	The purpose of these moorings is to estimate the seasonal change of the volume 
transport between Talaud and Morotai islands with comparisons with the results of 
numerical simulation.

	The Indonesian through flow is an inter-ocean current between Pacific Ocean and 
Indian Ocean, which is continued to the Atlantic Ocean (Gordon(1983)).  The estimation of 
the net volume flux between Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean have been performed for 
many years, using the historical data analysis and numerical simulations.  Recently, 
Masumoto and Yamagata (1993) shows the seasonal variability of baroclinic ocean 
circulation around the Indonesian islands from the results of their numerical-simulated 
ocean.  They shows the large amplitude seasonal transport around the Indonesian islands.  

	For the measurement of seasonal current variation between Talaud and Morotai island, 
two moorings were deployed at 04-01.239N, 127-30.634E on February 21, and 03-
10.793N, 128-27.367E on February 22 in the strait between Talaud and Morotai Island 
(see Figure 9-1* and 9-2*).  These moorings are named Talaud-Morotai North (TMN) and 
Talaud-Morotai South (TMS).  Each mooring has one upward self-contained broad-band 
ADCP (150KHz) at 250 meters depth, one CTD (SBE16) at 260 meters depth and three 
Aanderaa current meters at 350 meters, 550 meters and 1,050 meters depth.  The mooring 
lines are shown in Figure 9-3* and 9-4*.  

	The parameters set in each instrunment are listed below. 
	ADCP : R&D instrument 150 KHz Self-contained Broad-band ADCP
	Serial number : 1153 for TMN
			1152 for TMS
		Beam angle: 30 degree
		Beam direction: Upward
		Sampling layer: 0 - 248 meters in every 8 meters
		Sampling interval: 1 hour
		Ping per ensemble: 16 pings
		Intervals in each pings : 2 seconds
	CTD : SBE 16 with depth sensor
		Serial number: 1282 for TMN
			   1283 for TMS
		Sampling interval: 30 minutes
	Current meters
		:Aanderaa current meter model RCM-4 & RCM-5
		Serial Number: 8306 for TMN 350 meters depth
			       4267 for TMN 550 meters depth
			       4557 for TMN 1,050 meters depth
			       8277 for TMS 350 meters depth
			       8637 for TMS 550 meters depth
			       4272 for TMS 1,050 meters depth
		Interval: 60 minutes
		Record device: IC memory
	Releaser 
		:Benthos Model  865A-DB
		 Serial Number: 633 for TMN
			        666 for TMS
		:Nichiyu 
		 Serial Number: 4232 for TMN
			        4237 for TMS

	In these mooring lines, we use two releasers for each line. 
We hope the mooring lines would be released and recovered successfully 
after one year mooring.  

(B) EFFORTS OF RECOVERY AND DEPLOYMENT OF MARK BUOY

	The two moorings deployed between Talaud and Morotai Islands in October 1992 
cruise (Chief Scientist : Kei Muneyama, PI: Takiwaki and Watanabe) were scheduled to be 
recovered during this cruise.  Unfortunately, these two moorings could not be recovered 
during this cruise.  

	On February 21, we tried to recover the mooring at 03-27.44N, 127-52.96E.  The 
releaser responced and returned the release signals to us.  But the buoys did not appeare on 
the sea surface.  The depth of the releaser did not change at all.  Having no equipment to 
recover the mooring line from sea bottom, we deployed the marker buoy for the recovery 
of a next chance near the mooring line.

	February 22, the other mooring at 03-12.22N 128-26.89E was not released, neither.  
The situation of this mooring is the same as that on February 21.  We also deployed the 
marker buoy. Figure 7-5* shows the mark buoys deployed near these two un-recovered 
moorings.

10. CTD/ Rossete operation  
by SYAEFUDIN

	WOCE '94 Cruise using two kinds of CTD/Rosettes, the big rosette and the small rosette. The big 
rosette is General Oceanic 1016 equipped with a 36 position Niskin bottles (12 l volume)  
and CTD Sea-Bird Electronics Inc. model SBE 9/11 plus CTD system, 15,000 Psi 
Pressure and 10,500 depth used in track lines 6N, PR 24 and PR1S. The small rosette is 
General Oceanic 1015 equipped with a 12 position Niskin bottles (5 l volume) and CTD  
Sea-Bird Electronics Inc. model SBE 9/11 plus CTD system , 10,000 Psi Pressure and 
6,800 depth, only used in the  track line PR24-2.  Some Niskin bottles of both rosettes are 
equipped with RPM and RTM to measure pressure and temperature in the depth which we 
want.

	Drive rosette out from container and check some bolts on the frame and Niskin bottles and 
than send HOME command from CR (Control Room) to the Rosette Setting Man (RSM) 
on deck. HOME command is mean the position of firing bottles equipment is located 
between bottle number one and the last bottle (No. 12 for small rosette and  no. 36 for big 
rosette).

How to make HOME command in CR ???	are as follows :
C> SS4200> SEASAVE and return/enter	(SEASAVE in dir. SS4200)
Display on sreen ........
				SEASAVE Main Menu
				- Display Archived Data
				- Display Real-Time Data 
				- Serial Out put Setup
before running the PC please choose Serial Output Setup and press return/enter if you want 
to modify (in this cast output ASCII data = No)

Press Esc to exit editing and go to Main Menu...and choose Display archived Data and 
press Enter/Return to Select the Option which you want.....press Esc to Quit and go to 
Main Menu.

Choose Display Real-Time Data Set Up and press Enter/return to Modify.

In this Cast :
Store Data on Disk = Yes
Data File Path = C:   WOCE94             Data File Name = Line.No. Cast.DAT.
Config File Path = C:   SS4031           Config File [.CON]=10000AL2.CON
Display File [.DSP]=WOCE depth.DSP

Legend:
depth : depend on station depth          File name : Down Cast and Up Cast

and than press F10 to Acquire Real-Time Data and send "HOME" Command to  RSM on 
deck.

After that We setup Niskin Bottles from no.1 to 36 (or 12 for small), check kocks of 
Niskin bottles must be closed and than setup RPM/RTM (Check battery) and write S/N , 
offset of RPM on the log book. Make disconnected the tube from the bottom of T-Sensor. 
Tell to CR Rosette ready to deployment !!!!!!!!!!!!

Control tension meter, winch speed, wire out length and CTD pressure during operation. 
On the 10 m depth from sea level , winch stop for a moment and Winch Man (WM) report 
wire out length, tension to CR operator. CR operator write those data on the CTD 
Operation Log Book (COLB) and watch the graphic display ot temperature , Dissolved 
oxygen (D0) on screen (P.C) are those O.K.  and than replay to WM with CTD pressure . 
Winch continued to go out with speed 0.5 m/s and WM tell wire out length, tension and 
winch speed to CR operator each 100 m depth reached 500 m. In the heavy condition (if 
sea water not quit) WM tell CR operator range of the tension meter. after reached 200 m 
increase winch speed to 0.75 m/s or 1.0 m/s if rang of CTD pressure and wire out length 
not large (approximately 30 - 50).

After reached 500 m depth increase winch speed to 1.5 m/s (CR operator must watches the 
CTD descent rate on screen). WM tell CR operator each 500 m depth and CR operator 
replay.

At the 300 m above sea bottom (estimated from sounding data and CTD pressure ) the 
altimeter was read (Userpoly 1) in the status line exchanged CTD Deck Control Unit 
became channel 6 and tell WM to decrease winch speed to  0.5 m/s (better step by step 
command to winch speed be came 0.5 m/s). At the 50 m to the sea bottom Winch stopped 
for a moment to check altimeter reading. Winch continued to within 10 m - 20 m (if flat sea 
bottom topography) and 50 m- 100 m (in heavy condition and sea bottom not flat) and CR 
operator told CTD in that condition (xx meters to the sea bottom, CTD pressure) to WM 
and Bridge.

Checked Down Cast file  exist or not, Press F1 (exit), Esc answer YES and Press 
enter/return to make Up Cast File and than press F10 to Acquire Real-Time Data. Firing 
bottom sampling  bottle number 1 and 2 , and winch continued go up to next sampling 
layer wich you want. At the 10 meters before sampling layer CR operator told WM to 
decrease Winch ters to the sea bottom, CTD pressure) to WM and Bridge.

