A.  CRUISE NARRATIVE:  P17N

A.1.  HIGHLIGHTS
WHP Cruise Summary Information

             WOCE section designation  P17N
    Expedition designation (EXPOCODE)  325021_1
          Chief Scientist/affiliation  David Musgrave/UA*
                                Dates  1993.MAY.15 - 1993.JUN.26
                                 Ship  RV THOMAS THOMPSON
                        Ports of call  San Francisco, California 
                                       Sitka, Alaska
                   Number of stations  202
                                                   57°19.91'N
Geographic boundaries of the stations  159°06.06'W             123°49.54'W
                                                   34°34.89'N
         Floats and drifters deployed  8 surface drifters
       Moorings deployed or recovered  none
  
                 Contributing Authors  M. Aoyama
                                       R.M. Key
                                       P.D. Quay

University of Alaska € Fairbanks, AK € phone: 907-474-7837 € fax: 907-474-7204
                      E-mail: musgave@ims.alaska.edu

A.2  CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION

A.2.a  STATIONS OCCUPIED

Stations were numbered consecutively from the beginning of the cruise.  

   202 CTD/36 bottle rosette stations, 47 with LADCP:

     1. 127 WOCE stations (1-99,121-148), 33 with LADCP (Figures 1, 2, 3 & 4)
     2. 21 coastal stations into Alaska Peninsula (100-120), 0 with LADCP
     3. 39 Sitka Sound stations (149-187), 0 with LADCP
     4. 16 Sitka Eddy stations (188-203), 14 with LADCP

   10 Large volume sampling (Gerard barrel) stations

A.2.c  FLOATS AND DRIFTERS DEPLOYED
      8 surface drifters were deployed for Rick Thomson (IOS)

A.2.d  MOORINGS DEPLOYED OR RECOVERED

A.3  LIST OF PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS (Table 1)

Name               Parameter               Institution
-------------------------------------------------------------
Rana Fine          CFC                     RSMAS 
Teresa Chereskin   ADCP, LADCP             SIO 
Wilf Gardner       Transmissometer         TAMU  
Catherine Goyet    Carbon Dioxide          WHOI  
Charles Keeling    Carbon Dioxide          SIO  
Robert Key         Large Volume Carbon-14  Princeton 
                   Radium-228
John Lupton        Helium-3                NOAA/PMEL  
Dave Musgrave      CTD-hydrography         IMS-UAF  
Tom Royer          CTD-hydrography         IMS-UAF  
Paul Quay          AMS Carbon-14           UW   
Jim Swift          CTD-hydrography and     SIO-ODF
                   nutrients support
Zafir Top          Helium-3, Tritium       RSMAS  
Rick Thomson       Surface Drifters        IOS/BC  
------------------------------------------------------------

DISPOSITION OF DATA: 
Please contact the individual investigators listed above. We are following the 
US WHP data policy, by which all preliminary results are immediately available 
to all US WOCE investigators funded for Pacific basin projects, with proprietary 
rights for two years for usage and publication of the data given to the 
individual investigator responsible for each particular measurement. Any use of 
publication of these data without permission from the principal investigator 
responsible for that measurement is in violation of this agreement.
Collaborative work is encouraged.
 

A.4  SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME AND METHODS

The R/V Thompson departed San Francisco for cruise 21 (leg 01) on 
15-May-1993 (Figure 1).  This was the first WOCE hydrographic cruise on the R/V 
Thompson.  P17N was supported by the National Science Foundation's 
Ocean Science Division. The Ocean Data Facility of Scripps Institution 
of Oceanography (ODF/SIO) provided the basic technical support for 
this cruise.  Because of their sea-going experience with the WOCE 
Hydrographic Program (WHP) and their prior support of JGOFS activities 
on the R/V Thompson, we had very few problems with equipment.  The 
worst problem seemed to be occasional malfunctioning of the General 
Oceanics pylon. We had extremely good weather (for the Northeast 
Pacific) and were delayed only two times: due to weather for about 24 
hours at station 72 and for about 8 hours at a non-WOCE station 
(194).  We had three weather days planned and gained additional days 
due to a cruising speed of slightly greater than 10 knots.  The 
additional days were spent on hydrographic work on the Alaska 
Peninsula shelf, in Sitka Sound and offshore of Sitka. 

All WOCE stations were to the bottom and included a rosette/CTD
cast.  Basic station spacing in the open ocean was 30 nm, with higher
resolution in regions of steep topography (off Pt. Arena, California,
over the Mendicino ``Ridge'', over the Aleutian Trench, and at the
shelf break into Sitka). The Alaska Peninsula and Sitka Sound stations
were to the bottom (generally less than 200 m) and the Sitka Eddy
stations were to the bottom or 1000m or 2000 m. 

Sampling was done with a 36-place General Oceanics pylon on a rosette
frame with 10-liter bottles and a CTD (SIO/ODF CTD \#1),
transmissometer, altimeter, and pinger.  The CTD data stream consisted
of elapsed time, pressure, two temperature channels, conductivity,
oxygen, altimeter and transmissometer signals.  All WOCE profiles were
full water column depth.  Water samples were collected for analyses of
salt, oxygen, silica, phosphate, nitrate, nitrite on all stations and
of CFC-11, CFC-12, helium-3, helium-4, tritum, AMS C14, total CO2
and total alkalinity on selected stations.

A Lowered Acoutic Doppler Current Profiler was mounted to the rosette
frame which was specially made so that no bottles needed to be
removed. The LADCP was mounted only for stations near steep
bathymetry.  It's pressure case was rated to 5500 dbar so at station
87 at the crossing of the deepest part of the Aleutian Trench  (6000
m), the LADCP was dismounted and then remounted for a second cast.
The time to mount or dismount the LADCP was about one-half hour since
the rosette needed to be partially dismantled.

Large volume sampling was made with 270 liter Gerard barrels for
analyses of C14 Ra(228), salinity, oxygen, and nutrients on
10 stations. We had very good weather for all the Large
Volume Stations and had no problems with pretrips (wire speeds of 30
meters/minute for downcasts).  The time for the LVS's was greater than
that alloted for in the cruise plan.  However, the time gained by
cruise speeds greater than 10 knots more than made up for the lost
time on the LVS's.


A.5  MAJOR PROBLEMS AND GOALS NOT ACHIEVED

No major problems were encountered on the cruise.  The wind speed and
direction of the IMET system failed early in the cruise.
The shipboard underway system did not log data until station 10
due to a software error. 

The GO pylon had major problems in firing bottles, however all
misfirings were detectable and the console operator was able to
compensate for the misfires.
  
A.6  OTHER INCIDENTS OF NOTE

A.7  LIST OF CRUISE PARTICIPANTS (TABLE 2)

     Name      Instutition  Responsibility
----------------------------------------------------------------------
 1   Dave Musgrave         UAF           Chief Scientist  
 2   Tom Royer             UAF           Co-Chief Scientist  
 3   Robert T. Williams    STS/ODF       Data/Marine Tech, WLdr,Oxygen 
 4   Carl Mattson          STS/ODF       Electronics Specialist  
 5   Dave Muus             STS/ODF       Data/Marine Tech, WLdr 
 6   Dave Nelson           STS/ODF/URI   Marine Tech  
 7   Stacey Morgan         STS/ODF       Oxygen/Nutrients  
 8   Dennis Guffy          STS/ODF/TAMU  Nutrients  
 9   Laura Goepfert        STS/ODF       Marine Tech/Salt  
10   Marie-Claude Beaupre  STS/ODF       Nutrients/Oxygen  
11   Craig Hallman         STS/ODF       Marine Tech/Salt  
12   Teri Chereskin        SIO           ADCP,LADCP  
13   Rich Rotter           Princeton     Large Volume extractions  
14   Georges Paradis       PMEL          Helium sampling  
15   Chris Heuer           RSMAS         Helium/tritium sampling  
16   Emma Bradshaw         RSMAS         CFC  
17   Kevin Maillet         RSMAS         CFC  
18   Maren Tracy           WHOI          CO2  
19   Bob Adams             WHOI          CO2  
20   Aaron Smith           WHOI          CO2  
21   Rolf Sonnerup         UW            AMS 14C  
22   Steve Sweet           UAF           Watch Stander  
23   Heather Hunt          UAF           Watch Stander  


Table 3:  Insitutuions 
-------------------------------------------------------------
NOAA/PMEL  NOAA
           Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
           7600 Sand Point Way NE
           Seattle, WA
           98115-0700

SIO        Scripps Institution of Oceanography
           University of California of San Diego
           9500 Gilman Drive
           La Jolla, CA
           92093
 
TAMU       Texas A&M University
           Department of Oceanography
           College Station, TX
           77843

WHOI       Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute
           Woods Hole, Ma
           02543

Princeton  Princeton University
           Princeton, NJ
           08540
   
RSMAS      Rosential School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
           Miami, FL
   
UAF        University of Alaska
           Fairbanks, AK
   
UW         University of Washington
           School of Oceanography
           Seattle, WA
           98195


    
B.  UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS

B.1  NAVIGATION AND BATHYMETRY
   
Navigation data and underway bathymetry was acquired from the ship's Bathy
2000 system via RS-232. It was logged automatically at one-minute intervals
by  one of the  Sun  Sparcstations  to  provide a time-series of underway
position, course, speed and bathymetry data. These data were used for all
station positions, PDR depths, and for bathymetry on vertical sections.


B.2  ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER (ADCP)
     An ADCP was run while underway.

B.3  THERMOSALINOGRAPH AND UNDERWAY DISSOLVED OXYGEN, ETC
     pCO was collected while underway.

B.4  XBT AND XCTD

B.5  METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

Thompson's IMET system  collected (surface water temperature and conductivity, 
meterological parameters, GPS navigation, ship's speed and heading) and 
bathymetry from the shipboard PDR.  The IMET's wind speed and direction sensor
malfunctioned early in the cruise.


B.6  ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to thank Captain Gomes, the crew of the R/V Thompson and the scientific
personnel for making this a pleasant and scientifically successful
cruise.



REFERENCES

Unesco, 1983. International Oceanographic tables. Unesco Technical Papers in 
     Marine Science, No. 44.

Unesco, 1991. Processing of Oceanographic Station Data. Unesco memorgraph
     By JPOTS editorial panel.



C.   HYDROGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS
     (Ocean Data Facility)
     1995 DEC 19

1.   DESCRIPTION OF MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND CALIBRATIONS

BASIC HYDROGRAPHY PROGRAM

The  basic  hydrography program consisted of salinity, dissolved oxygen and
nutrient (nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and silicate) measurements made  from
bottles taken on CTD/rosette casts plus pressure, temperature, salinity and
dissolved oxygen from CTD  profiles.   202  CTD/Rosette  casts  were  made,
usually  to within 10 meters of the bottom.  Of these 202 casts, there were
a total of 128 WOCE casts.  10 Large Volume stations were occupied with two
casts  per  station.   On  the  WOCE  stations,  4343  bottles were tripped
resulting in 4319 usable bottles. No major problems were encountered during
any  phase  of  the operation. The resulting data set met and in many cases
exceeded WHP specifications. The distribution of samples is illustrated  in
figures 1.0.0, 1.0.1 and 1.0.2. (See PDF file for all figures)

Figure 1.0.0:  Sample distribution, stations 001-028
Figure 1.0.1:  Sample distribution stations 028-099
Figure 1.0.2:  Sample distribution, stations 121-155


1.1.  WATER SAMPLING PACKAGE

Hydrographic  (rosette)  casts  were  performed  with  a  new design of the
rosette system consisting of a  36-bottle  ODF-designed  rosette  frame,  a
36-place  pylon (General Oceanics 1016) and 36 10-liter Bullister-style PVC
bottles.  The frame worked well  and  held  the  Lowered  Acoustic  Doppler
Current  Profiler  (LADCP) without sacrificing any of the 36 samplers.  The
G.O. pylon had operating problems which could usually be  overcome  by  the
operator  through  the  diagnostics  routine.  The Bullister-style samplers
worked  well,  but  had   fragile   end-cap   edges   and   tight   valves.
Recommendations   for   modifications   were   made  and  have  since  been
implemented.  Underwater electronic components consisted of an ODF-modified
NBIS  Mark III CTD (ODF #1) and associated sensors, SeaTech transmissometer
provided by Texas A&M University (TAMU), RDI LADCP, Benthos  altimeter  and
Benthos  pinger.   The CTD was mounted horizontally along the bottom of the
rosette frame, with the transmissometer, dissolved oxygen and secondary PRT
sensors  deployed alongside.  The LADCP was mounted vertically in the frame
inside the bottle rings. The  Benthos  altimeter  provided  distance-above-
bottom  in  the  CTD data stream. The Benthos pinger was monitored during a
cast with a precision depth recorder (PDR) in the ship's  laboratory.   The
rosette system was suspended from a three-conductor electro-mechanical (EM)
cable. Power to the CTD and pylon was provided through the cable  from  the
ship.  Separate conductors were used for the CTD and pylon signals.

Each  rosette  cast was performed to within 10 meters of the bottom, unless
the bottom returns from both the pinger and altimeter were extremely  poor.
Bottles  on  the  rosette were each identified with a unique serial number.
Usually these numbers corresponded to the reverse  of  the  pylon  tripping
sequence,  1-36,  with  the  first bottle tripped being bottle #36 (deepest
bottle).  Bottle replacements were necessary, and the  replacement  bottles
were numbered 37 and 38.  Averages of CTD data corresponding to the time of
bottle closure  were  associated  with  the  bottle  data  during  a  cast.
Pressure,  depth,  temperature,  salinity,  density and nominally-corrected
oxygen were immediately available to  facilitate  examination  and  quality
control  of  the  bottle  data  as  the  sampling  and  laboratory analyses
progressed.

The deck watch prepared the rosette approximately 45  minutes  prior  to  a
cast.   All valves, vents and lanyards were checked for proper orientation.
The bottles were cocked and all hardware and  connections  rechecked.  Upon
arrival  on  station,  time,  position and bottom depth were logged and the
deployment begun. The rosette was moved into position  under  a  projecting
boom  from  the  rosette  room  using  an  air-powered  cart on tracks. Two
stabilizing tag lines were threaded through rings on the frame. CTD  sensor
covers were removed and the pinger turned on.  Once the CTD acquisition and
control system in the ship's laboratory had been initiated by  the  console
operator  and  the  CTD  and  pylon had passed their diagnostics, the winch
operator raised the package and extended the boom  over  the  side  of  the
ship.  The  package  was then quickly lowered into the water, the tag lines
removed and the console operator notified by radio that the rosette was  at
the surface.

Recovering the package at the end of deployment was essentially the reverse
of the launching. Two tag lines connected to air tuggers and terminating in
large  snap  hooks were manipulated on long poles by the deck watch to snag
recovery rings on the rosette frame. The package was then lifted out of the
water under tension from the tag lines, the boom retracted, and the rosette
lowered onto the cart. Sensor covers were replaced, the pinger  turned  off
and  the  cart with the rosette moved into the rosette room for sampling. A
detailed examination of the bottles and rosette would occur before  samples
were taken, and any extraordinary situations or circumstances were noted on
the sample log for the cast.

Rosette maintenance was performed on a regular basis. O-rings were  changed
as  necessary  and  bottle  maintenance performed each day to insure proper
closure and sealing. Valves  were  inspected  for  leaks  and  repaired  or
replaced.

Large Volume Sampling (LVS)  [Key91] was also performed on this expedition.
These casts were carried out with ~270-liter stainless steel Gerard barrels
on  which were mounted 5-liter bottles with deep-sea reversing thermometers
(DSRTs).  Samples for salinity, silicate and 14C  were  obtained  from  the
Gerard barrels; samples for salinity and silicate were drawn from piggyback
Niskin-style  bottles.   The  salinity  and  silicate  samples  from   each
piggyback  bottle  were used for comparison with the Gerard barrel salinity
and silicate to verify the integrity of the Gerard sample.


1.2.  UNDERWATER ELECTRONICS PACKAGES

CTD data were collected with a modified NBIS Mark III  CTD  (ODF  CTD  #1).
This  instrument provided pressure, temperature, conductivity and dissolved
O2  channels,  and  additionally  measured  a   second   temperature   (FSI
temperature  sensor)  as  a calibration check. Other data channels included
elapsed-time,  an  altimeter,  several  power   supply   voltages   and   a
transmissometer.  The  instrument  supplied  a standard 15-byte NBIS-format
data stream at a data rate of  25  fps.  Modifications  to  the  instrument
included  a  revised  dissolved  O2  sensor  mounting;  ODF-designed sensor
interfaces for the FSI PRT and the SeaTech transmissometer;  implementation
of   8-bit  and  16-bit  multiplexer  channels;  an  elapsed-time  channel;
instrument id in the polarity byte and power supply voltages channels.

The O2 sensor was deployed in an ODF-designed  pressure-compensated  holder
assembly  mounted  separately on the rosette frame and connected to the CTD
by an underwater cable.  The transmissometer  interface  was  designed  and
built by ODF using an off-the-shelf 12-bit A/D converter.

Although the secondary temperature sensor was located within 1 meter of the
CTD conductivity  sensor,  it  was  not  sufficiently  close  to  calculate
coherent  salinities.  It  was  used as a secondary temperature calibration
reference rather than as a redundant sensor, with the intent of eliminating
the use of mercury or electronic DSRTs as calibration checks.

Standard  CTD  maintenance  procedures  included  soaking  the conductivity
sensor in deionized water and placing a cap on the O2 sensor between  casts
to  maintain  sensor  stability,  and  protecting  the CTD from exposure to
direct sunlight or wind to maintain an equilibrated internal temperature.