Checked Down Cast file  exist or not, Press F1 (exit), Esc answer YES and Press 
enter/return to make Up Cast File and than press F10 to Acquire Real-Time Data. Firing 
bottom sampling  bottle number 1 and 2 , and winch continued go up to next sampling 
layer wich you want. At the 10 meters before sampling layer CR operator told WM to 
decrease Winch speed to 0.5 m/s  and on firing bottle equipped with RPM/RTM please wait 
1 minutes.

After finished all of bottles and CTD on deck press Control F1 to exit Acquire Real-Time 
Data and turn off CTD Deck Unit. 

11. CTD data processing 
by Y. Kashino (22 April 1994)

Introduction

	The CTD data was acquired by SBE 911 plus system whose frequency was 24 
Hz. This data was calibrated as much as possible on board and converted to WOCE-format 
CTD file. SEASOFT provided by Sea-Bird Electronics Inc. and some programs developed 
in JAMSTEC were used on this procedure. The programs developed in JAMSTEC were 
coded in FORTRAN. (Microsoft FORTRAN compiler was used). We used SEASOFT ver. 
4.200 except for SEASAVE. SEASAVE Ver. 4.031 was used because SEASAVE ver. 
4.200 had a bug.

	Although we have twin T and C sensors for CTD system, we report only the result 
of primary sensor. We used the result of secondary sensor to check up one of primary 
sensor. Although we have DO-sensor, we don't report the result because we haven't 
established calibration method of DO-sensor.

	We don't also report the data when CTD was near surface (upper than 15 db) 
because the pump of CTD was not active then.

	Pre-cruise and post-cruise calibration for temperature and conductivity sensors were 
carried out at NRCC (Northwest Regional Calibration Center) in U.S.A. on 28 September 
1993 and 26 March 1994.  Post-cruise calibration for pressure sensor by dead weight tester 
was carried out at JAMSTEC on 21 April 1994. We check up and calibrated CTD data 
considering these result except for one of post-cruise calibration for conductivity sensor. 
The reason why we didn't consider the result of conductivity sensor calibration was that it 
showed that its drift was too large and the value in Philippine basin calibrated by this result 
didn't agree with the values by Autosal on this cruise and value of historical data.

a. Seagoing computer

We used 3 computer systems for data processing as follows (Fig.11-1*):

(1) System 1 (for data acquisition)
	CPU: DECpc 466D2LP (IBM compatible computer)
	     with 8MB memory, 240MB hard disk and 3.5-inch floppy disk drive.
	Optical disk: 3.5-inch and 5-inch optical disk drives.
	     We used 3.5-inch optical disk during data processing and 5-inch optical 
	     disk for backup of raw data from deck unit.
	Other: This system is connected with deck unit.
(2) System 2 (for data processing)
	CPU: DECpc 466D2LP
	     with 8MB memory, 240Mb hard disk, 3.5-inch floppy disk drive and
	     5-inch floppy disk drive.
	Optical disk: 3.5-inch optical disk drive.
	Plotter: Hewlett Packard 7475A Plotter (Paper size is A4)
	Other: This system was connected with VAX station 4000 by  LAN.
(3) System 3 (for data editing)
	CPU: Hewlett Packard Vectra 386/20N (IBM compatible computer)
	     with 4MB memory, 52MB hard disk and 3.5-inch floppy disk drive.
	Optical disk: 3.5-inch optical disk drive.

b. Data processing 

(1) General

	In order to remove noise in raw temperature, conductivity and pressure data, we 
developed software that replaced noise data by running mean. We defined the noise as 
shown in table 11-1. The result (also in table 11-1) is shown that there were few noises 
over criteria shown in table 11-1. (Temperature and conductivity data had no noise!!)

	When CTD decent rate becomes slow or reversal because of the pitch of the ship, 
water around rosette will go down faster than CTD and will be mixed with water being 
measured by CTD. This is called "shed wake" and will make error (See the part III of 
Chap. 18).  We have developed program that finds shed wakes when CTD decent rate is 
less than 0.25 m/s and linearly interpolates pressure, temperature and conductivity values in 
the shed wake using its upper and lower values. If the number of  the interpolated values is 
more than half of the number of observations in some 2db pressure bin, its quality flags of 
pressure, temperature and salinity should be 6 in CTD file.

	After all on-board calibration, uniform pressure CTD profile data was created by 
same method as one of Millard and Yang (1992).
 
(2) Temperature

	The results of laboratory calibrations for temperature sensors show that CTD temperature 
sensor tend to drift constantly with time (See Chap. 18). The difference between twin 
temperature sensors was almost constant (See Chap. 5).  According to result of post-cruise 
calibration carried out on 26 March,  drift of the temperature sensor was +0.0025 (deg C). 
Considering these result, we could estimate that offset correction added to the value of 
primary temperature sensor was +0.0020 (deg C) during this cruise.  

	Laboratory calibration executed on IPTS-68 unit, we converted raw temperature value on 
IPTS-68 to ITS-90 unit using formula (3) of Millard and Yang (1992) after the offset 
correction.

(3) Conductivity(salinity)

Conductivity value was corrected as follows:

Step 1. Sensor response correction.

	Millard and Yang (1992) says that the sensor response correction between temperature 
and conductivity data should be done for Mark IIIb CTD and the lag is from 0.10 to 0.45 
seconds. We checked how long time lag between T and C sensors is for SBE 911 plus 
system. We determined time lag at the time when total salinity spike area was minimum. 
Total salinity spike area S is 
 
	      N
	S = sigma-(P(Li) - P(Ui))H(i).
	     i=1

	N is the number of spike, P is pressure, H is height of spike and suffix U and L mean 
upper and lower boundary of spike. Fig. 11-2* is result at casts 6N-02, and 
PR1S-18. The results show that time lag should be 0.8 steps, that is, 0.033 
seconds. We used ALIGNCTD of SEASOFT for correction throughout this cruise.

Step 2. Cell thermal mass correction.

	Sea-Bird Electronics Inc. recommend that conductivity cell thermal mass effect should 
be removed. We used CELLTM of SEASOFT to remove this effect. 
	This utility uses recursive filter determined in Lueck (1990).

Step 3.  Cell factor correction.

	We used Autosal to calibrate CTD conductivity sensor. We determined cell factor by 
linear regression between CTD conductivity when bottle was fired and conductivity of 
sampled water measured by Autosal for every casts. CTD conductivity was corrected using 
the equation as follows:

	C(calibrated) = A x C(raw) + B.

A and B are slope and offset respectively.

Step 4. For salinity spike 

	Even if sensor response correction is done, the salinity spikes still remain.  When we 
find a salinity  spike lager than 0.01 PSU in some 2db pressure bin, quality flag of salinity 
should be 3 in CTD file.
 
(4) Pressure

	Raw data from pressure sensor has short period oscilation (Fig.11-3*). We used 
FILTER of SEASOFT and filtered this oscilation by low pass filter that time constant was 
0.15 seconds.

	The correction of pressure value for deck pressure was not carried out because deck 
pressure of our CTD was less than +/-0.4db during observation. (Fig. 11-4*)

	The result of post-cruise calibration by dead weight tester are shown in Fig. 11-5*. This 
shows that the residual between CTD pressure and pressure by dead weight tester is less 
than 0.7 db and hysterisis is 0.2 db. We don't correct this small residual.   

c. Data flow
   (See Fig. 11-6*)
(1)  SEASAVE (SEASOFT)
	Acquires, displays and saves raw data from deck unit to disk. On this cruise data was 
	stored in hard disk. We will use RAM disk for device saved raw data on next WOCE 
	cruise.
(2)  DATCNV (SEASOFT)
	Converts raw, binary data output by SEASAVE to ASCII format data written on 
	physical unit. When water is sampled, this program can output data to .ROS file from that 
	time to some time. (On this cruise, this interval was 10 seconds.)
(3)  ROSSUM (SEASOFT)
	Edits .ROS file output by DATCNV and writes out a summary file to .BTL file.
(4)  TCCOMP (Made in JAMSTEC)
	Compares values of primary and secondary sensors and plots histograms for check of 
	sensor performance.
(5)  SPLIT (SEASOFT)
	Divides data into upcast data and downcast data. We used this utility to acquire only 
	downcast data for save of disk space.
(6)  NOISE (Made in JAMSTEC)
	Finds noise data and replace it by running mean. This program can remove unnecessary 
	surface data.
(7)  ALIGNCTD (SEASOFT)
	Corrects time lag between temperature sensor and conductivity sensor for minimizing 
	salinity spiking error.
(8)  FILTER (SEASOFT)
	Uses low pass filter to remove short period oscillation in pressure data.
(9)  CELLTM (SEASOFT)
	Correct conductivity cell thermal effect using a recursive filter.
(10) FDSHDWK (Made in JAMSTEC)
	Finds shed wake and interpolates data using the values of its upper and lower 
	boundary. 
(11) FSPIKE (Made in JAMSTEC)
	Finds salinity spike.
(12) CALBC (Made in JAMSTEC)
	Calibrates conductivity data by cell factor correction.
(13) AVGDAT (Made in JAMSTEC)
	Calculates 2db pressure averaged data.
(14) MKCTD (Made in JAMSTEC)
	Creates WOCE-CTD file.

d. Conclusion

	We could acquire high quality CTD data satisfying WOCE requirement except for the bin 
where salinity spikes and shed wakes were. The accuracies of pressure, temperature and 
salinity were as follows:

Pressure:	1db
Temperature:	0.001 deg C
Salinity:	0.002 PSU (from 500m  to 2000m depth)
		0.001 PSU (deeper than 2000m depth) 

Problems remain as follows:
(1) According to Millard and Yang (1992), time lag between temperature and conductivity 
sensors depends on CTD velocity. We haven't tested this point and used some constant 
value for time lag.
(2) Accuracy of parameters was not good when shed wakes appeared. We should think 
how to operate the CTD/Rosette not to make shed wakes.