The General Oceanics 1016 36-place pylon was used in conjunction  with  the
General  Oceanics  pylon  deck unit.  There were numerous tripping problems
caused by the G.O. pylon/deck unit combination.   Usually  these  could  be
resolved  by  the  console operator via the pylon diagnostics routine.  The
pylon emitted a confirmation  message  containing  its  current  notion  of
bottle trip position, which was an aid in sorting out mis-trips.  A further
consequence of Using the G.O. pylon and deck unit also contributed  to  the
magnitude  of the variance of salinity differences.  The pylon would take a
variable amount of time to trip a bottle after the trip had been initiated.
The  time  varied  from  5  seconds  to  over  30 seconds.  The acquisition
software began averaging data corresponding to the rosette trip as soon  as
the  trip was initiated, ending when the trip confirmed.  Consequently, CTD
rosette trip  data  used  for  the  differences  contained  variable-length
averages.


1.3.  NAVIGATION AND BATHYMETRY DATA ACQUISITION

Navigation  data and underway bathymetry was acquired from the ship's Bathy
2000 system via RS-232. It was logged automatically at one-minute intervals
by  one  of  the  Sun  Sparcstations  to  provide a time-series of underway
position, course, speed and bathymetry data. These data were used  for  all
station  positions,  PDR  depths,  and  for bathymetry on vertical sections
[Cart80].


1.4.  CTD DATA ACQUISITION, PROCESSING AND CONTROL SYSTEM

The CTD data acquisition, processing  and control system consisted of a Sun
SPARCstation  2  computer  workstation,  ODF-built  CTD  deck unit, General
Oceanics pylon deck unit, CTD and pylon power supplies, and a VCR  recorder
for  real-time  analog  backup  recording  of the sea-cable signal. The Sun
system consisted of a color display with trackball and  keyboard  (the  CTD
console),  18 RS-232 ports, 2.5 GB disk and 8 mm cartridge tape.  One other
Sun SPARCstation 2 system was networked to the data acquisition system,  as
well  as to the rest of the networked computers aboard the Thompson.  These
systems were available for real-time  CTD  data  display  as  well  as  for
providing  hydrographic  data management and backup.  Each Sun SPARCstation
was equipped with a printer and an 8-color drum plotter.

The CTD FSK signal was demodulated and converted to  a  9600  baud  RS-232C
binary  data  stream  by the CTD deck unit. This data stream was fed to the
Sun  SPARCstation.   The  pylon  deck  unit  was  connected  to  the   data
acquisition  system  through  a  serial port, allowing the data acquisition
system to initiate and confirm bottle trips.   A  bitmapped  color  display
provided  interactive  graphical  display  and  control  of the CTD rosette
sampling system, including real-time raw and  processed  data,  navigation,
winch and rosette trip displays.

The CTD data acquisition, processing and control system was prepared by the
console watch a few minutes before each deployment.  A  console  operations
log  was  maintained  for  each  deployment,  containing  a record of every
attempt to trip a bottle as well  as  any  pertinent  comments.   Most  CTD
console  control  functions,  including starting the data acquisition, were
performed by pointing and clicking a trackball cursor  on  the  display  at
icons  representing  functions  to  perform.  The system then presented the
operator with short dialog  prompts  with  automatically-generated  choices
that  could  either  be accepted as default or overridden. The operator was
instructed to turn on the CTD and pylon power supplies, then to  examine  a
real-time  CTD  data  display  on  the  screen for stable voltages from the
underwater unit. Once this  was  accomplished,  the  data  acquisition  and
processing  was begun and a time and position automatically associated with
the beginning of the cast. A backup analog recording of the CTD signal  was
made  on  a  VCR  tape,  which  was  started  at  the same time as the data
acquisition.  A rosette trip display and pylon control window  then  popped
up,  giving  visual  confirmation that the pylon was initializing properly.
Various plots and displays were initiated. When all was ready, the  console
operator informed the deck watch by radio.

Once  the  deck  watch  had  deployed  the rosette and informed the console
operator that the rosette  was  at  the  surface  (also  confirmed  by  the
computer displays), the console operator provided the winch operator with a
target depth (wire-out) and lowering rate (normally  60  meters/minute  for
this package). The package would then begin its descent.

The  console  operator  examined  the processed CTD data during descent via
interactive plot windows on the display, which could also be run  at  other
workstations  on  the  network. Additionally, the operator decided where to
trip bottles on the up-cast, noting this on the console log.  The  PDR  was
monitored to insure the bottom depth was known at all times.

The  watch  leader  assisted the console operator when the package was ~400
meters above the bottom, and verify the  range  to  the  bottom  using  the
distance  between  the bottom reflection and pinger signal displayed on the
PDR. Between 300 to  60  meters  above  the  bottom,  depending  on  bottom
conditions,  the altimeter typically began signaling a bottom return on the
console.  The winch and altimeter displays  allowed  the  watch  leader  to
refine  the  target depth relayed to the winch operator and safely approach
to within 10 meters of the bottom.

Bottles were tripped by pointing the console trackball cursor at a  graphic
firing control and clicking a button. The data acquisition system responded
with the CTD rosette trip data  and  a  pylon  confirmation  message  in  a
window.  All  tripping attempts were noted on the console log.  The console
operator then directed the winch operator to  the  next  bottle  stop.  The
console operator was also responsible for generating the sample log for the
cast.

After the last bottle was tripped, the console operator directed  the  deck
watch  to  bring  the  rosette  on deck. Once on deck, the console operator
terminated the data acquisition and turned  off  the  CTD,  pylon  and  VCR
recording.  The  VCR  tape  was  filed.  Usually  the console operator also
brought the sample log to the rosette room and served as the sample cop.


1.5.  CTD LABORATORY CALIBRATION PROCEDURES

Pre-cruise laboratory calibrations of  the  CTD  pressure  and  temperature
sensors were used to generate tables of corrections applied by the CTD data
acquisition and processing software at sea.  These laboratory  calibrations
were also performed post-cruise.

Pressure  and  temperature calibrations were performed on CTD #1 at the ODF
Calibration Facility (La Jolla).  The pre-cruise calibration  was  done  in
May 1993 before the start of the expediton, and the post-cruise calibration
was done in October 1993.

The CTD pressure transducer  was  calibrated  in  a  temperature-controlled
water  bath  to  a  Ruska  Model  2400  Piston  Gauge  pressure  reference.
Calibration curves were measured at  0.01,  11.74  and  31.22  deg.C  to  2
maximum  loading  pressures  (2775 and 6080 db) pre-cruise, and at 1.62 and
32.13 deg.C to 2 maximum loading pressures (1400 and 6080 db)  post-cruise.
Figure  1.5.0  summarizes  the laboratory pressure calibration performed in
May 1993 and Figure 1.5.1 summarizes  the  pressure  calibrations  done  in
October 1993.


Figure 1.5.0:  Pressure calibration for ODF CTD #1, May 1993.
Figure 1.5.1:  Pressure calibration for ODF CTD #1, October 1993.


Additionally,  dynamic  thermal-response  step  tests were conducted on the
pressure transducer to calibrate dynamic thermal effects.

CTD PRT temperatures were calibrated to an NBIS ATB-1250 resistance  bridge
and  Rosemount  standard PRT in a temperature-controlled bath.  The primary
CTD temperature was offset by ~1.5 deg.C to avoid the 0-point discontinuity
inherent   in  the  internal  digitizing  circuitry.   Figures  1.5.3-1.5.4
summarize the laboratory calibrations performed on the primary PRT.

These laboratory temperature calibrations  are  referenced  to  the  ITS-90
standard.   Calibration coefficients were converted to the IPTS-68 standard
because  calculated  parameters,  including  salinity  and   density,   are
currently defined in terms of that standard.


FIGURE 1.5.3:  Temperature calibration for ODF CTD #1, May 1993.
FIGURE 1.5.4:  Temperature calibration for ODF CTD #1, October 1993.


1.6.  CTD CALIBRATION PROCEDURES

This  cruise  was the first of 2 consecutive Pacific Ocean cruises for this
CTD.  Transfer standards and redundant sensors  were  used  as  calibration

checks  while  at  sea.   An FSI secondary pressure reference was used as a
pressure calibration transfer standard. An FSI PRT sensor was deployed as a
second  temperature  channel  and  compared with the primary PRT channel on
most casts.

The secondary PRT sensor did not exhibit any appreciable drift during these
expeditions.   There  was  a  constant offset maintained between the 2 PRTs
throughout this leg.  Figure 1.6.0 summarizes the  comparison  between  the
primary  and secondary PRT channels. The response times of the sensors were
first matched, then the temperatures compared  for  a  series  of  standard
depths from each CTD down-cast.


FIGURE 1.6.0:  Comparison between the primary and secondary PRT channels.


CTD  conductivity and dissolved O2 were calibrated to in-situ check samples
collected during  each  rosette  cast.   Based  on  the  stability  of  the
conductivity  calibration,  there  were  no  significant  shifts in the CTD
pressure or temperature.


CTD PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE

The final pressure and  temperature  calibrations  were  determined  during
post-cruise  processing.  Over  6000  db,  there  was a 1.5 db slope change
between  the  pre-  and  post-cruise  cold   "deep"   pressure   laboratory
calibrations,  as  well as an ~1.5 db offset between the 2 sets of pressure
calibrations  (pre-  and  post).   After  analyzing   these   2   sets   of
calibrations,  a  decision  was  made to generate new tables of corrections
based on averaging the data from both sets of pressure calibrations.  These
new  corrections,  generated  by  this  new averaged calibration, were then
reapplied to the data set for the cruise.  Another reason  to  reapply  the
corrections  to the block-averaged data was because the pressure model used
had been further  refined  to  more  accurately  apply  the  thermal  shock
correction.  Figure 1.6.1 summarizes the average of the pre/post laboratory
pressure calibrations.


FIGURE 1.6.1:  Pressure calibration for ODF CTD #1, averaged May/Oct 1993.


The primary temperature sensor (Rosemount Model  171BJ  Serial  No.  14304)
laboratory  calibration  shows  essentially  the  same curve pre- and post-
cruise, with at most a .0004 deg.C shift  in  the  range  of  10-27  deg.C;
colder  and  warmer  than that range, the curves are essentially identical.
It was therefore decided to stay with the pre-cruise PRT #1 correction  for
this data set.

The  secondary  temperature  sensor  (FSI  Model  OTM-D212 Serial No. 1320)
laboratory calibrations pre- and post-cruise showed some  differences,  but
the  same temperature ranges were not measured and these FSI sensors show a
greater amount of variability.  There did not appear to be any major shift,
perhaps an ~1 millidegree shift in the range of 1-20 deg.C.


CONDUCTIVITY

The  CTD  rosette  trip  pressure and temperature were used with the bottle
salinity to calculate a bottle conductivity. Differences between the bottle
and  CTD  conductivities were then used to derive a conductivity correction
as a linear function of conductivity.

Cast-by-cast comparisons had shown only minor  conductivity  sensor  offset
shifts,  and no sensor slope changes.  Conductivity differences were fit to
CTD conductivity for all casts to determine the  mean  conductivity  slope.
The mean conductivity slope correction is summarized in figure 1.6.1.


FIGURE 1.6.1:  Mean conductivity slope correction.


The mean conductivity slope (-0.000523123 mmhos/cm) was used for all casts.

Residual CTD #1 conductivity offset values were calculated  after  applying
the conductivity slopes.  The conductivity offsets were determined for each
cast from the deepest bottle conductivities and then fit as a  function  of
station   number   by   groups.   Smoothed  offsets  were  applied  to  CTD
conductivities in 5 station groups: 001-056, 057-067, 068-097, 098-189  and
190-202.  The  conductivity  sensor was cleaned after stations 056 and 067.
Stations 098-120 were shallow (maxp less than 600 db) and stations  146-189
were  also  shallow  (mostly less than 200 db) so the smoothed conductivity
offset determined from the deep group of stations 122-145  was  applied  to
all  these  shallow  casts.   The group of stations 190-202 were mid-range,
varying between 1010 and  2700  db.   Figure  1.6.2  summarizes  the  final
applied conductivity offsets by station number.


Figure 1.6.2:  CTD conductivity offsets by station number.


Figures  1.6.3,  1.6.4 and 1.6.5 summarize the residual differences between
bottle and CTD salinities after applying the conductivity correction.


FIGURE 1.6.3:  Salinity residual differences vs pressure (after correction).
FIGURE 1.6.4:  Salinity residual differences vs station # (after correction).
FIGURE 1.6.5:  Deep salinity residual differences vs station # (after 
               correction).

The  CTD  conductivity  calibration  represents  a  best  estimate  of  the
conductivity  field  throughout  the  water  column.   Note  that  the  CTD
calibration was not fit from the bottle conductivities cast-by-cast.  Also,
Some  offsets were manually re-adjusted to account for discontinuous shifts
in the conductivity transducer response, or to insure a consistent deep T-S
relationship  from  station  to station.  The conductivity cell on this CTD
proved extremely stable as demonstrated by the constant  calibration  slope
and offsets that could easily be fit by station groups.

3  from  the  mean residual in Figures 1.6.4 and 1.6.5, or +/-0.004 PSU for
all salinities and +/-0.001 PSU for deep salinities represents the limit of
repeatability  of  the  bottle  salinities (Autosal, rosette, operators and
samplers).  This limit agrees with station overlays of deep T-S.  Within  a
cast (a single salinometer run), the precision of bottle salinities appears
to exceed 0.001 PSU. The precision of the CTD salinities appears to  exceed
0.0005 PSU.


CTD DISSOLVED OXYGEN

There  are  a  number  of problems with the response characteristics of the
Sensormedics O2 sensor used in the NBIS Mark III CTD, the major ones  being
a  secondary  thermal  response  and  a  sensitivity to profiling velocity.
Because of these  problems,  CTD  rosette  trip  data  cannot  be  directly
calibrated  to O2 check samples. Instead, down-cast CTD O2 data are derived
by matching  the  up-cast  rosette  trips  along  isopycnal  surfaces.  The
differences between CTD O2 data modeled from these derived values and check
samples  are  then  minimized  using  a  non-linear  least-squares  fitting
procedure.   Figures  1.6.6 and 1.6.7 show the residual differences between
the corrected CTD O2 and the bottle O2 (ml/l) for each station.

FIGURE 1.6.6:  O2 residual differences vs station # (after correction).
FIGURE 1.6.7:  O2 residual differences (>3000db).

Note that the mean of the differences is not zero, because  the  O2  values
are  weighted  by pressure before fitting.  The standard deviations of 0.05
ml/l for all oxygens and 0.03 ml/l for deep oxygens are  only  intended  as
metrics  of  the  goodness  of  the fits. ODF makes no claims regarding the
precision or accuracy of CTD dissolved O2 data.

The general form of the  ODF  O2  conversion  equation  follows  Brown  and
Morrison  [Brow78]  and  Millard  [Mill82],  [Owen85].   ODF does not use a
digitized O2 sensor temperature to model the secondary thermal response but
instead  models  membrane and sensor temperatures by low-pass filtering the
PRT temperature.  In-situ pressure and temperature are  filtered  to  match
the  sensor  response.  Time-constants for the pressure response p, and two
temperature responses  Ts  and  Tf  are  fitting  parameters.   The  sensor
current, or Oc, gradient is approximated by low-pass filtering 1st-order Oc
differences.  This term attempts to correct for reduction of species  other
than O2 at the cathode. The time-constant for this filter, og, is a fitting
parameter. Oxygen partial-pressure is then calculated:

     Opp=[c1Oc+c2]fsat(S,T,P)e(c3Pl+c4Tf+c5Ts+c6___)                (1.6.0)

where:

Opp           = Dissolved O2 partial-pressure in atmospheres (atm);
Oc            = Sensor current (amps);
fsat(S,T,P)   = O2 saturation partial-pressure at S,T,P (atm);

S             = Salinity at O2 response-time (PSUs);
T             = Temperature at O2 response-time (deg.C);
P             = Pressure at O2 response-time (decibars);
Pl            = Low-pass filtered pressure (decibars);
Tf            = Fast low-pass filtered temperature (deg.C);
Ts            = Slow low-pass filtered temperature (deg.C);
___           = Sensor current gradient (amps/secs).


1.7.  CTD DATA PROCESSING

ODF CTD processing software consists of over 30 programs running under  the
Unix  operating system.  The initial CTD processing program (ctdba) is used
either in real-time or with existing raw data sets to:

  o Convert raw CTD scans into scaled engineering units, and assign
    the data to logical channels;
  o Filter  specific  channels  according  to  specified  filtering
    criteria;
  o Apply sensor or instrument-specific response-correction models;
  o Provide  periodic averages of the channels corresponding to the
    output time-series interval; and
  o Store the output time-series in a CTD-independent format.

Once the CTD data are reduced to a standard-format time-series, they can be
manipulated  in  a  number  of  various  ways. Channels can be additionally
filtered.  The time-series can be split  up  into  shorter  time-series  or
pasted   together   to  form  longer  time-series.  A  time-series  can  be
transformed into a pressure-series, or a  different  interval  time-series.
For  temperature,  conductivity  and oxygen, calibration corrections to the
series are maintained in separate files and are applied whenever  the  data
are  accessed.   The  pressure  calibration  corrections are applied during
reduction of the data to time-series.

ODF data acquisition software acquired and processed the CTD data in  real-
time,  providing  calibrated,  processed  data for interactive plotting and
reporting during a cast.  The 25  hz  data  from  the  CTD  were  filtered,
response-corrected  and  averaged  to  a  2  hz  (0.5 seconds) time-series.
Sensor  correction  and  calibration  models  were  applied  to   pressure,
temperature,  conductivity  and  O2.  Rosette trip data were extracted from
this time-series in response to trip initiation and  confirmation  signals.
The calibrated 2 hz time-series data were stored on disk (as were the 25 hz
raw data) and were available  in  real-time  for  reporting  and  graphical
display. At the end of the cast, various consistency and calibration checks
were performed, and a 2.0 db pressure-series of the down-cast was generated
and subsequently used for reports and plots.