References

Millard,R. and K.Yang, 1992, CTD calibration and processing methods used by Woods 
   Hole Oceanographic Institution, Draft (April 20, 1992)
Lueck,R.G., 1990, Thermal inertia of conductivity cells: Theory., American 
   Meteorological Society, 741-755,

Table 11.1. Definition of noise and the number of noise detected by this definition.

				Pressure		Temperature	Conductivity
				(db)			(deg C)		(S/m)
Noise definition

1. Range			0.5 <or  8000>		0 <or  32>	2 <or  8>

2. Difference from
   previous step value		1.0			0.5		0.05 

3. Difference from
   running mean
 
  (a) 0 - 400m			0.5			1.0		0.1 
  (b) 400 - 1000m		0.5			0.2		0.02 
  (c) 1000 - 2000m		0.5			0.1		0.01 
  (d) 2000m -			0.5			0.05		0.005 
The number of noise		97			0		0

12. Sample water salinity measurements
by T. Kawano, K. Takao, A. Ito (22 April 1994)

a. Salinity Sample Bottles
	The bottles in which the salinity samples are collected and stored
are 250 ml Phoenix brown glass bottles with screw caps.  We checked the 
integrity of same type bottles (125 ml) by following method.
	1) fill bottles with pure water and screwed caps
	2) keep bottles approx. 1 deg C for 12 hours 
	3) then keep bottles approx. 35 deg C for 12 hours
The volume change of pure water was less than 0.01 ml.  This result 
suggests that the salinity change by evaporation should be less than 
0.001 practical salinity unit (PSU) in case of 250 ml bottles.

b. Salinity Sample Collection and Temperature Equilibration
	Each bottle was rinsed three times with sample water and was filled 
to the shoulder of the bottle.  The caps was also thoroughly rinsed.
Salinity samples were stored for about 24 hours in the same laboratory 
as the salinity measurement was made.

c. Instrument and Method
	The salinity analysis was carried out by two Guildline Autosal 
salinometer model 8400B, which were modified by addition of an Ocean 
Science International peristaltic-type sample intake pump and a Hewlett 
Packard quartz thermometer model 2804A with two 18111A quartz probes.  
One probes measured an ambient temperature and another probe measured a 
bath temperature.  The resolution of the quartz thermometer was set to 
0.001 deg C. Data of both the salinometer and the thermometer was 
collected simultaneously by a personal computer.  A double conductivity 
ratio was defined as a median of 31 readings of the salinometer. Data 
collection was started after 5 seconds and it took about 10 seconds to collect 
31 readings by a personal computer.
	Two salinometers were operated in the air-conditioned ship's 
laboratory at a bath temperature of 24 deg C.  An ambient temperature 
varied from approximately 22 deg C to 25 deg C, while a variation of a 
bath temperature was almost within +/- 0.001 deg C. 

d. Standardization
	Standardization was effected by use of 92 ampoules of IAPSO 
Standard Seawater batch P123 whose conductivity ratio was 0.99994.  
Standardization was made five times during the cruise.  Summary is 
listed on Table 12-1.   Four of 92 ampoules were evidently of too high salinity 
and four of these were dubious.  These eight were not used as standards.  A 
standard deviation of these 84 ampoules was about 0.0003 PSU.

e. Sub-Standard Seawater
	We also used sub-standard seawater which was deep-sea water 
filtered by pore size of 0.45 micrometer and stored in a 20 liter cubitainer
made of polyethylene and stirred for at least 24 hours before measuring.
It was measured every six samples in order to check and correct the trend.
We measured 403 sub-standards and nine of which were dubious.  A 
standard deviation of the remaining 394 sub-standards was approximately 
0.0004 PSU.

f. Replicate and Duplicate Samples
	There were 47 pairs of replicate and duplicate samples drawn. We 
used two types of rosette bottles and they were tripped at the bottom
of every station.  One is a Niskin bottle equipped with an ordinary 
rubber tube and another is that equipped with Teflon coated stainless 
spring. We drawn two samples from the bottle with the rubber tube as a 
replicate sample and one sample from the bottle with the spring as a 
duplicate sample. All pairs of both replicate and duplicate samples were 
from bellow 1450 m depth. There were two bad measurements of replicate 
samples and there were also two bad measurements of duplicate samples. 
Excluding these bad measurements, the standard deviation of 45 pairs of 
replicate samples was 0.0005 PSU and that of 45 pairs of duplicate samples 
was 0.0006 PSU. This results shows, as well as our precision of 
measurements, that concerning about salinity there was no difference 
between the bottle equipped with the rubber tube and that equipped with 
Teflon coated stainless spring.

g. Cell-Factors
	Cell-factors were calculated at each station by a linear regression 
analysis using conductivity data below 700 m depth. Slopes and offsets are 
listed on Table 12-2.


Table 12-1 Summary of Standardization
Autosal No.	Standardize control	No. of Ampoule	Mean of 2Rt	Station
1			718			13	1.99981		6N01 - 6N06
2			431			 6	1.99990		6N07
2			419			12	1.99983		6N08 - 6N14
2			425			33	1.99987		6N15 - PR24-15
1			728			28	1.99989		PR24-16 -
									PR1S-21
Mean of 2Rt --- Mean of double conductivity ratio


Table 12-2 Cell-factors
	Station	Slope	Offset
6N-1	1.00041509	-0.00134506
6N-2	1.00048037	-0.00157996
6N-3	1.00053153	-0.00175232
6N-4	1.00045526	-0.00151759
6N-5	1.00023839	-0.00087788
6N-6	1.00040020	-0.00141283
6N-7	1.00015178	-0.00047281
6N-8	0.99990921	+0.00030041
6N-9	1.00058658	-0.00189294
6N-10	1.00067006	-0.00221524
6N-11	1.00023847	-0.00078544
6N-12	1.00014831	-0.00049095
6N-13	1.00046808	-0.00150333
6N-14	1.00046262	-0.00146277
6N-15	1.00045962	-0.00145261
PR24-1	1.00055720	-0.00177583
PR24-2	1.00023161	-0.00074566
PR24-3	1.00047907	-0.00154018
PR24-4	1.00024580	-0.00070473
PR24-6	1.00100610	-0.00314476
PR24-7	1.00002916	-0.00003811
PR24-8	1.00054847	-0.00164449
PR24-9	1.00044089	-0.00127227
PR24-11	1.00055051	-0.00170839
PR24-12	1.00017876	-0.00054066
PR24-14	1.00044016	-0.00140412
PR24-15	1.00016521	-0.00051373
PR24-16	1.00010761	-0.00036839
PR24-17	1.00055353	-0.00180407
PR24-19	1.00078538	-0.00249294
PR24-20	1.00053539	-0.00168593
PR1S-1*	1.00007889	-0.00015122
PR1S-2	1.00037540	-0.00117401
PR1S-4	1.00025666	-0.00075317
PR1S-6	1.00067952	-0.00213944
PR1S-8	1.00054777	-0.00173303
PR1S-9	1.00081087	-0.00251449
PR1S-11	1.00062591	-0.00196514
PR1S-12	1.00049917	-0.00145260
PR1S-13	1.00004944	-0.00004653
PR1S-15	1.00058576	-0.00173603
PR1S-16	1.00043451	-0.00129345
PR1S-17	1.00064930	-0.00198615
PR1S-18	1.00056519	-0.00173534
PR1S-19	1.00033201	-0.00096688
PR1S-20	1.00055058	-0.00168770
PR1S-21	1.00051912	-0.00155780

* Using conductivity data below 300m depth

13. Dissolved Oxygen determination
by A. SONODA, M. Aoki, R. Takeo and T. Shiribiki (22 April 1994)

Methods:
	Oxygen samples were collected from Niskin bottles to calibrated dry glass bottles, and 
overflow it with 3 bottle volumes of sample water.  The sub-sampling bottle consists of the 
ordinary BOD flask(ca. 200 ml) and glass stopper with long nipples that modified Green 
and Carritt(1966).
	Sample were fixed dissolved oxygen immediately following the water temperature at the 
time of collection was measured for correction of the sample density.
The samples were analyzed ca. 2 hours later.  The samples was determined by Metrohm 
piston buret of 10 ml with Pt electrode using whole bottle titration in the laboratory 
controlled temperature (ca. 20 deg. C).
The standardization did everyday and whenever change to new reagents. An analytical 
method was fundamentally done according to the WHP Operations and Methods 
(Culberson,1991).
	End point was evaluated by the second-derivative curve method with computerization.