CTD  plots  generated  automatically  at  the completion of deployment were
checked daily for potential problems.  The two PRT temperature sensors were
inter-calibrated  and checked for sensor drift. The CTD conductivity sensor
was monitored by comparing CTD values to check-sample conductivities and by
deep  T-S  comparisons  with adjacent stations. The CTD dissolved O2 sensor
was calibrated to check-sample data.

A few casts exhibited conductivity offsets due to biological or particulate
artifacts.  Sometimes casts are subject to noise in 1 or more channels.  In
these cases the 2 hz time-series were additionally filtered, using a spike-
removal  filter  that replaced points exceeding a specified multiple of the
standard deviation least-squares  polynomial  fit  of  specified  order  of
segments  of  the  data. The filtered points were replaced by the filtering
polynomial value.

Density  inversions  can  appear  in   high-gradient   regions.    Detailed
examination  of  the  raw  data shows significant mixing occurring in these
areas because of ship roll.  In order to minimize these inversions, a ship-
roll  filter  was  applied  to  most  casts  during  pressure-sequencing to
disallow pressure reversals.  Pressure intervals with no  time-series  data

can optionally be filled by double-parabolic interpolation.

When  the down-cast CTD data have excessive noise, gaps or offsets, the up-
cast data are used instead.  CTD data from down- and up-casts are not mixed
together  in  the  pressure-series  data  because  they  do  not  represent
identical water columns (due to ship movement, wire angles, etc.).

TABLE 1.7.0 provides a list of CTD casts requiring special attention.


Cast   | Problem/Comment                                    | Solution              
-------|----------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------
007/01 | CTD O2 offset 2993 db                              | offset.                            
011/01 | Salt offset 650-658 db                             | offset.                            
022/01 | Retermination after cast                           |  |                                   
024/01 | Power outage down-cast                             | filtered-CTD O2  questionable  4902
       |                                                    | db to bottom.                      
027/01 | Power outage down-cast                             | filtered-CTD  O2  questionable 5214
       |                                                    | db to bottom.                      
042/01 | 2.9 min pause @ 3098 db-possible feature there in  | no action.                         
       | both dn/up & all parameters                        |                                    
044/01 | Salt offset 3070-3186 db                           | offset.                            
047/01 | Salt offset 1852-4046 db                           | offset.                            
057/01 | Cond cell cleaned after cast; shift in cond offset |                                    
059/01 | Salt offset 1918-1945 db                           | offset.                            
060/01 | CTD O2 feature ~3500 db both dn/up                 | no action.                         
066/01 | No surface bottle O2                               | no action.                         
068/01 | Cond cell cleaned after cast; shift in cond offset |                                    
070/01 | Salt offset 1525-1588 db/power outage down-cast    | offset/filtered & offset.          
073/01 | CTD O2 bad top 130 db; retermination after cast    | no action.                         
080/01 | Numerous salt offsets due to biological matter     | filtered/chopped off bottom 112 db.
087/02 | Salt offset 1670-2008 db/no discrete O2            | offset/used CTD O2 fit from 087/01.
091/01 | 1.8 min pause @ 3980 db                            | no   action-CTD   O2   questionable
       |                                                    | 3978-3988 db.                      
092/01 | 0.46 min pause @ 3570 db                           | no   action-CTD   O2   questionable
       |                                                    | 3568-3584 db.                      
093/01 | CTD O2 feature ~2800 db both dn/up                 | no action.                         
120/01 | CTD hit bottom; no apparent cond sensor shift      |                                    
123/01 | Salt offset 1206-1366 db                           | offset.                            
188/01 | Cast maxp < 200 db - CTD O2 bad top 40 db          | no action.                         
190/02 | Numerous down-cast cond drop-outs                  | up-cast used.                      
195/01 | Impossible to get CTD O2 to fit                    | blanked out CTD O2 data.           
196/01 | Salt offset 38-46 db                               | filtered.                          

               Table 1.7.0 Tabulation of atypical CTD casts.


1.8.  BOTTLE SAMPLING

At the end of each rosette deployment water samples  were  drawn  from  the
bottles in the following order:

  o CFCs;
  o Helium;
  o Oxygen;
  o Total CO2;
  o Alkalinity;
  o AMS C14;
  o Tritium;
  o Nutrients;
  o Salinity.

The  correspondence  between  individual  sample containers and the rosette
bottle from which the sample was drawn was recorded on the sample  log  for
the cast. This log also included any comments or anomalous conditions noted
about the rosette  and  bottles.  One  member  of  the  sampling  team  was
designated  the  sample cop, whose sole responsibility was to maintain this
log and insure that sampling progressed in proper drawing order.

Normal sampling practice included opening the drain  valve  before  opening
the  air  vent on the bottle, indicating an air leak if water escaped. This
observation together with other diagnostic comments (e.g., "lanyard  caught
in  lid",  "valve  left open") that might later prove useful in determining
sample integrity were routinely noted on the sample log.

Drawing oxygen samples also involved taking  the  sample  draw  temperature
from  the  bottle.  The  temperature  was  noted  on the sample log and was
sometimes useful in determining leaking or mis-tripped bottles.

Once individual samples had been drawn and  properly  prepared,  they  were
distributed   to   their  respective  laboratories  for  analysis.  Oxygen,
nutrients and salinity analyses were performed  on  computer-assisted  (PC)
analytical  equipment  networked  to Sun SPARCStations for centralized data
analysis.  The analyst for a specific property was responsible for insuring
that their results updated the cruise database.


1.9.  BOTTLE DATA PROCESSING

The  first  stage  of  bottle  data  processing  consisted of verifying and
validating individual samples, and checking  the  sample  log  (the  sample
inventory)  for  consistency.  At this stage, bottle tripping problems were
usually  resolved,  sometimes  resulting  in  changes  to   the   pressure,
temperature  and other CTD properties associated with the bottle. Note that
the rosette bottle number was the primary identification  for  all  samples
taken  from  the  bottle,  as  well as for the CTD data associated with the
bottle. All  CTD  trips  were  retained  (whether  confirmed  or  not),  so
resolving  bottle tripping problems simply consisted of assigning the right
rosette bottle number to the right CTD trip level.

Diagnostic  comments  from  the  sample  log  were  then  translated   into
preliminary  WOCE  quality  codes, together with appropriate comments. Each
code indicating a potential problem was investigated.

The second stage of processing began once all the samples for  a  cast  had
been  accounted  for.  All  samples  for  bottles suspected of leaking were
checked to see if the property was consistent  with  the  profile  for  the
cast,  with adjacent stations, and where applicable, with the CTD data. All
comments from the analysts were examined and turned  into  appropriate  WHP
water  sample  codes.  Oxygen flask numbers were verified, as each flask is
individually  calibrated  and  significantly  affects  the  calculated   O2
concentration.

The third stage of processing continued throughout the cruise and until the
data  set  is  considered  "final".  Various  property-property  plots  and
vertical  sections  were  examined  for  both consistency within a cast and
consistency with adjacent stations. In conjunction with  this  process  the
analysts  would  review  and  sometimes  revise  their  data  as additional
calibration or diagnostic results became available.  Assignment  of  a  WHP
water  sample  code  to  an  anomalous  sample value was typically achieved
through consensus, usually also involving one of the chief scientists.

WHP water bottle quality flags were assigned with the  following
additional interpretations:

 3 | An  air  leak  large  enough  to produce an observable
   | effect on a sample is identified by a code of 3 on the
   | bottle  and  a  code  of  4 on the oxygen.  (Small air
   | leaks may have  no  observable  effect,  or  may  only
   | affect gas samples.)
 4 | Bottles  tripped at other than the intended depth were
   | assigned a code of 4.  There may be no  problems  with
   | the associated water sample data.

WHP water sample quality flags were assigned using the following
criteria:

 1 | The sample for  this  measurement  was  drawn  from  a
   | bottle, but the results of the analysis were not (yet)
   | received.
 2 | Acceptable measurement.
 3 | Questionable measurement.  The data did  not  fit  the
   | station  profile  or  adjacent station comparisons (or
   | possibly CTD data  comparisons).  No  notes  from  the
   | analyst   indicated  a  problem.  The  data  could  be
   | correct, but are open to interpretation.
 4 | Bad measurement.  Does not fit  the  station  profile,
   | adjacent  stations or CTD data.  There were analytical
   | notes indicating  a  problem,  but  data  values  were
   | reported.  Sampling  and  analytical  errors were also
   | coded as 4.
 5 | Not  reported.   There  should  always  be  a   reason
   | associated  with  a code of 5, usually that the sample
   | was lost, contaminated or rendered unusable.
 9 | The sample for this measurement was not drawn.

WHP water sample quality flags were assigned to the CTDSAL  (CTD
salinity) parameter as follows:

 2 | Acceptable measurement.
 3 | Questionable  measurement.  The  data  did not fit the
   | bottle  data,  or  there  was   a   CTD   conductivity
   | calibration shift during the cast.
 4 | Bad  measurement.  The  CTD data were determined to be
   | unusable for calculating a salinity.
 8 | The CTD salinity was derived from the CTD  down  cast,
   | matched on an isopycnal surface.

WHP  water sample quality flags were assigned to the CTDOXY (CTD
oxygen) parameter as follows:

 2 | Acceptable measurement.
 4 | Bad measurement. The CTD data were  determined  to  be
   | unusable    for   calculating   a   dissolved   oxygen
   | concentration.
 5 | Not reported. The CTD data could not be reported.
 9 | Not sampled. No operational  dissolved  oxygen  sensor
   | was present on this cast.

Note  that  all CTDOXY values were derived from the down cast data, matched
to the upcast along isopycnal surfaces.  If the CTD salinity was  footnoted
as bad or questionable, the CTD oxygen is blank.

Table  1.9.0  and 1.9.1 shows the number of samples drawn and the number of
times each WHP sample quality flag was assigned for each basic hydrographic
property:

                 Rosette Samples Stations 1-99, 121-148                  
-----------|-------------|--------------------------------------------
           |  Reported   |               WHP Quality Codes            
           |  levels     |  1         2      3        4       5      9
-----------|-------------|--------------------------------------------
Bottle     |    4343     |  0      4090     14      228       0     11
CTD Salt   |    4343     |  0      4258      0       85       0      0
CTD Oxy    |    4260     |  0      4227     33        0       0     83
Salinity   |    4324     |  0      4264     12       48       6     13
Oxygen     |    4292     |  0      4272      1       19       4     47
Silicate   |    4293     |  0      4238     40       15       0     50
Nitrate    |    4293     |  0      4272      6       15       0     50
Nitrite    |    4006     |  0      3992      0       14     287     50
Phosphate  |    4293     |  0      4201      5       87       0     50

          Table 1.9.0 Frequency of WHP quality flag assignments.


     Large Volume Samples Stations 10,28,39,48,58,68,78,86,132,141    
--------------|-----------|-------------------------------------------
              | Reported  |              WHP Quality Codes            
              | levels    | 1      2    3      4    5    6  7    8   9
--------------|-----------|-------------------------------------------
Bottle        |    360    | 0    353    5      0    0    0  0    0   2
Salinity      |    358    | 0    345   12      1    0    0  0    0   2
Silicate      |    358    | 0    320   37      1    0    0  0    0   2
Nitrate       |    358    | 0      0    0    358    0    0  0    0   2
Nitrite       |    322    | 0      0    0    322   36    0  0    0   2
Phophate      |    358    | 0      0    0    358    0    0  0    0   2
Pressure      |    360    | 0    360    0      0    0    0  0    0   0
Temperature   |    352    | 0    348    4      0    8    0  0    0   0

        TABLE 1.9.1 Frequency of WHP LVS quality flag assignments.


Additionally,  all  WHP  water  bottle/sample  quality  code  comments  are
presented in Appendices C and D.


1.10.  PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURES

All pressures and temperatures for  the  bottle  data  tabulations  on  the
rosette  casts  were obtained by averaging CTD data for a brief interval at
the time the bottle was closed on the rosette,  then  correcting  the  data
based on CTD laboratory calibrations.

LVS  pressures  and  temperatures  were  calculated from deep-sea reversing
thermometer (DSRT) readings.  Each DSRT  rack  normally  held  2  protected
(temperature)   thermometers  and  1  unprotected  (pressure)  thermometer.
Thermometers were read by two people, each attempting to read  a  precision
equal   to  one  tenth  of  the  thermometer  etching  interval.   Thus,  a
thermometer etched at 0.05 degree intervals would be read  to  the  nearest
0.005 degrees. Each temperature value reported on the LVS cast is therefore
calculated from the average  of  four  readings,  provided  both  protected
thermometers  function  normally.   The  pressure is verified by comparison
with the calculation of pressure determined by wireout.  The pressure  from
the  thermometer  is fitted by a polynomial equation which incorporates the
wireout and wire angle.

Calibration of the thermometers are performed in ODF's calibration facility
depending  on  the  age  of  the  thermometer  and  within two years of the
expedition.

The temperatures are based on the International Temperature Scale of  1990.


1.11.  SALINITY ANALYSIS

Salinity  samples  were  drawn  into 200 ml Kimax high alumina borosilicate
bottles after 3 rinses, and were sealed  with  custom-made  plastic  insert
thimbles and Nalgene screw caps.  This assembly provides very low container
dissolution and sample evaporation.  As loose inserts were found, they were
replaced  to  ensure  a  continued  airtight seal.  Salinity was determined
after a box of samples had equilibrated to laboratory temperature,  usually
within  8-12  hours of collection. The draw time and equilibration time, as
well as per-sample analysis time and temperature were logged.

Two Guildline Autosal Model 8400A salinometers  (55-654  and  57-396)  were
used to measure salinities.  These were located in a temperature-controlled
laboratory.  The salinometers were modified by ODF and contained interfaces
for  computer-aided  measurement.  A computer (PC) prompted the analyst for
control functions (changing sample,  flushing)  while  it  made  continuous
measurements  and  logged  results.  The salinometer cell was flushed until
successive  readings  met  software  criteria  for  consistency,  then  two
successive measurements were made and averaged for a final result.

The salinometer was standardized for each cast with IAPSO Standard Seawater
(SSW) Batch P-122, using at least one fresh vial per cast.   The  estimated
accuracy  of  bottle salinities run at sea is usually better than 0.002 PSU
relative to the particular Standard Seawater batch used.   PSS-78  salinity
[UNES81] was then calculated for each sample from the measured conductivity
ratios, and the results merged with the cruise database.

Salinometer 55-654 was used on stations 001, 002 and 013-202.   Salinometer
57-396 was used on stations 003-012.

4324  salinity  measurements  were  made  from  the  rosette  stations; 358
measurements were made from  the  large  volume  stations.   376  vials  of
standard water were used.  The temperature stability of the laboratory used
to make the measurements was acceptable (usually  within  4  deg.C  of  the
salinometer  bath  temperature).   There were no substantial problems noted
with  the  analyses.   The  salinities  were  used  to  calibrate  the  CTD
conductivity sensor.


1.12.  OXYGEN ANALYSIS

Samples were collected for dissolved oxygen analyses soon after the rosette
sampler was brought on board and after CFC and helium were drawn.   Nominal
125  ml  volume-calibrated  iodine  flasks  were  rinsed twice with minimal
agitation, then filled via a drawing tube, and allowed to overflow  for  at
least  3  flask  volumes.  The sample temperature was measured with a small
platinum  resistance  thermometer  embedded  in  the  drawing  tube.   Draw
temperatures  were  very  useful  in  detecting  possible bad trips even as
samples were being drawn.  Reagents were added to  fix  the  oxygen  before
stoppering.   The flasks were shaken twice to assure thorough dispersion of
the MnO(OH)2 precipitate.  They were shaken once immediately after drawing,
and  then  again  after  20 minutes.  The samples were analyzed within 4-36
hours of collection.

Dissolved oxygen analyses were performed  with  an  SIO-designed  automated
oxygen   titrator  using  photometric  end-point  detection  based  on  the
absorption of  365  nm  wavelength  ultra-violet  light.   Thiosulfate  was
dispensed  by  a  Dosimat 665 buret driver fitted with a 1.0 ml buret.  ODF
uses a whole-bottle modified-Winkler titration following the  technique  of
Carpenter   [Carp65]  with  modifications by Culberson et. al [Culb91], but
with higher concentrations  of  potassium  iodate  standard  (approximately
0.012N)  and  thiosulfate  solution (50 gm/l).  Standard solutions prepared
from pre-weighed potassium iodate crystals were run  at  the  beginning  of
each  session  of  analyses, which typically included from 1 to 3 stations.
Several standards were made up during the cruise  and  compared  to  assure
that  the  results  were reproducible, and to preclude the possibility of a
weighing error.  Reagent/distilled water blanks were determined to  account
for  oxidizing  or  reducing  materials in the reagents.  The auto-titrator
generally performed very well.

The samples were titrated and the data logged by the PC  control  software.
The  data  were  then  used  to  update  the  cruise  database  on  the Sun
SPARCstations.

Thiosulfate normalities and blanks, calculated  from  each  standardization
and  corrected  to 20 deg.C, were plotted versus time and were reviewed for
possible problems.  New thiosulfate normalities were recalculated after the
blanks  had  been  smoothed.  These normalities were then smoothed, and the
oxygen data were recalculated.