Instrument:
Titrator  ; Metrohm Model 716 DMS Titrino/10 ml of titration vessel
	    Pt Electrode/6.0401.100
Software  ; Data acquisition / Metrohm,METRODATA/6.6013.000
	    Endpoint evaluation / it was written in N88BASIC/MS-DOS(NEC/PC9801nc)

Reproducibility:
	14 % of total samples was analyzed as replicates taken from same bottle. And, in the 
bottom layer at many stations, duplicates was analyzed. In addition, at PR24-16 and 1S-
01, different bottles fired at same depth, and duplicates was analyzed.
	Replicates from 227 pairs of samples were obtained a standard deviation(2 sigma) of 0.96 
umol/Kg(0.46% of D.O. maximum in this cruise). Duplicates from 43 pairs of the bottom 
layer samples taken from different bottles (# 1 and 2) fired at the same depth had a mean 
difference of 0.41 umol/Kg, and standard deviation(2 sigma) of 1.2 umol/Kg(0.55% of 
D.O. maximum in this cruise). And 8 samples of station PR24-16 from 3249 m was 
obtained average of 147.9 umol/Kg, and standard deviation(2 sigma) of 0.98 umol/Kg( 
0.66%),while 16 samples of station 1S-01 from 301 m was obtained average of 141.4 
umol/Kg, and standard deviation(2 sigma) of 0.34 umol/Kg(0.24%).  The results from 
duplicates of Niskin bottle #1 and #2 were indicated that the values of #2 is smaller in 
comparison with the values of # 1.  However, to the end of this cruise, these differences 
became it gradually small.

Blank Determination:
	The pure water blanks were determined in distilled water (Milli-RX12, Millipore). The 
result of the pure water blanks were obtained average of -0.0020 ml, and standard 
deviation of 0.0010 ml.
	The amount of dissolved oxygen in the reagents was reported 0.0017 ml at 25.5 deg. C 
(Murray et  al.,1968). In our laboratory onboard ship, however room temperature was 
controlled at 18 - 21 deg.C. Therefore it was determined for this cruise. Consequently, it 
was obtained the amount of 0.0027 ml at 21 deg. C.
	We could obtained 142 samples for seawater blank in this cruise. Seawater blank were 
measured at surface, the oxygen minimum and bottom layer of many station.
	On the other hand, seawater blank were analyzed from all Niskin bottles at the station TM-
10 and 1S-21. Vertical profiles of seawater blank were not significantly varied with depth. 
But it was suggested that were not conservative.
	In this cruise, seawater blank was obtained average of 0.94 umol/Kg, and standard 
deviation (2 sigma ) of 0.72 umol/Kg.  The precision was only obtained 0.75.28 umol/Kg 
(n=5 ) at one time. It was suggested that seawater blank varied with each sample. But we 
could not determined at each depth that oxygen samples are taken in this cruise. Therefore 
we used average value (=0.94) for calculation of dissolved oxygen concentrations.

Thiosulfate Standardization:
	Measurement of standardization were used thiosulfate of 1 batch,4 bottles and standards of 
2 batch,18 bottles(#1 of 15 bottles,#2 of 3 bottles) in this cruise(about one month).   The  
results of standardization was obtained average of 0.7230 ml, and standard deviation of 
0.0027 ml (0.37%).   It was suggested that reagents probably were influenced by 
laboratory temperature.

Comparison of standards from different institution:
	Except the KIO3 standard solution, we used the titration system and reagents of Scripps 
Institution of Oceanography, Oceanographic Data Facility (SIO/ODF).
We show the result to the following table.

Table 13-1. Comparison of standards from JAMSTEC and SIO.
Institution	Nominal		Avg		STD		Rasio to
		normality	titer				SIO/ODF
SIO/ODF		.0100102	0.49527		.00004		-------
JAMSTEC1	0.0100200	0.49581		0.00011		1.00011 
JAMSTEC2	0.0100200	0.49544		0.00012		0.99936
CSK		0.0100		0.49458		0.00010		0.99963
Blank		0.0100200	-0.00039	0.00020

References:
Culberson, C. H.(1991) Dissolved Oxygen,in WHP Operations and Methods, Woods 
   Hole., pp.1-15.
Culberson, C. H., G. Knapp, R. T. Williams and F. Zemlyak (1991) A comparison of 
   methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater(WHPO 91-2), Woods Hole.
Horibe,Y., Y. Kodama and K. Shigehara (1972) Errors in sampling pocedure for the of 
   dissolved oxygen by Winkler method,J.Oceanogr.Soc.Jpn., 28, 203-206.
Green, E. J.  and  D. E. Carritt (1966)  An Improved Iodine Determination Flask for 
   Whole-bottle Titrations, Analyst, 91, 207-208.
Murray, N., J. P. Riley and T. R. S. Wilson (1968) The solubility of oxygen in Winkler 
   reagents  used for the determination of dissolved oxygen, Deep-Sea Res., 15, 237-238.

14. Nutrients measurements 
by K. Komine, H. Ota, K. Nakao and M. Aoyama (22 April 1994)

a. Equipment and techniques
The nutrients analyses were performed on Bran+Luebbe continuous flow analytical system 
Model TRAACS 800 (4 channels). The manifolds for the analysis are shown in Fig. 14-1*,
14-2*, 14-3* and 14-4* for the Nitrate + nitrite, nitrite, silicate and phosphate, 
respectively.TRAACS 800 was located in the container laboratory on deck the R/V Kaiyo. 
The laboratory temperature was maintained between 22-24 deg C.

The methods used were as follows:

1st channel
Nitrate + Nitrite: Nitrate in seawater is reduced to nitrite when a sample is run through a 
cadmium tube (1 mm diameter, 10 cm length) inside of which is coated with metallic 
copper. The nitrite produced is determined by diazitizing with sulfanilamide and coupling 
with N-1-naphthyl- ethylenediamine (NED) to form a colored azo dye which is measured 
spectrophotometrically at 550 nm using 3 cm length cell. Nitrite initially present in the 
sample is corrected.

2nd channel
Nitrite: The nitrite is determined by diazitizing with sulfanilamide and coupling with N-1-
naphthyl- ethylenediamine (NED) to form a colored azo dye which is measured 
spectrophotometrically at 550 nm using 5 cm length cell.

3rd channel
Silicate: The standard AAII molybdate-ascorbic acid method with the addition of a 38-40 C 
heating bath to reduce the reproducibility problems encountered when analyzing samples at 
different temperatures. The silicomolybdate produced is measured spectrophotometrically at 
630 nm using 3 cm length cell.