Oxygens were  converted  from  milliliters  per  liter  to  micromoles  per
kilogram   using   the  in-situ  temperature.   Ideally,  for  whole-bottle
titrations, the conversion temperature should be  the  temperature  of  the
water  issuing  from  the  bottle  spigot.   The  sample  temperatures were
measured at the time the samples were drawn from the bottle, but  were  not
used  in  the  conversion  from  milliliters  per  liter  to micromoles per
kilogram  because  the  software  was  not  available.   Aberrant   drawing
temperatures  provided  an additional flag indicating that a bottle may not
have tripped properly.  Measured sample temperatures  from  mid-deep  water
samples  were  about  4-7  deg.C  warmer than in-situ temperature.  Had the
conversion with the measured sample temperature been made, converted oxygen
values  would  be  about  0.08%  higher for a 6 deg.C warming (or about 0.2
uM/Kg for a 250 uM/Kg sample).

Oxygen flasks were calibrated gravimetrically with degassed deionized water
(DIW)  to  determine  flask volumes at ODF's chemistry laboratory.  This is
done  once  before  using  flasks  for  the  first  time  and  periodically
thereafter  when  a  suspect  bottle  volume  is  detected.  All volumetric
glassware used in preparing standards is calibrated as well as  the  10  ml
Dosimat buret used to dispense standard iodate solution.

Iodate standards are pre-weighed in ODF's chemistry laboratory to a nominal
weight of 0.44xx grams and exact normality calculated  at  sea.   Potassium
iodate (KIO3) is obtained from Johnson Matthey Chemical Co. and is reported
by the supplier to be > 99.4% pure. All other reagents are "reagent  grade"
and  are  tested  for  levels of oxidizing and reducing impurities prior to
use.

4292 oxygen measurements from the rosette stations were made.  Oxygens were
not  drawn  from  the  large  volume  stations.   No  major  problems  were
encountered with the analyses.  The oxygen data were used to calibrate  the
CTD dissolved O2 sensor.


1.13.  NUTRIENT ANALYSIS

Nutrient  samples  were drawn into 45 ml high density polypropylene, narrow
mouth, screw-capped centrifuge tubes which were rinsed three  times  before
filling.   Standardizations were performed at the beginning and end of each
group of analyses  (one  cast,  usually  36  samples)  with  a  set  of  an
intermediate  concentration  standard  prepared for each run from secondary
standards.  These secondary standards were in turn prepared aboard ship  by
dilution  from  dry,  pre-weighed primary standards.  Sets of 5-6 different
concentrations  of  shipboard  standards  were  analyzed  periodically   to
determine  the  deviation from linearity as a function of concentration for
each nutrient.

Nutrient analyses (phosphate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite) were performed
on  an  ODF-modified  4 channel Technicon AutoAnalyzer II, generally within
one hour of the cast. Occasionally some samples were refrigerated at 2 to 6
deg.C  for  a maximum of 4 hours.  The methods used are described by Gordon
et al. [Atla71],  [Hage72],   [Gord92].   During  the  first  part  of  the
expedition,  all  peaks were logged manually.  Later during the expedition,
software was developed and implemented to interpret the colorimeter  output
from   each   of  the  four  channels  which  were   digitized  and  logged
automatically by computer (PC), then split into absorbence peaks.  All  the
runs were manually verified.

Silicate  is  analyzed  using  the  technique of Armstrong et al. [Arms67].
Ammonium molybdate is added to a seawater sample to produce  silicomolybdic
acid  which  is  then  reduced  to  silicomolybdous  acid (a blue compound)
following the addition of stannous chloride. Tartaric acid is also added to
impede  PO4  contamination.   The sample is passed through a 15 mm flowcell
and the absorbence measured at 820nm. ODF's methodology is known to be non-
linear  at  high  silicate  concentrations (>120 uM); a correction for this
non-linearity is applied in ODF's software.

Modifications of the Armstrong et al. [Arms67] techniques for  nitrate  and
nitrite  analysis  are also used.  The seawater sample for nitrate analysis
is passed through a cadmium column where the nitrate is reduced to nitrite.
Sulfanilamide    is   introduced,   reacting   with   the   nitrite,   then
N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride which couples to form  a  red
azo  dye.  The reaction product is then passed through a 15 mm flowcell and
the absorbence measured at 540 nm.  The  same  technique  is  employed  for
nitrite  analysis,  except  the  cadmium column is not present, and a 50 mm
flowcell is used.

Phosphate is analyzed using a modification of the  Bernhardt  and  Wilhelms
[Bern67]  technique.  Ammonium  molybdate is added to the sample to produce
phosphomolybdic  acid,  then  reduced  to  phosphomolybdous  acid  (a  blue
compound)  following  the  addition  of  dihydrazine  sulfate. The reaction
product is heated to  ~55 deg.C to enhance color development,  then  passed
through a 50 mm flowcell and the absorbence measured at 820 nm.

Nutrients   reported   in  micromoles  per  kilogram  were  converted  from
micromoles per liter by dividing by sample  density  calculated  at  1  atm
pressure,  in-situ  salinity,  and  an assumed laboratory temperature of 25
deg.C.

Na2SiF6, the silicate primary standard, is  obtained  from  Fluka  Chemical
Company  and  Fisher Scientific and is reported by the suppliers to be >98%
pure.  Primary standards for nitrate (KNO3), nitrite (NaNO2), and phosphate
(KH2PO4)  are  obtained  from Johnson Matthey Chemical Co. and the supplier
reports purities of 99.999%, 97%, and 99.999%, respectively.

4293 nutrient analyses from  the  rosette  stations  were  performed.   358
nutrient  analyses  were  performed on the large volume stations.  However,
these data should only be used as a check of the integrity  of  the  Gerard
barrels. The nitrate, phosphate and nitrite are coded "4", bad measurement,
as an assurance that these samples will not be used for any other  purpose.
No major problems were encountered with the measurements.  Some concern was
expressed in the comparison with historical silicate data.   The  Chemistry
Department at ODF has compared the batch of sodium fluorosilicate (silicate
standard) that was sent on the P17N WOCE leg with silicate  standards  from
three  other manufacturers, as well as a different lot of silicate standard
from the same  manufacturer.   Our  findings  indicate  that  the  silicate
standard  used  on  the P17N WOCE leg was 0.6% lower than the mean silicate
standard value in this comparison.
 



REFERENCES

Armstrong, F. A. J., Stearns, C. R., and Strickland, J.  D.  H.,  "The
     measurement  of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means
     of the Technicon  Autoanalyzer  and  associated  equipment,"  Deep-Sea
     Research, 14, pp. 381-389 (1967).

Atlas,  E.  L.,  Hager,  S.  W.,  Gordon,  L.  I., and Park, P. K., "A
     Practical Manual for Use of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer(R) in  Seawater
     Nutrient  Analyses Revised," Technical Report 215, Reference 71-22, p.
     49, Oregon State University, Department of Oceanography (1971).

Bernhardt, H. and Wilhelms, A., "The continuous determination  of  low
     level   iron,   soluble   phosphate   and  total  phosphate  with  the
     AutoAnalyzer," Technicon Symposia, I, pp. 385-389 (1967).

Brown,  N.  L.  and  Morrison,  G.   K.,   "WHOI/Brown   conductivity,
     temperature  and  depth  microprofiler,"  Technical  Report No. 78-23,
     Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1978).

Carpenter, J. H., "The Chesapeake  Bay  Institute  technique  for  the
     Winkler  dissolved oxygen method," Limnology and Oceanography, 10, pp.
     141-143 (1965).

Carter, D. J. T., "Computerised Version  of  Echo-sounding  Correction
     Tables  (Third  Edition),"  Marine  Information  and Advisory Service,
     Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Wormley, Godalming,  Surrey.  GU8
     5UB. U.K. (1980).

Culberson,  C.  H.,  Knapp,  G.,  Stalcup,  M.,  Williams,  R. T., and
     Zemlyak, F.,  "A  comparison  of  methods  for  the  determination  of
     dissolved  oxygen  in  seawater,"  Report WHPO 91-2, WOCE Hydrographic
     Programme Office (Aug 1991).

Gordon, L. I., Jennings, J. C., Jr., Ross, A. A., and Krest, J. M., "A
     suggested  Protocol for Continuous Flow Automated Analysis of Seawater
     Nutrients in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global  Ocean
     Fluxes  Study," Grp. Tech Rpt 92-1, OSU College of Oceanography Descr.
     Chem Oc. (1992).

Hager, S. W., Atlas, E. L., Gordon, L. D., Mantyla, A. W.,  and  Park,    
     P.  K.,  "A  comparison  at sea of manual and autoanalyzer analyses of
     phosphate, nitrate, and silicate," Limnology and Oceanography, 17, pp.
     931-937 (1972).

Key, R. M., Muus, D., and Wells, J., "Zen and the art of Gerard barrel
     maintenance,"  WOCE  Hydrographic  Program  Office  Technical   Report
     (1991).

Millard,  R.  C., Jr., "CTD calibration and data processing techniques
     at WHOI using the practical salinity scale," Proc. Int. STD Conference
     and Workshop, p. 19, Mar. Tech. Soc., La Jolla, Ca. (1982).

Owens,  W. B. and Millard, R. C., Jr., "A new algorithm for CTD oxygen
     calibration," Journ. of Am. Meteorological Soc., 15, p. 621 (1985).

UNESCO, "Background  papers  and  supporting  data  on  the  Practical
     Salinity  Scale, 1978," UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No.
     37, p. 144 (1981).




                                APPENDIX A


    WOCE93-P17N:  CTD Temperature and Conductivity Corrections Summary

             PRT             Temperature Coefficients          Conductivity Coefficients
 Sta/     Response           corT = t2*T2 + t1*T + t0              corC = c1*C + c0
 Cast    Time (secs)       t2             t1           t0           c1            c0

001/03       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00907
002/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00912
003/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00917
004/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00922
005/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00927
006/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00932
007/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00857
008/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00862
009/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00867
010/02       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00952
011/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00957
012/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00962
013/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00967
014/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00972
015/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00976
016/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00981
017/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00986
018/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00991
019/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00996
020/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01001
021/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01006
022/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01011
023/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01016
024/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01021
025/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01026
026/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01031
027/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01036
028/02       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01041
029/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01046
030/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01051
031/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01055
032/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01060
033/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01065
034/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01070
035/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01075
036/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01080
037/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01085
038/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01090
039/02       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01095
040/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01100
041/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01105
042/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01110
043/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01115
044/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01120
045/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01125
046/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00927
047/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01135
048/02       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01139
049/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01144
050/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01149
051/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01154
052/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01159
053/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01136
054/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01169
055/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01174
056/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01566
057/02       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00894
058/02       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00894


PRT             Temperature Coefficients          Conductivity Coefficients
 Sta/     Response           corT = t2*T2 + t1*T + t0              corC = c1*C + c0
 Cast    Time (secs)       t2             t1           t0           c1            c0

059/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00894
060/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00894
061/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00894
062/02       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00894
063/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00894
064/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00894
065/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00894
066/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00894
067/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00894
068/02       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00525
069/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00546
070/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00825
071/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00588
072/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00608
073/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00629
074/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00650
075/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00671
076/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00692
077/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00712
078/02       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00733
079/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00754
080/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00775
081/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00796
082/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00816
083/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00837
084/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00858
085/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00879
086/02       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00900
087/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00920
087/02       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00920
088/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00941
089/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00962
090/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.00983
091/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01004
092/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01024
093/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01241
094/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01066
095/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01087
096/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01107
097/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01128
098/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
099/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
100/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
101/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
102/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
103/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
104/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
105/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
106/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
107/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
108/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
109/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
110/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
111/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
112/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
113/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
114/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
115/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
116/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
117/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
118/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
119/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
120/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192


PRT             Temperature Coefficients          Conductivity Coefficients
 Sta/     Response           corT = t2*T2 + t1*T + t0              corC = c1*C + c0
 Cast    Time (secs)       t2             t1           t0           c1            c0

121/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
122/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
123/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
124/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01317
125/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01272
126/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
127/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
128/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
129/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
130/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
131/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
132/02       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
133/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
134/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
135/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
136/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
137/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
138/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
139/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
140/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
141/02       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
142/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
143/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
144/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
145/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
146/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
147/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
148/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
149/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
150/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
151/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
152/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
153/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
154/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
155/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
156/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
157/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
158/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
159/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
160/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
161/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
162/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
163/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
164/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
165/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
166/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
167/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
168/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
169/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
170/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
171/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
172/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
173/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
174/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
175/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
176/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
177/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
178/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
179/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
180/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
181/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
182/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
183/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192


PRT             Temperature Coefficients          Conductivity Coefficients
 Sta/     Response           corT = t2*T2 + t1*T + t0              corC = c1*C + c0
 Cast    Time (secs)       t2             t1           t0           c1            c0

184/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
185/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
186/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
187/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
188/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
189/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01192
190/02       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01047
191/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01107
192/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01167
193/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01227
194/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01287
195/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01348
196/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01408
197/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01468
198/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01688
199/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01588
200/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01649
201/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01709
202/01       .30       2.18412e-05   -8.71039e-04   -1.48286    -5.23123e-04    0.01644





                                APPENDIX B

              Summary of WOCE93-P17N CTD Oxygen Time Constants

              ------------------------------------------------
              |       Temperature        | Press. | O2 Grad. |
              |Fast(tauTF) | Slow(tauTS) | (tauP) | (tauOG)  |
              |------------|-------------|--------|----------|
              |   30.0     |    400.0    |  20.0  |   16.0   |
              ------------------------------------------------



       WOCE93-P17N CTD Oxygen:  O2 Conversion Equation Coefficients
                         (refer to Equation 1.6.0)

 Sta/       Slope         Offset         Pcoeff        TFcoeff        TScoeff        OGcoeff
 Cast       (c1)           (c2)           (c3)           (c4)           (c5)           (c6)

001/03   8.08249e-04   -6.40076e-02    2.14888e-03    2.58743e-02   -1.55938e-02    2.05659e-05
002/01   1.07127e-03   -5.68647e-05    3.11544e-04    1.60808e-02   -3.80496e-02    9.39401e-05
003/01   1.67981e-03   -1.28845e-02    2.19669e-04    1.00291e-02   -6.50135e-02    1.05950e-05
004/01   1.15206e-03   -1.73482e-03    1.84306e-04   -4.47063e-02    1.38952e-02    6.82363e-05
005/01   1.60405e-03   -4.74993e-03    1.08628e-04   -3.28119e-02   -2.57445e-02    7.32340e-05
006/01   1.70132e-03   -5.62372e-03    8.97631e-05    2.59637e-02   -7.50146e-02    2.60283e-03
007/01   1.89991e-03   -7.96628e-03    7.98685e-05   -8.38819e-02   -9.03464e-03    2.02129e-04
008/01   1.56450e-03   -1.00155e-02    1.33926e-04    3.15094e-03   -5.53780e-02    1.05236e-04
009/01   1.52302e-03   -6.59903e-03    1.37411e-04   -4.33830e-03   -4.46238e-02    4.45869e-05
010/02   1.65349e-03   -1.33980e-02    1.26108e-04   -1.79467e-02   -4.33929e-02    6.91769e-06

011/01   1.63332e-03   -1.14215e-02    1.22893e-04    1.65771e-02   -6.50816e-02   -1.74424e-05
012/01   1.55696e-03   -9.20419e-03    1.34399e-04    1.34453e-02   -6.14498e-02   -2.18871e-03
013/01   1.55009e-03   -8.96027e-03    1.34753e-04    3.43486e-03   -4.89174e-02   -2.07161e-05
014/01   1.56340e-03   -1.91777e-03    1.26549e-04   -2.76802e-03   -3.99920e-02   -3.01478e-05
015/01   1.39836e-03    4.48094e-03    1.45196e-04    6.58001e-03   -4.21878e-02   -1.00579e-05
016/01   1.43503e-03    1.72736e-03    1.42737e-04    2.03293e-02   -5.84193e-02   -2.72655e-05
017/01   1.44359e-03   -2.52103e-04    1.44564e-04   -4.15755e-03   -3.67312e-02   -1.37264e-05
018/01   1.55175e-03    1.19302e-05    1.28592e-04    1.02470e-02   -5.25375e-02   -1.56899e-05
019/01   1.39516e-03    2.96698e-03    1.46016e-04    8.24101e-03   -4.28389e-02   -1.75933e-05
020/01   1.41227e-03    1.28869e-03    1.45409e-04    1.78737e-02   -5.36906e-02   -8.34299e-06

021/01   1.45612e-03   -4.30351e-04    1.41819e-04   -9.08392e-04   -3.85096e-02   -4.98133e-06
022/01   1.41528e-03    2.30624e-03    1.43606e-04    9.15856e-03   -4.33953e-02    1.20347e-05
023/01   1.42724e-03    3.01431e-03    1.42925e-04    5.99364e-03   -4.12835e-02    3.31005e-05
024/01   1.62697e-03    2.54566e-03    1.17444e-04   -1.93279e-03   -4.14709e-02   -1.20491e-05
025/01   1.40066e-03    9.76925e-04    1.47337e-04    1.21487e-02   -4.65371e-02   -7.68688e-06
026/01   1.48965e-03    3.52237e-03    1.33053e-04    9.05780e-03   -4.71598e-02    2.69666e-06
027/01   1.46932e-03    1.72108e-03    1.36755e-04    5.39400e-03   -4.38037e-02    2.36329e-05
028/02   1.47725e-03    3.33692e-04    1.38579e-04   -4.36826e-04   -3.95995e-02    6.92293e-05
029/01   1.48691e-03    5.69853e-04    1.37699e-04    2.18083e-03   -4.11417e-02    3.77819e-04
030/01   1.50189e-03   -1.99759e-03    1.36658e-04   -4.34406e-03   -3.54488e-02    3.36092e-06

031/01   1.44227e-03   -6.96868e-04    1.42609e-04    1.97990e-02   -5.46878e-02   -2.00396e-05
032/01   1.52533e-03    2.55718e-04    1.31322e-04    2.68116e-02   -6.38338e-02    2.90037e-05
033/01   1.46261e-03    2.80720e-03    1.37339e-04    1.48312e-02   -5.16318e-02    3.86006e-05
034/01   1.42664e-03    9.80097e-04    1.43465e-04   -1.17286e-03   -3.69689e-02    2.53383e-06
035/01   1.44567e-03    1.16777e-03    1.42394e-04    2.17071e-02   -5.98951e-02   -2.24789e-05
036/01   1.58496e-03    4.14128e-03    1.21112e-04    6.11612e-02   -1.06795e-01   -2.17558e-06
037/01   1.52797e-03   -2.00049e-03    1.35571e-04   -8.19798e-03   -3.97432e-02    5.60934e-05
038/01   1.47803e-03    1.65652e-04    1.36726e-04    6.31856e-03   -4.64918e-02   -5.93265e-06
039/02   1.47945e-03    7.94537e-06    1.38166e-04    2.17784e-03   -4.34670e-02    7.81198e-06
040/01   1.47109e-03   -1.79635e-03    1.41663e-04    7.48094e-03   -4.86065e-02   -1.40771e-05

041/01   1.47071e-03   -1.45422e-03    1.43499e-04    2.54808e-02   -6.68503e-02   -3.81862e-05
042/01   1.39117e-03   -1.58515e-04    1.55600e-04    2.04201e-02   -5.14260e-02   -1.25502e-06
043/01   1.55805e-03    6.72145e-03    1.14973e-04    1.19677e-02   -5.42077e-02    4.10889e-06


Sta/       Slope         Offset         Pcoeff        TFcoeff        TScoeff        OGcoeff
 Cast       (c1)           (c2)           (c3)           (c4)           (c5)           (c6)

044/01   1.38342e-03   -6.71452e-04    1.54513e-04    1.08952e-02   -4.56573e-02   -1.12276e-05
045/01   1.34574e-03   -6.23142e-04    1.60751e-04   -1.38979e-02   -1.93505e-02   -9.63846e-06
046/01   1.40539e-03    9.28910e-04    1.48065e-04    2.19372e-02   -5.37551e-02   -4.53752e-05
047/01   1.42687e-03    1.25969e-03    1.46974e-04    1.18470e-02   -4.64536e-02    2.65292e-05
048/02   1.38312e-03    1.02774e-03    1.54533e-04    1.88749e-02   -5.45223e-02   -1.35825e-05
049/01   1.46340e-03    5.16205e-03    1.36857e-04   -1.14775e-03   -4.01270e-02    2.47830e-07
050/01   1.43880e-03    6.07636e-03    1.39465e-04    1.63194e-02   -5.58422e-02   -3.81429e-05

051/01   1.47830e-03    1.01043e-03    1.40580e-04    9.40733e-03   -5.44683e-02   -3.12150e-05
052/01   1.43307e-03    1.00991e-03    1.44459e-04    1.35293e-02   -5.38582e-02   -3.46634e-05
053/01   1.52507e-03   -9.53142e-04    1.32391e-04    2.46826e-02   -6.91162e-02   -4.41765e-05
054/01   1.45393e-03    6.72339e-03    1.36978e-04    3.72207e-02   -7.62022e-02   -3.59719e-05
055/01   1.47689e-03    3.10573e-03    1.35091e-04    1.66772e-02   -5.88435e-02   -5.21160e-06
056/01   1.48631e-03    2.22681e-03    1.34947e-04    3.35874e-02   -7.62168e-02   -3.47811e-05
057/02   1.38435e-03    7.84251e-03    1.44911e-04    2.49900e-02   -6.12988e-02   -1.16616e-05
058/02   1.62875e-03   -8.72551e-04    1.20427e-04    2.38463e-02   -8.06760e-02   -6.65128e-05
059/01   1.46640e-03    8.48804e-04    1.38953e-04    3.85820e-02   -7.88613e-02   -3.04070e-05
060/01   1.54975e-03    3.83312e-03    1.26589e-04    3.54479e-02   -7.90420e-02   -1.67068e-05

061/01   1.55314e-03    2.94371e-03    1.26207e-04    3.18457e-02   -7.65876e-02   -2.58869e-05
062/02   1.39049e-03    3.57359e-03    1.49993e-04   -1.28702e-02   -3.05422e-02    1.39450e-05
063/01   1.64386e-03    2.55320e-03    1.16372e-04    4.21452e-02   -9.37279e-02   -5.57016e-05
064/01   1.53404e-03    3.61145e-03    1.29246e-04   -1.52727e-03   -4.57307e-02   -1.64014e-05
065/01   1.41155e-03    1.32094e-03    1.45988e-04    2.58938e-02   -6.22222e-02   -6.12525e-06
066/01   1.48561e-03    4.66548e-04    1.39693e-04   -6.04798e-03   -4.40219e-02    8.03343e-05
067/01   1.58518e-03    1.46296e-03    1.24625e-04    2.91277e-02   -8.07744e-02   -2.13405e-05
068/02   1.39818e-03    1.87451e-03    1.48898e-04   -8.31480e-03   -3.48424e-02   -1.82338e-06
069/01   1.68179e-03    9.81732e-05    1.17460e-04    3.12916e-02   -9.57879e-02   -4.29382e-06
070/01   1.71991e-03    1.27787e-02    1.01335e-04   -4.79902e-03   -5.80875e-02    1.44197e-05

071/01   1.40506e-03    2.19643e-03    1.48742e-04   -6.33120e-04   -4.57440e-02   -1.58956e-05
072/01   1.50390e-03   -3.31856e-04    1.37915e-04    3.05159e-03   -5.47834e-02    5.71624e-07
073/01   1.68135e-03    9.30561e-03    1.52799e-04   -3.71046e-01    1.79616e-01    8.84298e-04
074/01   1.49505e-03    1.58314e-03    1.40436e-04   -3.37244e-03   -5.35345e-02   -4.05708e-06
075/01   1.48214e-03    7.06264e-04    1.43229e-04    1.80966e-03   -6.22202e-02   -4.59910e-05
076/01   1.43118e-03    5.10642e-03    1.44017e-04   -8.25999e-03   -4.09775e-02   -4.34529e-07
077/01   1.38522e-03    6.05709e-03    1.46795e-04   -3.72838e-03   -3.76986e-02   -3.96067e-05
078/02   1.68323e-03   -4.44644e-03    1.23583e-04   -1.31166e-03   -7.82426e-02   -1.50763e-05
079/01   1.49198e-03    4.88965e-03    1.35594e-04    7.04801e-02   -1.23021e-01   -3.53750e-05
080/01   1.61879e-03   -3.45542e-04    1.27344e-04    2.82449e-02   -9.98537e-02   -2.79902e-05

081/01   1.41651e-03    6.40519e-03    1.42678e-04    7.71225e-02   -1.19913e-01   -2.88168e-05
082/01   1.57927e-03    1.00646e-02    1.22418e-04    6.46037e-02   -1.27086e-01    1.10433e-05
083/01   1.53671e-03    4.04597e-03    1.36531e-04    4.57579e-02   -1.15757e-01    3.87946e-05
084/01   1.56659e-03    1.32654e-03    1.31960e-04   -6.64047e-03   -5.75114e-02   -1.01171e-05
085/01   1.62253e-03    4.72606e-04    1.23617e-04    5.00856e-02   -1.14334e-01   -7.22586e-06
086/02   1.54570e-03   -4.54788e-03    1.37703e-04    3.83908e-03   -6.92528e-02    2.30986e-05
087/01   1.49623e-03    7.45157e-03    1.33338e-04    2.91205e-02   -8.04186e-02   -1.65387e-06
087/02   1.49623e-03    7.45157e-03    1.33338e-04    2.91205e-02   -8.04186e-02   -1.65387e-06
088/01   1.51326e-03   -4.62779e-03    1.39521e-04    1.91182e-02   -7.38301e-02    7.49944e-05
089/01   1.51833e-03   -2.23605e-03    1.36236e-04   -9.55286e-03   -4.59941e-02    1.24566e-03

090/01   1.33851e-03    7.28159e-03    1.50475e-04    2.42343e-02   -5.60314e-02    6.23109e-05
091/01   1.39995e-03    6.62175e-03    1.44223e-04    1.49109e-02   -5.15956e-02    3.05412e-05
092/01   1.17994e-03    5.81480e-03    1.81230e-04    2.11278e-02   -3.41154e-02    1.00067e-04
093/01   1.20235e-03    3.23575e-03    1.94670e-04    9.08327e-02   -1.05979e-01    2.40186e-06
094/01   7.26702e-04    5.79481e-03    3.33202e-04    1.60709e-02    3.25142e-02    2.24224e-05
095/01   9.72866e-04    2.53468e-03    2.78680e-04    3.12486e-02   -2.28419e-02   -9.47967e-06
096/01   1.12660e-03    1.52622e-03    2.36632e-04   -5.21582e-03   -8.70255e-03   -6.46160e-06
097/01   9.11864e-04   -9.83649e-03    8.29806e-04    1.16155e-02    5.17479e-03   -1.63913e-06
098/01   7.37485e-04    1.54821e-03    7.02487e-04    1.08206e-02    3.23053e-02    6.15701e-05
099/01   4.62936e-04   -4.64534e-02    2.20503e-03    3.48825e-02    7.31513e-02   -2.78937e-05

121/01   1.52452e-03    4.37773e-04    1.32762e-04    6.75907e-02   -1.25932e-01   -3.22286e-05


Sta/       Slope         Offset         Pcoeff        TFcoeff        TScoeff        OGcoeff
 Cast       (c1)           (c2)           (c3)           (c4)           (c5)           (c6)

122/01   1.49661e-03    4.20465e-03    1.29996e-04    8.37335e-02   -1.25576e-01   -5.20607e-05
123/01   1.53711e-03   -1.82531e-03    1.33446e-04    2.28559e-03   -5.56371e-02    4.47570e-06
124/01   1.47129e-03   -4.94488e-03    1.44073e-04    2.79503e-02   -7.60030e-02   -2.14490e-05
125/01   1.49764e-03    5.84991e-03    1.30787e-04    1.58664e-02   -6.10576e-02    1.04223e-04
126/01   1.55294e-03   -9.92309e-03    1.40080e-04    4.93630e-03   -7.35055e-02    1.51939e-05
127/01   1.46482e-03    1.57159e-03    1.37795e-04    4.22539e-02   -8.60623e-02   -5.37647e-05
128/01   1.35260e-03   -7.07638e-03    1.74427e-04    1.22078e-02   -6.02338e-02    1.00445e-05
129/01   1.62571e-03   -6.12452e-03    1.22267e-04    5.24868e-03   -6.87738e-02   -1.82067e-05
130/01   1.42837e-03    2.02694e-03    1.47077e-04   -1.02766e-03   -4.62502e-02    3.81534e-05

131/01   1.31304e-03   -9.40718e-04    1.69007e-04    1.08360e-02   -4.56653e-02    1.53044e-05
132/02   1.49242e-03   -1.08839e-02    1.43320e-04    4.01473e-02   -8.71190e-02   -4.01181e-05
133/01   1.41655e-03   -2.55611e-03    1.50538e-04    3.12334e-02   -7.21314e-02   -2.74546e-05
134/01   1.60644e-03   -4.70651e-03    1.22375e-04    8.96500e-03   -6.48104e-02   -5.96979e-06
135/01   1.50888e-03   -6.25451e-03    1.38627e-04    7.77918e-03   -5.72083e-02   -1.68687e-05
136/01   1.20595e-03    5.88210e-03    1.79267e-04   -1.20234e-02   -1.65762e-02    4.31541e-05
137/01   1.23144e-03    4.18087e-03    1.76495e-04    1.02956e-02   -3.51235e-02   -2.75787e-05
138/01   1.60733e-03   -2.24807e-03    1.21539e-04   -6.92771e-03   -5.66909e-02    2.16705e-05
139/01   1.44330e-03   -2.29646e-05    1.44519e-04    1.79498e-02   -6.01069e-02   -1.81917e-05
140/01   1.31737e-03   -8.02100e-04    1.67207e-04    8.79017e-03   -4.18855e-02   -2.71284e-05

141/02   1.38742e-03   -2.03718e-03    1.54653e-04    1.97025e-02   -5.80731e-02   -3.75762e-06
142/01   1.35897e-03   -6.68678e-03    1.65889e-04    1.92085e-03   -4.30092e-02    1.37756e-05
143/01   1.26289e-03    2.34998e-03    1.87015e-04   -2.58844e-02   -8.46360e-03    1.02403e-04
144/01   1.01973e-03    4.58694e-03    2.69356e-04   -2.68893e-02    8.47161e-03    7.49903e-05
145/01   1.40856e-03   -1.12580e-03    1.82455e-04   -4.81375e-03   -3.91051e-02    2.67259e-05
146/01   1.00011e-03   -7.26369e-03    5.31017e-04   -2.28122e-02    5.30475e-03    5.44317e-05
147/01   2.61426e-03    1.12753e-01   -1.31664e-03    5.24554e-03   -8.96052e-02   -1.87331e-05
148/01   4.33342e-03    4.23867e-01   -2.16556e-03    5.93505e-03   -1.32612e-01    9.07801e-06
188/01   4.68362e-03    4.32891e-01   -3.53223e-03   -1.08147e-01   -6.34708e-02    1.86758e-04
189/01   5.14719e-04   -1.36832e-02    1.28591e-03   -1.48095e-02    5.00234e-02    2.63096e-05

190/02   1.42946e-03    1.70582e-03    1.05035e-04    2.81890e-04   -2.46893e-02   -2.18368e-05
191/01   1.28114e-03   -1.60529e-02    2.05266e-04   -1.33111e-03   -3.24322e-02    3.81289e-05
192/01   1.49733e-03   -2.39870e-02    1.42402e-04    8.48266e-03   -5.05112e-02    6.67075e-05
193/01   1.24753e-03   -1.69402e-02    1.92302e-04   -4.51785e-03   -2.47189e-02   -3.70810e-06
194/01   1.55748e-03   -1.18999e-02   -4.24017e-05   -2.07235e-02   -3.11347e-02    9.74563e-05
195/01
196/01   1.10358e-03   -8.77145e-03    2.52811e-04   -3.01090e-03   -2.06438e-02   -1.22407e-05
197/01   1.02058e-03   -7.85941e-03    2.75341e-04    5.35448e-03   -1.36687e-02   -5.53547e-05
198/01   1.05803e-03   -3.65090e-03    2.55797e-04   -1.49696e-02   -3.54866e-03    3.68105e-06
199/01   1.07034e-03   -4.13163e-03    2.35075e-04   -7.02755e-03   -8.24126e-03   -1.71616e-05

200/01   1.27718e-03   -5.94235e-03    1.76546e-04    2.62068e-03   -3.28459e-02   -1.05277e-05
201/01   1.13142e-03   -1.62351e-02    2.51330e-04   -1.02596e-02   -2.32896e-02   -1.10488e-05
202/01   1.25020e-03   -1.22677e-02    1.97310e-04   -4.45355e-03   -2.37119e-02   -3.56398e-05






                                APPENDIX C

                             Quality Comments

Remarks for deleted samples, missing samples, and WOCE codes other  than  2
from  WOCE  P17N.   Investigation  of data may include comparison of bottle
salinity and oxygen data with CTD data, review of data plots of the station
profile  and adjoining stations, and rereading of charts (i.e., nutrients).
Comments from the Sample Logs and the results of ODF's  investigations  are
included  in  this  report.  Units stated in these comments are milliliters
per liter for oxygen and micromoles per liter for  Silicate,  Nitrate,  and
Phosphate,  unless otherwise noted.  The first number before the comment is
the cast number (CASTNO) times 100 plus the bottle number (BTLNBR).

STATION 001

332            Salinity drawn but not run. Started with bath temp 18 C  and
               air  went  up  to  19  C.  Note on Salinometer Log "Air temp
               change, could not read, quit 5" (5 is salt  bottle  nbr  for
               sample  332.  Remaining  4 samples run later after bath temp
               stabilized at 21 C.  Footnote salinity lost.


STATION 002

125            Delta-S .017 low at 103db. 4  Autosal  runs  for  agreement.
               Spike  on  salinity  up  trace  this  level.   Footnote  CTD
               salinity bad.

136            Sample log: "Air Leak"  Delta-S .000 at 542db.  Other  water
               samples also ok.


STATION 003

117            Delta-S  .03  low  at  28db.  Calc ok. High gradient.  Wrong
               suppression setting, used 1.90159 vs 1.80159.  CTD  salinity
               also  a  little  noisy,  footnote  CTD salinity bad.  Bottle
               salinity  agrees  with  Station  002,  bottle  salinity   is
               acceptable.

118            SiO3  appears  ~3.0 high, same value as level below.  Calc &
               peak ok.  Other parameters have  normal  gradient.   Similar
               feature  next  station.   Footnote SiO3 questionable, let PI
               decide.

136            Sample log: "Air leak again.  Changed  lanyard  last  time."
               Adjusted  air  vent  o-ring after this station, ok.  Delta-S
               .0007 at 1014db. Other water samples also ok.


STATION 004

124            Original salinity data sheet(PC printout) has bottle sampler
               numbers  confused  starting  after  23. Salt bottle 24 drawn
               from bottle 24 per Sample Log but no Autosal run  shown  for
               salt  bottle 24. Assume Sample log order correct & bottle 24
               salt not run.  Footnote salinity lost.

128            Delta-S .005 low at 509db. Calc ok. Other water samples  ok.
               No  notes on Sample Log.  Salinity as well as other data are
               acceptable.

136            Delta-S .055 low at 1419db. Calc ok. Sil also low with  good
               peak  and  calc.  Other  water  samples look ok but could be
               leaking  bottle  and  O2,  NO3  &  PO4   accidentally   give
               reasonable  values. No notes on Sample Log.  Footnote bottle
               leaking and samples bad.  ODF  recommends  deletion  of  all
               water samples.