4th channel
Phosphate: The method of Murphy and Riley (1962) was used, but separate additions of 
ascorbic acid and mixed molybdate-sulfuric acid-tartrate and addition of a 38-40 deg C 
heating bath. The phosphomolybdate produced is measured spectrophotometrically at 880 
nm using 5 cm length cell.

b. Sampling Procedures
	Sampling for nutrients followed that for oxygen and C-14. Samples were drawn into 
polypropylene 100 ml small mouth bottles. These were rinced two to three times before 
filling. Most of the samples were then analyzed 3 to 5 hours after collection. Samples were 
stored in a refrigerator at 8 degree C when the TRAACS 800 was not available for 
rapid analysis after collection. Polystilen 4 ml sample cups and glass 3 ml 
sample cups were used. For the polystilen cups, we used the new polystilen cups 
soaked by deionized water before use. After the glass cups were washed in the 
hot detergents, they were rinced by deionized water, and kept in deionized 
water. These were rinced two times before filling with analyte. Duplicate 
analysis were carried out by using the both polystilen cup and glass cup for all 
samples. 

c. Calibration
	The calibration of all the volumetric flasks used on the cruise were checked before packing.
	Calibration of the 6  Eppendorf micropippettes used during the cruise were checked before 
packing.

d. Nutrient standard
	We prepared nutrient standards by following "an suggested protocol for continuous flow 
automated analysis of seawater nutrients" by L. I. Gordon etc. (1992). Nutrient primary 
standards were prepared from salts dried in oven/microwave oven and cooled over silica 
gel in a desiccator before weighing. The dry powder for the primary standard was packed 
in the nitrogen gas atmosphere. The precision of the weighing was ca. 0.1 %.
The concentration of A standard are 2500 uM for phosphate, 37500 uM for nitrate and 
2000 uM for nitrite, and that of B standard is 3500 uM for silicate.
	A uniform set of seven mixed working standards were prepared in LNSW. Concentrations 
(umol/l) were: nitrate 52.5,45.0,37.5,30.0,15.0,7.5 and 0; nitrite 1.2,0,0.8,0,0.4,0 and 0; 
silicate 240,210,175,140,70,35 and 0; phosphate 3.5,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0,0.5 and 0 
thereafter. Since we neglect the highest concentration of working standard in the cruise, the 
set of six mixed standards were used from the station PR24-3.

e. Duplicate samples and the estimation of the precision of the analysis
	There were 43 pairs of duplicate samples drawn. The standard deviation of the 
differences between duplicate samples (43 paris) for nitrate, silicate and phosphate is 
shown in Table 14-1.

	Quality control samples at the same depth were also drawn at 7 stations.  At each 
station, samples were drawn form the 4 to 14 of  Niskin bottles closed at the same depth 
and analyzed. The results of the quality control samples are summarized as a range of 
concentaration in Table 14-2.

	We also made the 3 to 5 times of repeat analysis of one of the samples at 21 statinons. 
The results of the repeat analysis are summarized as a range of concentration in Table 14-3.

Table 14-1. The standard deviation of the differences between duplicate samples (43 paris).

		standard deviation	mean concentration 
		umol/kg			umol/kg
Nitrate		0.22			 37

Silicate	0.6			142 

Phosphate	0.03			2.54  


Table 14-2.   The results of the quality control samples at the same depth.

Station		n	Nitrate		Silicate	Nitrite		Phosphate
			umol/l		umol/l		umol/l		umol/l

24-04		6	38.81-39.35	139.7-141.0			2.70-2.76
24-08		6	38.60-39.13	139.8-141.7	 0.02-0.05	2.69-2.75
24-09		14	39.14-39.60	131.7-133.4	-0.03-0.00	2.72-2.78
24-16		8	36.93-37.60	142.8-144.2	 0.00-0.04	2.55-2.59
24-17		7	36.80-37.12	143.6-144.0	 0.02-0.05	2.53-2.57
24-20		4	36.93-37.24	144.7-145.2			2.46-2.56
1S-08		5	37.55-37.76	145.1- 147.7			2.48-2.52


Table 14-3.   The results of the repeat analysis as a range of concentration .

Station		n	Nitrate		Silicate	Nitrite		Phosphate
			umol/l		umol/l		umol/l		umol/l

6N-02		5	39.72-40.35	110.3-110.8	-0.01-0.00	2.71-2.78
6N-06		4	36.60-36.96	143.6-143.8	 0.00-0.01	2.49-2.53
6N-10		3	37.03-37.04					2.50-2.53
6N-11		3	36.91-37.15	142.1-143.3			2.51-2.52
6N-13		3			142.8-143.6			2.49-2.54
24-01		3	36.24-36.54					2.47-2.53
24-11		3	36.81-36.93	143.5-143.7	 0.00-0.01	2.52-2.53
24-12		4	36.85-37.01	143.7-144.2	 0.03-0.04	2.57-2.58
24-14		3	37.00-37.31	144.2-144.4	 0.02-0.05	2.37-2.43
24-19		3	36.98-37.10	143.4-144.3			2.44-2.54
1S-01		4	39.28-39.55	113.3-114.4	 0.00-0.05	2.78-2.80
1S-04		3	36.82-36.98	143.2-143.8			2.51-2.52
1S-09		3	36.91-36.96	146.2-146.9			2.53-2.55
1S-11		3	36.28-36.66	142.6-143.6			2.50-2.55
1S-13		3	36.58-36.73	140.5-141.0			2.52-2.52
1S-15		3	36.95-37.11	142.4-142.9			2.53-2.56
1S-16		3	36.84-37.26	141.9-142.5			2.53-2.54
1S-17		4	37.49-37.74					2.40-2.53
1S-18		3	10.84-11.29	9.4-9.5				0.79-0.84
1S-18		3	36.65-37.31	143.0-144.8	  0.17-0.17	2.52-2.55
1S-19		3	37.47-37.91	143.7-144.8	-0.02- -0.01	2.54-2.55
1S-21		3	36.84-36.94	141.7-142.2			2.55-2.57

15. Plant Pigments  Analysis 
by Rusana M. Djalimun (4 March 1994)

Objectives:
	To obtain a pigments data set of the upper layers of the sea by using a 
spectrophotometric determination method ( - a continuation of LIDAR '94 Cruise/Ocean 
color data set -).

Method:
a. Seawater sampling
Samples were taken in the morning cast of the WOCE '94 cruise sampling stations ( 1 
sta./day) from 0 m (surface), 10 m, 30 m, 50 m, 75 m and 100 m (also 125 m and 150 m 
at some stations) of depths.
A bucket was used to take the surface seawater samples, and a rosette containing 36 Niskin 
bottles (12 liter volume each) for the other layers.

b. Filtration and extraction.
About 3 - 10 liters of seawater from each depth was filtered with Nuclepore filter (47mm 
diameter, 0.4 µm pore size from COSTAR Corp., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA) to 
trap the phytoplanktons. The filter(s) then soaked in the 6 ml of solvent N,N-
dimethylformamide (DMF, from WAKO PURE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, Ltd., Japan) 
solution for 24 hours to extract the pigments.

c. Absorbance measurement and determination of pigments concentration.
By using a Shimazu UV-2200 spectrophotometer, the absorbance (OD units) of extracted 
solution of samples were measured at 603 nm, 625 nm, 647 nm, 664 nm, and 703 nm- 
wavelength. The concentration of pigments (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) were then 
determined with formulae built by Moran (1981).

Results and discussion:

The concentration of each sample are shown n Table 15-1.
a. In some stations, where the sea states were heavy, sometimes there was no rosette 
seawater sampling for upper sea level. In stations of section PR24-2, where a smaller 
rosette (12 Niskin bottles of 5 liter volume) was used, sample was taken only from the 
surface (0 m) seawater.

b. samples from deeper layers were filtered faster than the upper ones. This must be due to 
the different concentrations of phytoplanktons at those layers.

c. The concentration of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were shown in the table. 
Chlorophyll a was concentrated mostly at 50 - 100 meters depth, and the concentration 
became higher around the sea at the triangle formed by stations 6N-9, 6N-15 and PR1S.
At most stations, no chlorophyll b was found at 0-30 meters of sea level except for station 
PR1S-13, and the concentration distribution pattern of chlorophyll b was similar to one of 
chlorophyll a.

Table 15-1. The Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b concentration along the section 6N, PR24 
and PR1S in 1994 KAIYO WOCE cruise.