STATION 005

111-122        Sample  log:  "On  O2  Nis22  found  MnCl2  on 2ml" O2s from
               surface to 356db (111-122) look  ok  compared  to  CTDO  and
               adjacent stations.  Oxygen is acceptable.


STATION 006

108            Delta-S  .03  low  at  30db.  Calc ok assuming read at wrong
               suppression  setting  (1.81621  entered,  assume  should  be
               1.91621).  Two bottles tripped at 30db and all water samples
               indicate bottle 8 closed higher than bottle 9. High gradient
               so probably ok.  Salinity is acceptable.


STATION 007

102            Delta-S  .03  high at 1db. Autosal run ok but sample nbr and
               salt bottle nbr both recorded as 1 vs.  2.  Sample  log  has
               salt  bottle  nbr  2.  High  gradient & down not same as up.
               Footnote salinity questionable.

127            Delta-S .003 high at 1623db. Calc & Autosal run ok.   Normal
               gradient.  No  notes.  Other water samples ok.  CTD salinity
               also a little noisy, footnote CTD salinity bad.  Salinity as
               well as other data are acceptable.


STATION 008

102            Delta-S .015 high at 30db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  CTD T & S
               spikes on up trace. Other water samples  ok.   Footnote  CTD
               salinity bad.

103            Sample  log:  "Did  not  close - bottom lanyard hungup."  No
               water samples.

131            Delta-S .003 high at 2422db. Calc & Autosal run ok.   Normal
               gradient.  Other  water  samples  ok. No notes.  Salinity as
               well as other data are acceptable.

132            Delta-S .004 high at 2628db. Calc & Autosal run ok.   Normal
               gradient.  Other  water  samples  ok. No notes.  Salinity as
               well as other data are acceptable.


STATION 009

109            Delta-S .014 high at 207db. Calc & Autosal run  ok.   Normal
               gradient.  No  notes.  Other  water samples ok.  Salinity as
               well as other data are acceptable.

132            Bottle salt drawn but not run.  No  note  on  salinity  data
               sheet. Possible Autosal problem and ran out of sample before
               getting good readings; salinity lost.

133            Delta-S .006 high at 3123db.  Calc  ok,  only  2  tries  for
               agreement.  Other  water  samples  ok.  No  notes.  Footnote
               salinity bad just too far off, other data are acceptable.

136            PO4 .05 high at 3647db. n:p ratio low. Calc ok &  peak  fair
               but  definitely  high. No recorder trace problem between 135
               and 136.  There was an air bubble that the analyst found and
               corrected.   The  problem  with  this  value could be an air
               bubble that was undetected and uncorrectable.  Footnote  PO4
               questionable.


STATION 010

229            Delta-S  .002 high at 2336db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Normal
               gradient. No notes. Other water  samples  ok.   Salinity  as
               well as other data are acceptable.

232            Delta-S  .002 high at 2951db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Normal
               gradient. No notes. Other water  samples  ok.   Salinity  as
               well as other data are acceptable.


STATION 011

106            Sample  log:  "Did  not  trip"  Pylon  problem  per  ConOps.
               Assigned bottle 6 the surface  pressure  just  for  the  CTD
               data.

101-106        Data indicates bottle 5 tripped at level intended for bottle
               6 and all remaining bottles above tripped  one  level  lower
               than  intended. No water samples at surface level.  Footnote
               bottle did not trip as scheduled.

103            Delta-S .05 low at 82db. Calc ok. High gradient & inversion.
               Other water samples ok.  Bottle salinity acceptable.

104            Wrong suppression setting, used 1.90410 vs 1.80410.  Delta-S
               .005 high at 108db.  Bottle salinity acceptable.

105            Delta-S .02 low at 132db. Wrong  suppression  setting,  used
               1.90521  vs  1.80521. High gradient & down trace not same as
               up. Other water samples ok.  Bottle salinity acceptable.

107            Bottle O2 appears 1.0 high at 158db. Calc  &  titration  ok.
               No  notes.  Delta-S .005 high and nutrients also ok.  Down &
               up CTDO traces show no O2 inversion  this  level.   Footnote
               oxygen questionable.

117            Sample  log:  "Air  leak" Delta-S .0015 high at 612db. Other
               water samples also ok.

135            Delta-S .007 high at 4082db. Calc ok  but  4  tries  to  get
               agreement.  Other  water  samples  ok. Possibly salt crystal
               contamination when sample  bottle  opened.   ODF  recommends
               deletion of salinity sample.  Footnote salinity bad.


STATION 012

102            Delta-S  .016  high  at  31db.  Calc & Autosal run ok.  High
               gradient & inversion. Uptrace CTD T & S spike.  Footnote CTD
               salinity bad.

107            Delta-S .13 high at 158db. All water samples indicate deeper
               water. Possibly  bottom  end  cap  closed  early.   Footnote
               bottle leaking and samples bad.

134            Delta-S  .003  high  at 3970db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Same
               value as bottle 35 salt one level below. Possible dupe  draw
               or  run.  Other  water samples ok.  Footnote bottle salinity
               bad.


STATION 013

103            Delta-S .014 low at 53db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Down &  up
               T  differ.  Small  uptrace CTD spike.  Footnote CTD salinity
               bad.  Bottle salinity is acceptable.


STATION 014

105            Sample log: "Odd temp reading. Closed  early?"   Delta-S  .5
               high  at  108db.  All  water  samples indicate deeper water.
               Possibly bottom  end  cap  closed  early.   Footnote  bottle
               leaking,  samples bad.  ODF recommends deletion of all water
               samples.

129            Delta-S .003 high at 2901db. Calc & Autosal run  ok.   Other
               water samples ok.  Footnote salinity questionable.


STATION 015

103            Delta-S  .012  high  at  58db.  Calc & Autosal run ok.  High
               gradient. Down differs from up. Uptrace CTD spike.  Footnote
               CTD salinity bad. Bottle Salinity acceptable.


STATION 016

Cast 1         Pylon  tripping  problems.  Note  on ConOps for bottle 28 at
               2877db:"Reset to 8 for tripping" Note on ConOps  for  bottle
               29  at  3082db:"FF32  ?  !  <--31  may have tripped here" No
               confirmation first 2 tries at 108db level.   Data  indicates
               no sample at intended bottle 28 level (2852.6db) and bottles
               28 thru 7 tripped one  level  higher  than  intended.   Data
               indicates  bottles  5  thru 3 tripped two levels higher than
               intended. No samples from bottles 1, 2, & 6.  CTD trip  data
               bottles 1 through 28 reassigned appropriately.

101-102        ConOps note: "Open when rosette came on deck."

106            ConOps note: "Open when rosette came on deck."

134            Delta-S  .03  low  at  4341db.  Calc  ok.  All water samples
               indicate leaking bottle. No notes on Sample  Log.   Footnote
               bottle  leaking and samples bad.  ODF recommends deletion of
               all water samples.

135            Delta-S .003 low at 4600db. Calc & Autosal  run  ok.   Other
               water samples ok.  Bottle salinity acceptable.


STATION 017

123            Delta-S  .003 low at 1962db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs.  Other
               water samples ok. Normal  gradient.   Salinity  as  well  as
               other data are acceptable.

126            Delta-S  .003 low at 2584db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs.  Other
               water samples ok. Normal  gradient.   Salinity  as  well  as
               other data are acceptable.


STATION 018

124            Sample  log:"Lanyard  from  bottle  25 caught in top end cap
               bottle 24."  Delta-S .013 low at  2031db.   Footnote  bottle
               leaking  and  samples  bad.   ODF recommends deletion of all
               water samples.

131            Delta-S .004 high at 3569db. 3 Autosal runs with 2nd  &  3rd
               equal.  Same  value  as bottle 32 salt at level below. Other
               water samples have  normal  gradient.  Possible  dupe  draw.
               Footnote  salinity bad.  ODF recommends deletion of salinity
               sample.

134            Sample log:"Lanyard from bottle 35 caught  in  top  end  cap
               bottle  34."   Delta-S  .008 low at 4341db.  Footnote bottle
               leaking and samples bad.  ODF  recommends  deletion  of  all
               water samples.


STATION 019

102            Pylon  problem  reported  per  Console Operations log.  This
               should have tripped at 25db, but tripped at 58db.   Footnote
               bottle  did  not  trip  as  scheduled.  However, samples are
               acceptable after reassignment of pressure.

103            Sample log:  "Did  not  close"  Pylon  problem  per  ConOps.
               bottle  2  closed  at  intended bottle 3 level (58db) and no
               sample at bottle 2 intended level (25db).   Did  not  report
               this  level  since  the  CTD  information  was from the same
               pressure as bottle 2.

109            Delta-S .011 low at 182db. Calc & Autosal  run  ok.   CTD  S
               spike.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

124            Sample  log:"Air leak. Lanyard from bottle 25 in top end cap
               bottle 24. O2 only drawn.  Footnote bottle  leaking  and  o2
               bad.  ODF recommends deletion of water samples.

129            Sample log: "Bottom lanyard hung up on sleeve" No samples.


STATION 021

109            Delta-S  .021  low  at  222db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  CTD T
               spike on up trace.  CTD spike  on  up  trace,  footnote  CTD
               salinity bad.

121            Delta-S  .04  high  at  1231db. Other water samples indicate
               deeper  water.  Probably  bottom  end  cap   closed   early.
               Footnote   bottle  leaking,  samples  bad.   ODF  recommends
               deletion of all water samples.

130            Delta-S .003 low at 3546db. Calc &  Autosal  run  ok.   Same
               value  as  bottle 31 at level below. Other water samples ok.
               Possible dupe draw.  Footnote salinity bad.


STATION 023

Cast 1         This cast tripped in different order  to  get  bottle  freon
               blanks  for  bottles  normally used near surface.  Bottle 13
               was first bottle tripped (deepest) and bottle  14  was  last
               bottle  tripped  (surface).  All PO4 appear about .05 low on
               Stations 23 & 24.  Low nutrient sea  water  of  questionable
               quality used these two stations only.  Footnote PO4 bad.

118            Delta-S  .015  high  at 107db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  CTD S
               spike. Inversion, high gradient.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

121            Delta-S .015 low at 183db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  CTD S & T
               spike.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

125            Delta-S .05 high at 360db. Calc ok & Autosal run ok.   Other
               water  samples  ok.  Value  different from 25 on Sta21, last
               time this salinity bottle used. Normal CTD  T  &  S  traces.
               Possible rinsing problem.  Footnote salinity bad.

137            Sample  log:  "Leaking  from  bottom  end cap after air vent
               open" Delta-S .000 at 1320db. Other water samples also ok.


STATION 024

Cast 1         All PO4 appear about .05 low  on  Stations  23  &  24.   Low
               nutrient  sea  water  of questionable quality used these two
               stations only. Footnote PO4 bad.

103            Delta-S .018 low at 60db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Inversion.
               CTD S spike.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

118            Sample  log:  "Salt  (bottle)  18  has chip" Delta-S .000 at
               1015db.  Salinity is acceptable.

136            CTD  Processor:  "Power  outage  on  down  cast  -  CTD   O2
               "questionable" 4902 db to bottom (quality coding as "3")."


STATION 025

108            Delta-S  .012 high at 184db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  CTD T &
               S spikes on up trace.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

126            Silicate 1.0 low at 2689db. Calc & peak ok.   Other  samples
               including   nitrate   &   phosphate  have  normal  gradient.
               Footnote SiO3 questionable.


STATION 026

119            Delta-S .115 high at 911db. Calc  &  Autosal  run  ok.  Same
               value  as  sample  119 on Sta 24, last time this salt bottle
               used. Assume drawing error.  Footnote salinity bad.

121            Delta-S .033 high at 1316db. Other water samples ok.  bottle
               22  salt value .034 low so most likely salt samples swapped.
               Used salt bottle 22 for sample 121.  After corrections made,
               data is acceptable.

122            Delta-S .034 low at 1521db. Oxygen ok.  bottle 21 salt value
               .033 high so most  likely  salt  samples  swapped.  Nutrient
               values  same  as  bottle  21,  other  parameters have normal
               gradient so assume dupe draw from 21.  Nutrients  in  sample
               tube  for  23 match gradient for bottle 22 level better than
               bottle 23 level.  Used salt bottle 21 for sample 122.   Used
               nutrients  from  tube  23  for bottle 22.  After corrections
               made, data is acceptable.

123            Nutrients from tube 23 match bottle 22 level. See 122 above.
               Assume no nutrients drawn from bottle 23.


STATION 027

Cast 1         Pylon  malfunction  problems  this  station.  Bottle  levels
               determined by data values, comparing bottle salts &  oxygens
               with  CTD  values  and  all  data  with  adjacent  stations.
               Footnote bottle did not  trip  as  scheduled.   Samples  are
               acceptable after pressure assignment corrected.

107            Not  tripped.  No  water  samples.   Assigned  bottle  7 the
               deepest pressure just for the CTD data.  See Cast 1 tripping
               comment.  CTD Processor: "power outage on down cast - CTD O2
               "questionable" 5214 db to bottom."

125            Delta-S .014 high at 2444db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  O2, NO3
               & PO4 samples ok. No notes.  Footnote salinity bad.

137            Delta-S  .002  low  at  4341db.  Calc & Autosal run ok. Same
               value as bottle 32 at level above. Nutrients are  also  same
               value as bottle 32 but oxygen has normal gradient. Peaks ok.
               CTD and adjacent stations have normal gradient  this  level.
               Possibly  dupe draws from bottle 32 and no salt or nutrients
               from bottle 37. Same person drew salts  and  nutrients  this
               station.  Footnote salinity bad.

138            Delta-S  .09  low  at 5113db. All water samples appear to be
               from about 1900db. Does  not  fit  trip  sequence  of  other
               bottles.  Assume bottle 38 had an independent lanyard hangup
               or trip problem.  Footnote bottle leaking, samples bad.  ODF
               recommends deletion of all water samples.


STATION 028

225            Delta-S  .02  low  at  2750db.  Calc & Autosal run ok.  Same
               value as sample 125 on Station 18, which was the  last  time
               this  salt  box  was  used.  Assume drawing error.  Footnote
               salinity bad.  ODF recommends deletion of salinity sample.

231            Delta-S .2 low at 4216db. Calc  &  Autosal  run  ok.   Other
               water  sample  also  from  higher  level.   Footnote  bottle
               leaking and samples bad.  ODF  recommends  deletion  of  all
               water samples.


STATION 029

126            Delta-S  .007  high  at 2697db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Same
               value as sample 127 below. Other water samples  ok.   Assume
               126 salt drawn from bottle 27.  Footnote salinity bad.

130            Delta-S  .013  low  at  3642db.  Calc & Autosal run ok. Same
               value as sample 130 on Station 26, last time this  salt  box
               used.   Other   water  samples  ok.  Assume  drawing  error.
               Footnote salinity bad.


STATION 030

104            Delta-S .036 high at 72db. 4 Autosal run to  get  agreement.
               High  gradient. Down differs from up. CTD S spike.  Footnote
               CTD salinity bad.  Salinity is acceptable.

117            Delta-S .006 low at 1068db. Calc & Autosal run  ok.   Normal
               gradient.   Other   water  samples  look  ok.   Salinity  is
               acceptable.

121            Delta-S .005 low at 1879db. Calc & Autosal run  ok.   Normal
               gradient.   Other   water  samples  look  ok.   Salinity  is
               acceptable.


STATION 031

106            Nutrient data sheet: "Sample cup empty" Ok  on  sample  log.
               Sample tube apparently turned up but not filled.


STATION 032

105            Delta-S  .012 low at 96db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Small CTD
               spike.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

112            Sample log: "Spigot collar loose" Delta-S .002 low at 369db.
               Other water samples also ok.

127            Delta-S  .002  high at 2851db. 3 Autosal runs for agreement.
               Normal gradient.  Footnote salinity bad.


STATION 033

109            Delta-S .014 low at 233db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Small CTD
               spike. Footnote CTD salinity bad.

131            Silicate  appears  2.0  high  at 3923db. Same value as level
               above. Calc & peak ok.  Delta-S .003 low. Calc & Autosal run
               ok.   O2,  PO4  & NO3 appear to have normal gradient but all
               have higher and lower values in water column above so slight
               leak  possible.  No  notes  on  sample  log.   Footnote SiO3
               questionable.

137            Delta-S .003 low at 4439db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal tries.  Other
               water  samples  ok.  Same  value  as  132  at  level  above.
               Possible dupe draw  from  bottle  32.  No  notes.   Footnote
               salinity bad.  ODF recommends deletion of salinity sample.


STATION 034

121            Delta-S  .003  low  at 1770db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Other
               water samples ok. Smooth CTD traces  this  level.   Footnote
               salinity questionable.

136            Delta-S  .004  low  at 5339db. Calc ok. 3 tries for Autosal.
               Other  water  samples  ok.  Smooth  CTD  traces.    Footnote
               salinity bad.

138            Delta-S  .003  low  at 5045db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Other
               water samples ok.  Smooth  CTD  traces.   Footnote  salinity
               questionable.


STATION 035

132            Silicate  appears  2.0 low at 3695db. Calc ok but peak poor.
               Other water samples ok.  Footnote SiO3 questionable.


STATION 036

103            Delta-S .021 high at 57db. 3 Autosal runs to get  agreement.
               High  gradient.  CTD  spike.   Footnote  CTD  salinity  bad.
               Bottle salinity agrees with adjoining  stations,  shows  the
               same feature.

106            Delta-S  .017  low  at  132db.  Calc & Autosal run ok.  High
               gradient. CTD spike.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

126            Delta-S  .003  high  at  2187db.  4  Autosal  runs  to   get
               agreement.  Other  water  samples ok.  Possible salt crystal
               contamination.  Footnote salinity bad.


STATION 038

Cast 1         All 36 trips indicated ok but surface bottle still open when
               ready  to bring on board. Had to recycle pylon power to redo
               36th trip (bottle 1). Data indicate  no  bottle  at  4930db,
               deepest  intended  level  and  both  bottles 1 & 2 closed at
               surface. All bottle data indicate bottles  were  closed  one
               level higher than intended.  Footnote bottle did not trip as
               scheduled.  Adjusted CTD trip data.


STATION 039

Cast 2         All silicate values appear 2 uM/L high. Apparent  base  line
               problem at start of AA run.  sil look high compared to 038 &
               040 plus 039  Gerard  silicates  but  036  &  037  sil  look
               reasonably close.  Footnote silicate questionable.


STATION 040

129            Delta-S  .006  high  at 2621db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal tries for
               agreement. Same value as 130. Other water samples ok. Assume
               dupe draw from bottle 30.  Footnote salinity bad.

134            Delta-S  .003  low  at  2621db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Same
               value as 137, one  level  above.  Other  water  samples  ok.
               Assume dupe draw from bottle 37.  Footnote salinity bad.


STATION 041

112            Delta-S  .054  high  at  359db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Same
               value as bottle 11 above. Other water  samples  have  normal
               gradient. CTD S had no gradient between bottle 11 and bottle
               12 levels. Large S spike on up trace. Bottle  S  ok.   Large
               spike   in   CTD   uptrace   giving  an  erroneous  salinity
               difference. Footnote CTD salinity bad.

132            Delta-S .0024 low at 2747db. Calc & Autosal run ok.   Normal
               CTD gradient. Other water samples ok.  Leave for now.

137            Delta-S .0027 high at 2952db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Normal
               CTD gradient. Other water samples ok.  Leave for now.


STATION 042

Cast 1         Nitrite not run  because  of  colorimeter  problem.  Only  3
               colorimeters  available  starting this station. Footnote NO2
               lost.

108            PO4 appears high on pot temp-po4 plot, same value  as  level
               above.  NO3 appears high on pot temp-no3 plot. same value as
               level above.  SIL appears high on pot  temp-sil  plot,  same
               value  as level above.  Salinity has normal gradient. Oxygen
               is close to level above but CTDO is also close these levels.
               Possible  dupe  draw  of  nutrients from bottle 7.  Footnote
               PO4, NO3, and SiO3  bad.

109            Delta-S .017 low at 109db. Calc & Autosal  run  ok.   CTD  S
               spike  on  up  trace  this level. bottle S ok.  Footnote CTD
               salinity bad.


STATION 043

Cast 1         Nitrite not run  because  of  colorimeter  problem.  Only  3
               colorimeters  available  starting last station. Footnote NO2
               lost.

113            Sample log: "Air leak". Delta-S .0015 low at  308db.   Other
               water samples also ok.


STATION 044

Cast 1         Nitrites  not  run  this  station  since only 3 colorimeters
               functioning. Footnote NO2 lost.

104            Delta-S .1 high at 80db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Same  value
               as  Sta  41  sample  104,  last  time this salt bottle used.
               Assume no salt drawn this station.  Footnote  salinity  bad,
               analyst  should  have  noticed that salinity sample was very
               low.

117            Salinity was scheduled to be drawn,  but  analyses  was  not
               performed.  Footnote salinity lost.


STATION 045

Cast 1         Nitrites  not  run  this  station  since only 3 colorimeters
               functioning. Footnote NO2 lost.

105            Delta-S .028 low at 107db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  T & S  up
               trace spike. Bottle salt ok.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

106            Delta-S  .040 low at 132db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  T & S up
               trace spike. Bottle salt ok.   Footnote  CTD  salinity  bad.
               CTD  Processor:  "Discrete  O2  at 132db looks slightly high
               compared to surrounding stations."  Oxygen appears 0.7 high,
               reviewed   data  vs.  pressure,  potemp,  and  silicate.  No
               sampling or analytical notes  indicating  a  problem.  Other
               data are acceptable.  Footnote oxygen bad.  No CTDO reported
               since CTD salinity is coded bad.

107            Delta-S .011 low at 158db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  T & S  up
               trace spike. Bottle salt ok.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

108            Delta-S  .014 low at 183db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  T & S up
               trace spike. Bottle salt ok.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

111            CTD Processor: "Discrete O2 at 309.1 db looks slightly  high
               compared  to  surrounding  stations."   Oxygen  appears 0.25
               high. Footnote oxygen bad.


118            PO4 appears .08 high  at  813db.  Calc  ok,  peak  poor  but
               definitely  high.  Value  is  similar  to  PO4  max  on most
               neighboring stations but NO3 doesn't  match.   Footnote  PO4
               questionable.

123            Delta-S  .005  low at 1576db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Slight
               bump on CTD S up trace. Leave for now.   Gradient,  salinity
               is  slightly  low compared with adjoining stations. Footnote
               salinity questionable.


STATION 046

Cast 1         Nitrites not run this  station  since  only  3  colorimeters
               functioning. Footnote NO2 lost.

Cast 1         Data  indicate  no  sample at deepest intended level and all
               bottles closed one level above intended level. Bottle  2  is
               surface  bottle.  Footnote bottle (2-32,37,34,38,36) did not
               trip as scheduled.  Profile  appears  to  be  acceptable  at
               correctly reassigned pressures.

101            Sample  log: "Did not close, no sample. Found ramp arm at 35
               ready to trip position 36 (bottle 1) when preparing for next
               station." No notes on ConOps.  Assigned bottle 1 the deepest
               pressure just  for  the  CTD  data.   See  Cast  1  tripping
               comment. Footnote bottle no samples drawn.

105            Delta-S .018 low at 80db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  T spike on
               CTD up trace. Bottle salt looks ok.  Footnote  CTD  salinity
               bad.

106            Delta-S  .022 high at 106db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  T spike
               on CTD  up  trace.  Bottle  salt  looks  ok.   Footnote  CTD
               salinity bad.

107            Delta-S .014 high at 132db. 4 Autosal runs for agreement.  T
               spike on CTD up trace. Bottle salt looks ok.   Footnote  CTD
               salinity bad.

108            Delta-S .020 high at 157db. 3 Autosal runs for agreement.  T
               spike on CTD up trace. Bottle salt looks ok.   Footnote  CTD
               salinity bad.


STATION 047

Cast 1         Nitrites  not  run  this  station  since only 3 colorimeters
               functioning. Footnote NO2 lost.

121-123        PO4 appears .05 high (863, 964 and 1167  db,  respectively).
               Calc  ok & peak fair.  Similar problem at same general level
               on previous two stations.  Footnote PO4 questionable.


STATION 048

Cast 2         Nitrites not run this  station  since  only  3  colorimeters
               functioning. Footnote NO2 lost.

234            Flask broken before titration. No bottle oxygen.


STATION 049

Cast 1         Nitrites  not  run  this  station  since only 3 colorimeters
               functioning. Footnote NO2 lost.

130            Sample log: "Leaking from bottom  after  air  vent  opened."
               Delta-S .000 at 2798db. Other water samples also ok.

137            Delta-S  .004  high at 3462db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Other
               water samples ok. Possible  draw  or  run  error  with  salt
               bottle  33  drawn  from  34 instead of 37 and salt bottle 34
               drawn from 35 instead of 34.  Corrected  raw  data  file  to
               reflect actual sample drawing order.  Salinity was not drawn
               from this bottle.

134            Delta-S .003 high at 3719db. Calc & Autosal run  ok.   Other
               water  samples  ok.  Possible  draw  or  run error with salt
               bottle 33 drawn from 34 instead of 37  and  salt  bottle  34
               drawn  from  35  instead  of  34.  After correcting raw data
               file, salinity agreement acceptable.


STATION 050

Cast 1         Tripped with 25 at bottom and 26 at  top  for  freon  bottle
               blank check.

137            Sample  log:  "bottom  stopper leaked after air vent opened.
               Reseated ok."   Delta-S  .004  low  at  182db.  Other  water
               samples also ok.

104            Delta-S  .006  low  at  408db.  Calc & Autosal run ok.  Same
               value as 3 at level above. Other water samples  show  normal
               gradient. Possible dupe draw or run.  Footnote salinity bad.


STATION 051

132            Delta-S .003 high at 3312db. Calc ok, 3  tries  on  Autosal.
               Other water samples ok. No notes, no obvious sampling error.
               Footnote salinity questionable. Feature could be real.


STATION 053

108            Delta-S at 181db is -0.0571, salinity is  33.413.   Footnote
               CTD  salinity  bad  due  to  spike  in  CTD uptrace.  Bottle
               salinity acceptable.


STATION 054

109            Delta-S at 208db is -0.0313, salinity is  33.638.   Footnote
               CTD  salinity  bad  due  to  spike  in  CTD uptrace.  Bottle
               salinity acceptable.

114            Sample log: "Lanyard  caught  in  top  end  cap.  Air  leak.
               Delta-S  .002  high  at 409db. Other water samples also look
               ok.  Oxygen and  salinity  agree  with  adjoining  stations,
               bottle okay.


STATION 056

Cast 1         All 36 trips indicated ok but surface bottle still open when
               ready to bring on board. Conops note:"trouble - took  couple
               of  tries"  Data  indicate  no  bottle  at  4446db,  deepest
               intended level, and both bottles 1 & 2  closed  at  surface.
               All  bottle  data  indicate  bottles  were  closed one level
               higher than  intended.   Adjusted  CTD  trip  data  and  all
               samples  are  acceptable,  unless noted otherwise.  Footnote
               bottle did not trip as scheduled.

119            Sample log: "O-ring out of groove, air leak.   Delta-S  .025
               low  at  966db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs for agreement. Other
               water samples also seem to be from higher in  water  column.
               Footnote   bottle  leaking,  samples  bad.   ODF  recommends
               deletion of all water samples.


STATION 057

Cast 1         CTD salinity trace noisy, brought back aboard,  cleaned  bio
               matter  off  conductivity  cell, and sent down as cast 2 for
               complete cast with samples. Delta-Ss closer to those earlier
               in leg than more recent stations.

205            Delta-S  at  109db is -0.0451, salinity is 33.042.  Changing
               waters. Data okay.  Spike in  CTD  up  trace,  footnote  CTD
               salinity bad.


STATION 058

228            Sample  log:  "C14 drawn after helium, before O2" Bottle oxy
               at 2542db looks good compared to CTDO and rest of bottle oxy
               profile.  Oxygen is acceptable.


STATION 059

105            Salinity data sheet: "Bottle 5 exploded, no data"

107            Ship's  power  failure  during  oxygen  titration.  Footnote
               oxygen lost.


STATION 060

Cast 1         Bottles tripped for freon bottle blank check. bottle  13  is
               deepest level and bottle 14 is surface.

114            Sample  log:  "Air  leak,  lanyard  caught  in  top end cap.
               Delta-S .000 at surface.  Oxygen  and  salinity  agree  with
               adjoining stations, bottle okay.

118            Salinity  value  from  Salt  bottle 18 matches CTD salt from
               bottle 20. Assume drawing error.  Footnote salinity bad, ODF
               recommends deletion of salinity sample.

120            Salinity  value  from  Salt  bottle 20 matches CTD salt from
               bottle 18. Assume drawing error.  Footnote salinity bad, ODF
               recommends deletion of salinity sample.


STATION 062

221            Delta-S  .003  low  at 1523db. Calc ok but 5 Autosal runs to
               get  agreement.  Other  water  samples  ok.   Suspect   salt
               crystal. Footnote salinity bad.

229            Delta-S  .004  low  at 2925db. Calc ok but 4 Autosal runs to
               get agreement. Other water samples  ok.   Footnote  salinity
               bad.


STATION 063

115-120        Nitrate  appears 1.5 uM/L low. PO4 had problem this area and
               was rerun but nothing out of ordinary re NO3.  These bottles
               were  also slightly lower than adjacent stations on previous
               cast (062/02)  then  go  back  to  normal  on  next  station
               (064/01).  Footnote NO3 questionable.


STATION 064

136            Delta-S  .01  low at 4747db. Calc & Autosal run ok All water
               samples indicate bottle 36 closed higher  in  water  column.
               ODF  recommends  deletion  of  all  water samples.  Footnote
               bottle leaking, samples bad.


STATION 065

105            Sample log: "O-ring not seated, air leak."  Delta-S .02  low
               at  107db.  High gradient. Other water also look ok for high
               gradient.


STATION 066

Cast 1         All bottles closed  when  brought  to  surface  for  surface
               sample.  Data  indicate  bottles 4 & 5 both closed at 108db.
               Footnote bottles 1 through 5 did not trip as scheduled.

101-105        See Cast 1 bottle comment.  Footnote bottle did not trip  as
               scheduled.


STATION 067

Cast 1         Bottle  1 still open after trip 36 confirmed. Data indicates
               no sample at deepest intended level and all  bottles  closed
               one  level  higher  than  intended  with  both bottles 1 & 2
               closed  at  surface.  Footnote  bottle  did  not   trip   as
               scheduled.

116            Delta-S  1.3 low at 611db. All water samples indicate bottle
               16 closed at surface. O2 draw temp low  so  probably  closed
               when  rosette first entered water.  Footnote bottle leaking,
               samples bad.  ODF recommends deletion of all water  samples.

124            O2 appears 0.3 high at 2033db. Calc & titration look ok.  No
               notes. Value  goes  much  better  with  level  below  (125).
               Possible drawing or running error.  Footnote oxygen bad.

125            O2  appears  1.3  high  at 2134db. Comment on O2 data sheet:
               "chk, air delivered (3) 0.35152" Footnote oxygen bad.


STATION 068

206            Delta-S at 132db is -0.0437, salinity is  33.207.   Footnote
               CTD  salinity  bad  due  to  spike  in  CTD uptrace.  Bottle
               salinity acceptable.

209            Dissolved oxygen appears 3.7 high at  208db.  Nutrients  ok.
               Delta-S  .000.  Oxygen  value  higher than max this station.
               Titration problem?, no notes.  Footnote oxygen bad.


STATION 071

121-123        Delta-Ss .004 high at 1469-1928db. Reruns indicate  original
               bottle  salts  wrong but too much scatter to use rerun data.
               Footnote salinity bad.

132            Delta-S .003 low at 3847db. Calc &  Autosal  run  ok.   Same
               value  as  bottle  31  at level above. Possible dupe draw or
               run.  Rerun indicates original bottle  salt  run  in  error.
               Footnote salinity bad.


STATION 072

128            Delta-S  .013  high  at  2802db.  Other  water  samples also
               indicate deeper than  intended.   Footnote  bottle  leaking,
               samples  bad.  ODF recommends deletion of all water samples.

137            Delta-S .003 low at 4090db. Other water  samples  ok.   Same
               value  as  bottle  32  at level above. Possible dupe draw or
               run.  Footnote salinity bad.


STATION 073

101-105        CTD Processor: "CTD O2 "questionable" 0 - 130 db."


STATION 075

105            Delta-S at 110db is  -0.0324,  salinity  is  33.250.   Large
               gradient.  Data  okay.   Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD
               salinity bad.


STATION 076

106            Delta-S at 132db is 0.083, salinity is 33.272.  Footnote CTD
               salinity  bad  due to spike in CTD uptrace.  Bottle salinity
               acceptable.

117            Titration problem. No dissolved oxygen.  Other  samples  ok.
               Footnote oxygen lost.

130            Sample  log:  "Cap  broken  away  from  spring  and chipped.
               Bottom cap hooked to bottle 31 btm lanyard."   Lanyard  from
               bottom end cap to spring missing.  No water samples.


STATION 077

Cast 1         Tripped  bottle  25  at  bottom,  bottle 26 at top for freon
               bottle blank check.

137            Sample log: "leaking from bottom seal"  Assume leaking  from
               bottom  end  cap  after  air  vent  opened.  Delta-S .000 at
               185db. Other water samples also look ok.

108            O-ring out of groove on bottom end cap. No water samples.


STATION 078

223            Sample log: "No sample (Bottom lanyard got caught)."


STATION 080

Cast 1         Delta-Ss all .005 to .007 high. Slime on CTD  sensors.   All
               water samples look ok.

120            Delta-S at 1120db is 0.0066, salinity is 34.432.  See Cast 1
               salinity comments.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

121            Delta-S at 1324db is 0.0089, salinity is 34.485.  See Cast 1
               salinity comments.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

122            Delta-S at 1526db is 0.0081, salinity is 34.519.  See Cast 1
               salinity comments.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

123            Delta-S at 1731db is 0.0059, salinity is 34.550.  See Cast 1
               salinity comments.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

124            Delta-S at 1935db is 0.0065, salinity is 34.576.  See Cast 1
               salinity comments.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

125            Delta-S at 2138db is 0.007, salinity is 34.597.  See Cast  1
               salinity comments.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

126            Delta-S at 2342db is 0.0054, salinity is 34.613.  See Cast 1
               salinity comments.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

127            Delta-S at 2546db is 0.0074, salinity is 34.630.  See Cast 1
               salinity comments.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

128            Delta-S at 2752db is 0.0069, salinity is 34.643.  See Cast 1
               salinity comments.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

129            Delta-S at 2957db is 0.0076, salinity is 34.652.  See Cast 1
               salinity comments.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

130            Delta-S  at 3213db is 0.007, salinity is 34.661.  See Cast 1
               salinity comments.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

131            Delta-S at 3471db is 0.0082, salinity is 34.669.  See Cast 1
               salinity comments.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

132            Delta-S at 3727db is 0.0079, salinity is 34.675.  See Cast 1
               salinity comments.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

137            Delta-S at 3983db is 0.0088, salinity is 34.680.  See Cast 1
               salinity comments.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

134            Delta-S at 4292db is 0.0088, salinity is 34.682.  See Cast 1
               salinity comments.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

138            Delta-S at 4550db is 0.0086, salinity is 34.685.  See Cast 1
               salinity comments.  Footnote CTD salinity bad.