Depth    Niskin Bottle #    Sample Volume   Chl. a     Chl. b
meter                            liter       mg/m3      mg/m3

Station 6N-1
surface    Bucket              10.0          0.051     -0.004 
  10        30                  9.0          0.043     -0.000
  30        28                  9.0          0.067      0.001
  50        27                  9.0          0.132      0.010
 100        25                  9.0          0.165      0.048
 
Station 6N-4
surface    Bucket              10.0          0.065     -0.003 
  10        36                  9.0          0.061     -0.001
  30        34                 10.0          0.060      0.001
  50        33                  9.5          0.093      0.005
 100        27                 10.0          0.213      0.065
   
Station 6N-8
surface    Bucket              10.0          0.117     -0.006 
  30        35                  9.5          0.105     -0.001
  50        34                 10.0          0.096      0.001
 100        32                  9.5          0.232      0.045

Station 6N-11
surface    Bucket              10.0          0.059     -0.004 
  30        35                 10.0          0.061      0.004
  50        34                  9.0          0.183      0.026
  75        33                  9.0          0.342      0.076
 100        32                  9.5          0.263      0.058
 125        31                 10.0          0.169      0.061
 150        30                  9.0          0.054      0.007
 
Station 6N-14
surface    Bucket              10.0          0.051      0.001 
 100        36                  8.5          0.238      0.070

Station PR24-3
surface    Bucket              10.0          0.040     -0.001 
  30        36                  9.0          0.044      0.001
  50        35                  9.0          0.097      0.029
  75        34                  9.0          0.215      0.064
 100        33                  6.5          0.126      0.047

Station PR24-9
surface    Bucket              10.0          0.213     -0.000 
  10        36                  8.0          0.198      0.002
  30        34                  9.5          0.247      0.002
  50        33                  9.0          0.299      0.006
  75        32                  9.0          0.134      0.029
 100        31                  9.5          0.054      0.007

Station PR24-15
surface    Bucket              10.0          0.171      0.002
  10        36                  8.0          0.162      0.002
  30        34                  9.5          0.199     -0.003
  50        33                  9.0          0.401      0.026
  75        31                  9.5          0.237      0.088
 100        30                  9.0          0.107      0.033

Station PR24-2-4
surface    Bucket              10.0          0.172     -0.008

Station PR24-16
surface    Bucket              10.0          0.116     -0.001
  10        36                  7.7          0.125      0.003
  30        34                  8.3          0.156      0.001
  50        33                  8.0          0.673      0.117
  75        32                  8.0          0.242      0.071
 100        31                  9.0          0.126      0.036

Station PR1S-1
surface    Bucket              10.0          0.144     -0.004
  10        36                  8.0          0.127     -0.002
  30        34                  8.0          0.197      0.006
  50        33                  6.0          0.355      0.042
  75        32                  9.0          0.271      0.049
 100        31                  8.0          0.050      0.004

Station PR1S-8
surface    Bucket              10.0          0.126     -0.004
  10        36                  7.5          0.122      0.003
  30        34                  5.5          0.345     -0.006
  50        33                  3.5          0.436      0.059
  75        32                  7.4          0.262      0.066
 100        31                  7.5          0.061      0.014

Station PR1S-13
surface    Bucket              10.0          0.243      0.012
  10        36                  8.5          0.232      0.009
  30        34                  9.7          0.538      0.147
  50        33                  7.9          0.254      0.085
  75        32                  9.5          0.053      0.013
 100        31                  8.7          0.031      0.007

Station PR1S-18
surface    Bucket              10.0          0.033     -0.001
 100        36                 10.0          0.230      0.068
 125        32                  8.0          0.124      0.039
 150        31                  8.0          0.057      0.011

Station PR1S-20
surface    Bucket              10.0          0.081     -0.009
  50        35                  9.0          0.290      0.044
 100        33                  8.0          0.232      0.060


16.Drifters
by Y.Kashino (9 March 1994)
	8 holey sock drifters developed by Scripps Institution of Oceanography were deployed as 
shown in table 16-1.

Table 16-1. List of drifters deployed on this cruise.

ID	Time of deployment	Location		CTD
		(GMT)					station
20056	25 Feb.	1703	2-00.433N	130-00.058E	PR1S-6
20050	26 Feb.	0455	2-59.935N	129-59.897E	PR1S-9
20052	26 Feb.	1718	4-00.559N	130-00.334E	PR1S-12
20068	27 Feb.	0609	4-59.606N	130-01.085E	PR1S-15
20073	27 Feb.	1940	5-59.657N	129-59.473E	PR1S-17
20046	28 Feb.	0912	7-00.704N	130-01.390E	PR1S-19
20960	1 Mar.	0112	7-30.545N	130-00.000E	PR1S-20
20065	1 Mar.	0805	7-59.592N	130-00.946E	PR1S-21


17. Distribution of atmospheric and oceanic CO2 
by H.Yoshikawa  (9 March 1994)

Objectives
	Atmospheric CO2, known as a greenhouse gas, has been increasing due to the emission 
of anthropogenic CO2.   It has increased approximately 25% in comparison with the pre-
industrial era(280ppm).   In order to predict the level of atmospheric CO2  in the future, it 
is necessary to understand the present inventory among global carbon reservoirs : 
atmosphere, biosphere and ocean.
	CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and ocean plays an important role in determining 
the level of atmospheric CO2.   The difference in partial pressure of  CO2 between the 
ocean and the atmosphere (delta-pCO2 ) is the driving force for air/sea CO2 exchange.   During 
the WOCE cruise, measurements of pCO2 were (will be) made to study the interannual 
change CO2 outflux. 

Method
	Measurements of the CO2 concentration in the background air and the air equilibrated 
with seawater were made using the MRI CO2 measuring system.
Air sample was taken from the top of the bridge at a flow rate of 15 l/min.   Sea water was 
taken from the bottom of ship continuously, and introduced into the equilibrator.

Equipment
	We use the non-disersive infrared gas analyzer (BINOS 4, Germany) to determine the 
CO2 concentration.   CO2 concentration will be reported based on the WMO X85 mole 
fraction scale.

Result 
	Figure 17-1* is distribution of atmospheric and oceanic CO2 (preliminary data).   The CO2 
trend upward along PR24.   This could be caused by the strong upwelling in the eastern 
equatorial Pacific, and two competitive processes: biological activity and temperature effect.     


18. C-14 sample drawing
by M. Aoyama (6 March 1994)

	All samples were drawn from 12 liter Niskin bottles followed that for oxygen. Samples 
were drawn into glass vials of ca. 200 ml. These were rinsed before filling and overflowed 
by two to three time of the vial volume. Then 0.2 ml of saturated HgCl2 solution was 
added and  subsequently rubber cap and aluminum cap were clamped to vials.
	Replicate samples were drawn from the same rosette bottle at all sampling depths. The 
sampling depths of radiocarbon samples shallower than 1000 meters were 30, 50, 100, 
150, 200, 300, 400, 600, 800, 1000. Below 1000 meters the sampling interval was 500 
meters.


19. Weather and sea condition
by E. Ukekura ( Chief officer,  R/V kaiyo) and  M. Aoyama

	The 3 hourly weather records are tabulated in Table 19-1.
	The Northeasterly trade wind was dominant  and the weather was almost fine except 
sporadic heavy shower in the interested area during the cruise. It was usual weather in the 
western tropical Pacific and was almost easy. 
The air temperature showed the diurnal variation, namely high in afternoon up to 28 to 30 
degree Celsius low in evening to morning at 27 to 28 degree Celsius in fine day. When the 
heavy shower was observed,  the air temperature decreased to 24 to 25 degree Celsius.
	The atmospheric pressure showed the semi-diurnal variation. The higher pressure was 
observed at 0000-0100 UTC  and 1300-1500 UTC every day and the lower pressure was 
observed at 0600-0700 UTC and 1800-2000 UTC every day. The amplitude of the semi-
diurnal variation was 2 to 3 hPa. 
	During the observation along section 6N, the wind speed was around 10 m/s and the wave 
height was around 2 meters. As the ship heads for south,  the wind speed decreased to 5 - 
8 m/s, the wind direction become NNE to NNW and the wave height decreased to around 1 
meters.  The Northeasterly trade wind becomes strong up to 10 to 15 m/s on 28 February 
and 1 March  at the stations from PR1S-17 and PR1S-21, producing the large wave height 
of 2.5 meters. At the same time, the satellite IR image by GMS Himawari observed the 
week low moving westerly at 5 degree North, 165 degree East. Since the westerly moving 
low was predicted to come near our interested area and the sea condition had become hard 
to operate the CTD/Rosette , R/V Kaiyo headed for Palau Is. in the evening on 1 March.


20. Problems 
by K Muneyama and M. Aoyama

	We had 4 times of a disconnection of seacable.  We spent 2 to 3 hours for 
fixing the disconnections. The most serious problem  we encountered in this
cruise was a total loss of a cast data at one occasion. We monitored the 
profiles of temperature,salinity and dissolved oxgen, and also watched reading
of CTD pressure. After CTD/rosette was retrieved on the deck, an operator has 
intended to copy the file. Then he noticed that a size of datafile was zero 
byte, however the header file had been stored. The cause of this accident might
be a computer virus, or a software bug,or an accidental mechanical failure. 
But we still could not elucidate the cause.
	We could not retrieve the 2 Aanderaa currentmetre moorings deployed in 
October 1992 placed between Talaud and Morotai islands,eventhough each acoustic 
releaser had worked normally. 
	This R/V Kaiyo is designed to have a wide open deck for setting up many ship
boarding containers, and consequently rather small fixed laboratory space. 
We provided a ship boarding container for a water sampling room with two air 
conditioners.  The CTD/rosette water sampler itself is narrowly kept in the 
space, however operations for water sampling might be affected to be less 
convenient and less efficient.
	Dissolve Oxygen measurement of bottle samples has required us the precisely controled 
room temperature, however, the room temperature of the laboratory varied at 18 
to 21 deg C in this occation.  We need to have a better control of the room 
temperature for more difficult analysis.
	We have detected "the shed wake".  This error could not be corrected.


21. REPORT ON CTD SYSTEM PERFORMANCE 
RV KAIYO, WOCE 94 CRUISE, SBE 911plus  Serial Number 09P8010-0319
By Richard Baumann, Technical Operations Manager, SEA-BIRD Electronics, Inc., 
Bellevue, WA  USA (3 March 1994)

	This report is a analysis of the performance of a SBE 911plus CTD system during a WOCE 
hydrography cruise on the Research Vessel KAIYO.  The CTD system and vessel belong 
to the Japan Marine Science and Engineering Center (JAMSTEC).  At their request, Mr. R. 
Baumann from Sea-Bird Electronics, Inc.  (SBE) participated in the cruise to help with any 
problems that occurred with the CTD and to give his observations on the operation  and 
performance of the CTD system.

	This report was written during the cruise and is divided into four parts.  
The first part is a brief description of the CTD system followed by a discussion 
of the steps that  SBE recommends be followed in the operation of the CTD and the 
subsequent analysis and calibration of the CTD data to achieve  WOCE accuracy  
specifications.  The second part of the report is an analysis of the accuracy of 
the data obtained during the cruise.  The third section is a discussion of the 
general operation of the CTD during the cruise with some examples of the data 
taken.  The fourth part is a brief conclusion.

PART I	THE  SBE  9plus  CTD

	The primary CTD underwater unit used for this cruise was a SBE 9plus, S/N 09P8010-
0319.  This CTD has dual temperature and conductivity sensors and a 15,000 psia 
Digiquartz pressure sensor.  The main CTD and  sensor housings are titanium giving the 
CTD system a depth capability of 10,500 meters.  The CTD was delivered to JAMSTEC in 
October of 1993.  The serial numbers and the factory calibration dates for the sensors 
mounted on this CTD as used on the cruise are:

Primary temperature sensor S/N	1462	calibrated 28 September 1993
Primary conductivity sensor S/N	1045	calibrated 09 September 1993
Secondary temperature sensor S/N	1465	calibrated 28 September 1993
Secondary conductivity sensor S/N	1174	calibrated 22 September 1993
Paroscientific Inc. 15,000 psia pressure sensor calibration dated  24 September 1993

	Experience has shown that the calibration of the pressure sensor will change as a slow drift 
of offset with time (approximately 1 to 2 dbar per year).   Before a cast the pressure reading 
on deck should be observed and this value used as an offset to zero the pressure reading in 
air.   

The temperature sensors will tend to drift via a slowly increasing offset with time.  This 
offset (which will be nominally the same at all temperatures) may be of either sign and will 
tend to be at a constant rate (from 0 to +/- 0.010 deg C per year) over periods of years.  
The temperature sensors on this CTD were calibrated monthly for a period of 9 months 
before they were supplied with the CTD system.  This is sufficient time to determine their 
initial drift histories and allows their drift to be predicted with reasonable accuracy for 
periods of months before they need to be calibrated to verify the actual drift since their last 
calibration.   The drift histories of the temperature sensors on this CTD are included as 
Figures 21-1* and -2* in this report.  Based on  an examination of these histories it is  felt that 
as of 15 February 1994 both of these sensors will be reading 0.0028 deg C low (as 
referenced to the 28 September 1993 calibration  coefficients used at sea) and that an offset 
correction of  +0.0028 deg C should be added to the factory calibrations for each of these 
sensors.   This prediction of  temperature sensor drift is supported  by an analysis in part 
two of this report where it is shown that the two temperature sensors agree with each  to 
within  about 0.0006 deg C throughout the cruise.

	Conductivity sensors tend to drift with use in two ways.  One is a small background drift 
that can be considered uniform with time.  This is thought to be  a measure of the gradual 
fouling and aging of the platinum electrodes.  Superimposed on this may be larger fouling 
events that are related to  contact with biological material in the water as it passes through 
the cell.  This type of fouling is seen as a larger shift in the conductivity measurement 
(towards lower conductivity) on top of the slower background drift.   Rinsing the 
conductivity cell with a 2 to 5% solution of Triton detergent after each cast will help 
minimize the drift experienced during use.  The error in the conductivity sensor is a 
function of the conductivity value and the correction is a slope adjustment to conductivity.  
After corrections have been made for the temperature and pressure sensors  the calculation 
of the error in the conductivity measurement  can be determined in two ways.  One is based 
upon an analysis of the independent  measurement of salinity from insitu water samples 
collected during the cruise.  The other method is to have the conductivity sensor calibrated 
after the cruise and to base a correction  on the observed drift.  The first method has the 
advantage that it will tend to catch the aperiodic fouling events where the second method 
will average them over the duration of the cruise.  An analysis of the CTD and Autosal 
salinity data from this cruise is given in the second part of this report.

	To insure that the WOCE accuracy specifications are met it is necessary to regularly 
calibrate the temperature and conductivity sensors on the SBE 9plus CTD.  SBE would 
recommend that this be at least once a year and  for the highest accuracy,  calibrations 
before and after each cruise would be appropriate.  Regular calibrations will also establish 
histories of the performance of the temperature and conductivity sensors.  These histories 
allow the drift of the temperature sensor to be predicted and verify the operational 
characteristics of the conductivity sensor.

	The discussion above on calibrations is concerned with the static accuracy of the CTD 
system.  This is the accuracy that the CTD and its sensors can obtain in a uniform, 
homogenous environment such as a calibration bath.  The ocean, however, is not a uniform 
environment and the  dynamic accuracy  (the ability of the CTD to measure a parameter as it 
changes) of the CTD system must be considered.   A full discussion of this subject is 
beyond the scope of this report but it is important to recognize that during data processing 
the appropriate corrections should be made for those errors that can be corrected (cell 
thermal mass,  misalignment of temperature and conductivity data) and that the data 
containing errors that can not be corrected (shed wakes) be eliminated from further data 
processing.  In part two of this report the analysis of data will be done in deeper water 
where gradients (and the resulting dynamic errors) are small.

	The SBE 9plus as used in the cruise was removed from its factory supplied cage and 
mounted vertically in the middle of a General Oceanics  Model 1016 36 position, 12 liter, 
rosette water sampler.  As mounted the CTD sensors had a good  view of unobstructed 
water during down cast operation.  SBE recommends that the CTD be lowered at a drop 
speed of between 1.0 and 1.5 meter per second.  The CTD was deployed from an A-frame 
at the stern of the KAIYO and because of operational constraints was lowered at a descent 
rate of 0.5 meter per second (m/s) until a depth of  200 meters at which time the rate was 
increased to 1.5 m/s until within 200 meters of the bottom when the rate was slowed to 0.5 
m/s.  During CTD operations the bow of the ship is normally turned into the wind to help 
maintain a stationary position during the cast.  In this orientation the predominant ship 
motion is pitch which modulates the descent rate when the CTD is deployed over the stern.  
The coupling  of the pitch of the ship with the descent rate can cause the CTD to slow 
down, stop or even reverse directions and move up towards the surface.  When this 
happens the water that has been entrained by the rosette will continue to move at the 
original descent rate and will cause a mixing of the water being measured by the CTD 
sensors.  This will contaminate the data to an extent where this data must be removed from 
future analysis.  This problem is most severe in the upper ocean where vertical gradients 
are the largest but can also affect data in the deep ocean.  Examples of this type of data are 
given in part three of this report.

PART II	ACCURACY ANALYSIS OF THE SBE 9plus CTD

	The CTD used for this cruise was equipped with dual temperature and conductivity 
sensors.  This feature allows for the comparison of data from each sensor pair as a  check 
of data quality.   This check is best performed below the thermocline where errors 
associated with the strong gradients of temperature and salinity are at a minimum.   

COMPARISON OF TEMPERATURE SENSORS.

	Table 21-1. contains a comparison of the temperatures reported by the primary (T0) and 
secondary (T1) sensors at two depths for selected casts throughout the cruise.  These data 
points represent 10 second averages obtained when the CTD was stopped to collect insitu 
water samples.  The temperatures in this table are as calculated using the 28 September 
1993 calibration coefficients.   The data show that the primary sensor is reading 
approximately 0.0006 deg C higher than the secondary sensor.   This agreement supports  
the idea that both sensors have continued to drift at the rates predicted  in the first part of 
this report.  A post calibration of the sensors  would determine the actual adjustments 
needed to bring these measured temperatures to the true temperature.  The data at 2000 dbar 
show a higher variance then the data at 3000 dbar;  which can be related to the steeper 
temperature gradient at that depth and the subsequent mixing of the water as the CTD/water 
sampler  is stopped to collect a water sample (where the motion is that imparted to the 
instrument package by ship motion).  With the good  agreement shown between sensors 
either sensor could be used for subsequent data analysis.


COMPARISON OF SALINITY CALCULATED WITH PRIMARY AND SECONDARY 
SENSOR PAIRS.

	Table 21-2. contains a comparison of the salinity calculated using the primary  (S0) and 
secondary (S1) sensor pairs at two depths for selected casts throughout the cruise.  These 
data points represent 10 second averages obtained when the CTD was stopped to collect 
insitu water samples.   Salinity was calculated using the data as recorded by the SEASAVE 
program;  no further data processing was performed and no corrections have been made to 
the calibration coefficients.   The data show good agreement with the primary sensor pair 
giving a salinity which is slightly larger (<0.001) than the secondary salinity during the 
first part of the cruise but which varies as the cruise progresses.  Unlike temperature whose 
calibration should not significantly change during a 1 month cruise, conductivity sensor 
calibrations will change as the cell is used.  A more complete description of drift of a 
conductivity sensor is contained in the first part of this report.   With the agreement 
between salinity either pair could be used for subsequent data analysis.

COMPARISON OF THE  DEEP SALINITY DATA BETWEEN CASTS 

	In the deep water (4000 dbar and below) of the area of the Pacific Ocean where this survey 
is located it is not expected that the salinity will vary significantly either with location or 
depth.  If this assumption is true than the salinity values observed at these depths can be 
used to  monitor the calibration drift of the conductivity sensors.  Table 21- 3 is a 
compilation of 10 second average CTD (primary sensor pair) salinity values for all water 
sample locations between 4000 and 5000 dbars.  The salinity values in this table have been 
adjusted by -0.0029 psu  from the values obtained with the factory calibration coefficients 
to reflected the predicted drift correction of +0.0028 deg C applied to the temperature 
sensor.    The table shows agreement to within 0.0005 psu for depths between 4250 and 
5000 for casts K6N021 through  K6N121.  After this cast there appears to be a trend 
towards lower salinity values with casts K6N131 being somewhat between and casts 
K6N141 thru K1S122 being about 0.001 PSU lower than the initial values.  This is 
followed by casts K1S132 thru K1S182 being  about 0.0015 lower than the initial values.   
The behavior is consistent with a conductivity cell which is gradually shifting calibration as 
it is used.  Stations K6N091 and K1S172 were at the same location  and the approximate 
0.0015 difference in salinity between the two stations supports the analysis given here.  At 
the time of this report was written the Autosal salinity values were only available through 
station K24202.  When this information and the post calibrations are available there should 
be sufficient information to determine the actual calibration of the conductivity sensor at the 
various stations.
 
	Table 21- 3. clearly illustrates  the ability of the  SBE 911plus CTD system to resolve  
salinity to better than 0.0003 psu in the deep water where gradients (and the resulting 
dynamic errors) are low.  Figure 21- 3.  (which is discussed below) graphically presents 
this level of CTD precision for data points at or below 4000 dbar for stations up to 
K24031.  Figure 21- 4 in the third section of this report  shows the noise level of the 
unaveraged 24 hz salinity data in deep water to be about 0.001 psu.  

COMPARISON OF CTD SALINITY WITH AUTOSAL  SALINITY

	Table 21- 4 lists the difference between CTD salinity (S0) and salinity calculated from 
insitu water samples between 4000 and 5000 meters for those casts for which Autosal 
salinity was available when this report was written.  Figure 21- 3 shows this data  along 
with the data from Table 21- 3 in a graphical format.   It is easily seen that the variance of 
the averaged CTD salinity is much less than the salinity measured from the insitu water 
samples.  Where Table 21- 3 suggests a slow change in the calibration of the conductivity 
sensor this trend is not obvious in the water bottle data available at the time this report was 
written.


PART III	GENERAL PERFORMANCE AND EXAMPLES OF  SBE 9plus CTD DATA

	In part two of this report data were presented that represented 10 second averages obtained 
when the CTD was held at a depth to obtain a insitu water sample.  Figure 21- 4 is a sample 
of the full rate 24 hz data from which these averages were calculated.  This data is as 
recorded by the SEASAVE program without subsequent post processing.   The noise level 
for temperature ia less than 0.001 deg C and  for salinity is approximately  0.001 psu  
respectively.  This data also shows the 0.1 dbar jitter in the pressure measurement which is 
removed by lowpass filtering pressure with a 0.15 second time constant.  The increased 
variance of the signal during periods of low or negative descent rate is cause by mixing 
induced by the CTD/water sampler  along the small local temperature gradient.  The 
secondary sensor pair gives comparable data.

	Figure 21- 5* is an example of shed wakes in the data that occur when the motion of the 
CTD/water sampler through the water column slows and allows the entrained water to 
overtake the sensor package and be measured as if it were new, undisturbed water.  The 
data during these periods can not be easily corrected and should be removed from 
subsequent data analysis. 

PART IV	CONCLUSIONS

	Based on the evidence presented here this it appears that after the zero offset of the pressure 
sensor is adjusted for and  a offset correction is added for the predicted drift of the 
temperature sensors,  the  CTD  initially was giving a salinity which was about 0.002 psu 
low of the average insitu samples.  As the cruise progressed this difference increased to 
about 0.0035 psu.  

	In summary, the SBE 911plus CTD system used on this cruise showed  the same high 
quality data which are typical of  results obtained elsewhere.  Temperature, salinity, and 
pressure that are within the WOCE requirements can be obtained  from this data set when 
careful attention is paid to the calibration of the sensors.  It is highly recommended that the 
temperature and conductivity sensors used be calibrated  after the cruise to confirm the 
corrections made at sea.


Acknowledgements
by M. Aoyama (10 March 1994)

	The cruise participants thanks "very very much"  to the captain H. Tanaka of R/V Kaiyo 
and the 26 crew for their powerfull  and heartfull supports during the cruise. The deck crew 
for the CTD/Rosette operation could handle  the big Rosette ( of 2.2 meters diameter, 1.8 
meters height and almost 1000 Kg weights ) safely whenever the weather/sea condition 
becomes hard. The engineers/oilers also could operate the CTD winch well. The engineers 
and the oilers made many parts/materials to refine/ repair the instruments/machines for the 
observations. The boatswain and abledemans made the fine  shellter for the meteorological 
observations for WOCE cruise. During the mooring,  many of the crew supported the deck 
work and  they often gave us the good comments/suggestions for the preparation of 
mooring. The radio operators and the cooks supported our living in the ship heartfully.

	During the pre-cruise stage, three  analyst groups of salinity, dissolved oxygen and 
nutrients were largely supported by Mr. M . Mitsuya and Ms. H. Hamabe,  the two staffs of 
the ocean-chemistry laborotory at  Ocean Reseach Department, JAMSTEC. 
The director  T. Nakanishi at the Ocean Research Department , JAMSTEC and the 
members at  the Planning Department  did the good arrangements to execute this cruise in 
the  view  point of the fund and on-shore laboratory space.
Mr. I.  Asanuma, the chief scientist at LIDAR cruise carried out  just before this cruise, 
helped us much for  the good on deck arrangments of the container laboratories, wiches 
and railway of  the Rosette operation.

	This cruise have executed on the basis of the collaborative ocean research framework 
between Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) and Badan Pengajian 
Dan Penerapan Teknologi (BPPT) since 1992.

	This cruise is funded  by the Japan-WOCE program with the Science and Technology 
Agency of Japan under the special coordinated funds and largery by some of the projects of 
JAMSTEC.

* All figures shown in PDF file.