136            Delta-S at 4713db is 0.0095, salinity is 34.686.  See Cast 1
               salinity  comments.   Footnote  CTD   salinity   bad.    CTD
               Processor:  "Discrete  O2  at  4713.3  db  (bottle 36) looks
               slightly high compared to surrounding stations (ok  if  look
               at theta/O2)."  No CTDO reported since CTD salinity is coded
               bad.


STATION 081

134            Delta-S .006 high at 4239db. Calc ok but 4 Autosal  runs  to
               get  agreement. 4th run .00003 higher than 3rd.  Other water
               samples ok. Assume salt crystal from  cap  fell  in  sample.
               Footnote salinity bad.


STATION 083

117            Sample  log:  "Air  leak, top end cap reseated, ok.  Delta-S
               .001 low at 809db. Other water samples also ok.

121            Delta-S .03 high at 1525db. Calc &  Autosal  run  ok.   Same
               value  as  bottle  22  salt  at level below. Reran both salt
               bottles, got same results so probably  dupe  draw  not  dupe
               run. Other water samples ok.  Footnote salinity bad.

137            Sample  log:  "Dripping  from  bottom end cap after air vent
               opened."  Delta-S .000 at 3820db. Other water  samples  also
               ok.


STATION 084

107            Delta-S  at  158db  is  0.0643,  salinity  is 33.546.  Large
               gradient. Data okay.  Spike in CTD up  trace,  footnote  CTD
               salinity bad.


STATION 085

105            Delta-S  at  107db  is  0.0591,  salinity  is 33.086.  Large
               gradient. Data okay.  Spike in CTD up  trace,  footnote  CTD
               salinity bad.

106            Delta-S  at  132db  is  0.039,  salinity  is  33.651.  Large
               gradient. Data okay.  Spike in CTD up  trace,  footnote  CTD
               salinity bad.


STATION 086

205            Delta-S  at  108db is -0.0545, salinity is 33.049.  Footnote
               CTD salinity bad  due  to  spike  in  CTD  uptrace.   Bottle
               salinity acceptable.

209            Sample  log:  "Air  valve not closed."  Delta-S .021 high at
               210db. 6 Autosal runs  to  get  agreement.   Small  salinity
               spike on CTD up trace. Down CTD T & S differ from up values.
               Other water samples look ok in high gradient area.  Footnote
               CTD salinity bad.


STATION 087

103            Delta-S  at  58db  is -0.0289, salinity is 32.581.  Footnote
               CTD salinity bad  due  to  spike  in  CTD  uptrace.   Bottle
               salinity acceptable.

Cast 2         Repeat  cast with LADCP to 5500db only. Salinities were only
               samples drawn.  CTD Processor: "No discrete  oxygens  -  use
               fit from 087/01)."  Footnote CTD O2 questionable.


STATION 088

106            Delta-S  at  132db  is  0.0544,  salinity  is 33.510.  Large
               gradient. Data okay.  Spike in CTD up  trace,  footnote  CTD
               salinity bad.

134            Sample  log:  stopcock  found  fully opened" Delta-S .000 at
               5011db. Other water samples also ok.


STATION 089

107            Sample log: "Bottom lanyard unhooked" Delta-S .010  high  at
               158db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Other water samples also look
               ok at high gradient and differing  up  &  down  CTD  T  &  S
               traces.


STATION 090

104            Sample  log:  "Air  vent  open."  Delta-S .001 high at 82db.
               Other water samples also look ok.

111            Delta-S .07 low at 283db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Same value
               as bottle 10 at level above. Other water samples ok.  Assume
               dupe draw or  run.   ODF  recommends  deletion  of  salinity
               sample.  Footnote salinity bad.

137            Sample  log:  "Leaking  from  bottom  end cap after air vent
               opened. Top cap reseated."  Delta-S  .001  high  at  3954db.
               Other water samples also ok.


STATION 091

101            Delta-S  .02  low  at  3db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs.  Bottle
               salt looks ok.  Spike on CTD up trace this  level.  Footnote
               CTD salinity bad.

117            Delta-S  .09 high at 561db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs.  Bottle
               salt looks ok.  Spike on CTD up trace this  level.  Footnote
               CTD salinity bad.

137            Sample  log:  "Leaked  from  bottom  end  cap after air vent
               opened.  Reseated, ok."  Delta-S .000 at 3365db. Other water
               samples also ok.


STATION 092

106            Delta-S  .08  high  at 131db. Calc ok, 3 Autosal runs.  High
               gradient and CTD up trace spike at this level.  Footnote CTD
               salinity  bad.  Bottle salt and other water samples look ok.

108            Delta-S .04 high at 181db. Calc  &  Autosal  run  ok.   Same
               value  as  bottle  9 at level below. Other water samples ok.
               Assume  dupe  draw  or  run.   ODF  recommends  deletion  of
               salinity sample.  Footnote salinity bad.

137            Sample  log:  "Leaked  from  bottom  end  cap after air vent
               opened.  Reseated, ok."  Delta-S .000 at 2954db. Other water
               samples also ok.


STATION 093

103            Delta-S at 55db is 0.0335, salinity is 32.634.  Footnote CTD
               salinity bad due to spike in CTD uptrace.   Bottle  salinity
               acceptable.


STATION 094

114            Delta-S  .04  high  at 106db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Bottle
               salt looks ok.  CTD up-trace spike this level. Footnote  CTD
               salinity bad.


STATION 095

137            Sample  log:  "Leaks  from  bottom  end  cap  after air vent
               opened.  Reseated, ok."  Delta-S .000 at 1311db. Other water
               samples also ok.


STATION 096

138            Sample  log:  "Leaks  from  bottom  end  cap  after air vent
               opened.  Reseated, ok."  Delta-S .002 low at 1365db. Calc  &
               Autosal  run  ok.  Other water samples appear ok. Normal CTD
               gradient.


STATION 097

121            Delta-S .04 low at 155db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  All  water
               samples  ok.   CTD  S spike on up trace this level. Footnote
               CTD salinity bad.

127            Sample log: "Did not  close,  bottom  lanyard  hangup."   No
               water samples.

137            Sample  log:  "Leaks  from  bottom  end  cap  after air vent
               opened.  Reseated, ok."  Delta-S .001 low  at  711db.  Other
               water samples also ok.


STATION 098

107            Sample  log:  "Bottom lanyard unhooked" Delta-S .017 high at
               155db. Calc & autosal run ok.  Other water samples  also  ok
               in high gradient area.

109            Delta-S  .09  low  at  205db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Bottle
               salt looks ok.  CTD S up trace spike  this  level.  Footnote
               CTD salinity bad.


STATION 099

101            Delta-S  .05  low  at  3db.  Calc  &  Autosal  run ok.  High
               gradient.  Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad.


STATION 122

137            Sample  log:  "Leaks  from  bottom  end  cap  after air vent
               opened.  Reseated, ok."  Delta-S .000 at 3777db. Other water
               samples  also  ok.   Replaced bottle 37 with bottle 33 after
               this cast.


STATION 123

117            No bottle oxygen. Titration problem.   Footnote  oxygen  not
               reported.

132            Delta-S  .002  low  at 3571db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Other
               water samples ok. Same sampler  had  low  salinity  on  next
               station.  Had  been ok on prior stations.  Footnote salinity
               questionable, not within accuracy of measurement.


STATION 124

105            Delta-S at 107db is  -0.0374,  salinity  is  33.557.   Large
               gradient.  Data  okay.   Spike  in  CTD  trace, footnote CTD
               salinity bad.

128            Delta-S 0.006 low at 2751db. Calc & Autosal run  ok.   Other
               water  samples  ok.  Rerun is .006 higher indicating problem
               was  with   original   Autosal   run.    Footnote   salinity
               questionable.

132            Delta-S  0.003  low at 3695db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Other
               water samples ok. Rerun is .001 higher  indicating  original
               Autosal  run  was  ok. Delta-S this sampler was 0.002 low on
               previous station. Had been ok on prior stations.  Bottle  32
               salinities   ok   subsequent  stations.   Footnote  salinity
               questionable.


STATION 125

101            All surface data  differ  from  adjacent  stations,  temp  &
               oxygen  high and salinity and nutrients low. Calc ok. Spring
               bloom?  CTD Processor: "Surface discrete O2 (2.7 db,  bottle
               01)  looks high compared to surrounding stations."  Footnote
               CTD O2 questionable.


STATION 126

105            Delta-S at 106db is -0.036, salinity  is  33.120.   Footnote
               CTD  salinity  bad  due  to  spike  in  CTD uptrace.  Bottle
               salinity acceptable.

106            Delta-S at 132db is -0.0424, salinity is  33.381.   Footnote
               CTD  salinity  bad  due  to  spike  in  CTD uptrace.  Bottle
               salinity acceptable.

124-129        CTD Processor: "Discrete (& thus also CTD) O2's  don't  look
               like  surrounding stations from about 1700 to 3000 db (looks
               ok if look at theta/O2)."  Footnote CTD O2 questionable.


STATION 127

112            Bottle oxygen appears high compared to CTDO down  trace  but
               look good compared to up trace.  CTD Processor: "Discrete O2
               at 363.5 db (bottle 12) looks high compared  to  surrounding
               stations,  although  looks  just  fine  if look at CTD O2 up
               trace."  Footnote CTD O2 questionable.


STATION 130

109            Sample log: "Air leak, vent  not  tight."   Delta-S  .00  at
               206db. Other water samples also look ok.

117            Sample  log:  "Air leak, top cap cracked."  Delta-S .003 low
               at 610db. Other water samples look ok.   Down  &  up  traces
               differ somewhat this level.


STATION 131

Cast 1         Tripped  bottle  17  at  bottom, bottle 18 at top, for freon
               bottle blank check.


STATION 132

218            Delta-S .04 high at 812db. Calc ok, 3  Autosal  runs.   Same
               value as bottle 19 at level below.  Assume dupe draw or run.
               Salt box used for subsequent station so rerun not  possible.
               Other water samples ok.  Footnote salinity bad.


STATION 136

122            Delta-S  .003  high  at 912db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Other
               water samples look ok at O2  min  &  PO4  max.   Normal  CTD
               gradient up and down.  Footnote salinity questionable.


STATION 137

Cast 1         Pylon  program  problem,  no  bottle  closed  at  611db, all
               remaining bottles closed one  level  higher  than  intended.
               Two  bottles  open  at  surface,  both  tripped and sampled.
               Footnote bottles 1 through 18 did not trip as scheduled.

107            Delta-S at 131db is  -0.0269,  salinity  is  33.234.   Large
               gradient.  Data  okay.   Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD
               salinity bad.

108            Delta-S at 155db is  0.0113.   Large  gradient.  Data  okay.
               Spike in CTD up trace, footnote CTD salinity bad.


STATION 138

105            Delta-S  at  106db  is  -0.0293,  salinity is 32.722.  Large
               gradient. Data okay.  Spike in  CTD  uptrace,  footnote  CTD
               salinity bad.


STATION 139

101-102,104-117
               CTD  Processor:  "Discrete (& thus also CTD) O2's don't look
               like surrounding stations for top 800 db (looks ok  if  look
               at theta/O2)."  Footnote CTD O2 questionable.

103            Delta-S  at  55db  is  -0.0513,  salinity  is 32.261.  Large
               gradient. Data okay.  Spike in  CTD  uptrace,  footnote  CTD
               salinity bad.  See 101 CTD Processor comment.  No CTD Oxygen
               since CTD salinity is coded bad.


STATION 140

106            Delta-S at 130db  is  0.0464,  salinity  is  32.980.   Large
               gradient.  Data  okay.   Spike  in CTD uptrace, footnote CTD
               salinity bad.

127            Sample log: "Did not close, lanyard is too  tight."   Bottom
               lanyard  hung-up, no water sample.  Not adjusted after LADCP
               installation.


STATION 141

206            Delta-S at 131db is 0.0441, salinity  is  33.126.   Footnote
               CTD  salinity  bad  due  to  spike  in  CTD uptrace.  Bottle
               salinity acceptable.

207            Delta-S at 156db is 0.0327, salinity  is  33.387.   Footnote
               CTD  salinity  bad  due  to  spike  in  CTD uptrace.  Bottle
               salinity acceptable.

227            Delta-S .003 high at 1523db. Calc ok but 5 Autosal  runs  to
               get  agreement. Other water samples ok, & normal CTD S trace
               down and  up.  Assume  salt  crystal  from  cap  in  sample.
               Footnote salinity bad.


STATION 142

103            Sample  log:  "Lower  end cap leaking when air vent opened."
               Delta-S .004 high at 56db. Other water samples also look ok.

108            Delta-S  at  182db  is  0.0302,  salinity  is 33.427.  Large
               gradient. Data okay.  Spike in  CTD  uptrace,  footnote  CTD
               salinity bad.


STATION 143

108            Delta-S  at  180db  is  0.0321,  salinity  is 32.908.  Large
               gradient. Data okay.  Spike in  CTD  uptrace,  footnote  CTD
               salinity bad.

109            Delta-S  at  206db  is 0.0315, salinity is 33.209.  Footnote
               CTD salinity bad  due  to  spike  in  CTD  uptrace.   Bottle
               salinity acceptable.

110            Delta-S  at  231db  is 0.0337, salinity is 33.435.  Footnote
               CTD salinity bad  due  to  spike  in  CTD  uptrace.   Bottle
               salinity acceptable.


STATION 144

102            Delta-S  at  29db  is  0.0269,  salinity  is  32.222.  Large
               gradient. Data okay.  Spike in  CTD  uptrace,  footnote  CTD
               salinity bad.

105            Delta-S  .06  low  at  106db.  Calc & Autosal run ok.  CTD S
               spike this level, footnote CTD salinity bad..

106            Delta-S at 130db is  -0.0295,  salinity  is  32.705.   Large
               gradient.  Data  okay.   Spike  in CTD uptrace, footnote CTD
               salinity bad.

107            Delta-S at 158db is  -0.0304,  salinity  is  33.041.   Large
               gradient.  Data  okay.   Spike  in CTD uptrace, footnote CTD
               salinity bad.

117            Sample log: "Air leak, chip from top  cap  caught  under  o-
               ring."   Delta-S .00 at 408db. Other water samples also look
               ok.


STATION 146

117            PO4 0.5 high at 2db.  NO3 9.0 high at 2db.  SiO3 3.0 high at
               2db.   Same  value  as  bottle  20  3  levels  below.  Rerun
               confirms,  assume  bad  draw.  Other  water  samples   okay.
               Footnote nutrients bad.


STATION 147

127            Delta-S  at  154db is -0.0656, salinity is 32.755.  Footnote
               CTD salinity bad  due  to  spike  in  CTD  uptrace.   Bottle
               salinity acceptable.

136            Salinity was drawn per Sample Log sheet, however, sample was
               not run. Other salinity samples are reasonable, suspect that
               this salinity was not just analyzed. Footnote salinity lost.


STATION 148

129            Delta-S at 28db is -0.0267, salinity  is  31.935.   Footnote
               CTD  salinity  bad  due  to  spike  in  CTD uptrace.  Bottle
               salinity acceptable.





                                APPENDIX D


                          LVS QUALITY COMMENTS (ODF)

Remarks for  missing samples, and WOCE codes other than 2  from  WOCE  P17N
Large  Volume  Samples.   Investigation  of  data may include comparison of
bottle salinity and silicate data from piggyback and Gerard with  CTD  cast
data,  review  of data plots of the station profile and adjoining stations,
and rereading of charts (i.e., nutrients).  Comments from the  Sample  Logs
and the results of ODF's investigations are included in this report.  Units
stated in these comments are  micromoles  per  liter  for  Silicate  unless
otherwise  noted.   The  first number before the comment is the cast number
(CASTNO) times 100 plus the bottle number (BTLNBR). PB refers to the bottle
that is attached to the Gerard.


STATION 010

142            Sample  log:  "Not  closed.  Trip  arm missed Push Rod."  No
               samples, no temperature. Gerard (82) appears to be okay.

143            SiO3 appears 2.0 low at 3251db.  Calc  ok,  peak  fair,  but
               definitely  low.   Other  water samples ok. Salts agree with
               rosette.  Footnote SiO3 questionable.  Gerard  (83)  appears
               to be okay.

144            SiO3  appears  3.0  low  at  3404db. Calc ok, peak fair, but
               definitely low.  Gerard silicate with 44 closer  to  normal.
               Footnote SiO3 questionable.  Gerard (84) appears to be okay.

182            PB 42, Gerard appears to be okay.  No temperature.

183            SiO3 appears 3.0 low at 3252db.  Calc  ok,  peak  fair,  but
               definitely  low.   Other  water samples ok. Salts agree with
               rosette.  Footnote SiO3 questionable.  PB 43, Gerard appears
               to be okay.

347            Gerard  (89)  leaked,  see  Gerard  comments.  NO3 & PO4 are
               high. PI to decide barrel intergrity.

389            Delta PB-Gerard Salinity = .021 at 2727db. Gerard salt looks
               low  compared  to other levels this cast and to rosette cast
               this station.  However Gerard nutrients look ok and PB  (47)
               NO3   &   PO4  look  high?   Nutrient  sample  numbers  were
               incorrectly assigned.  After correction, no3  high  by  1.4,
               and  PO4  high  by .08.  SiO3 low by .2, which is within the
               accuracy  of  the  measurement.    Footnote   salinity   and
               nutrients  all except SiO3 questionable, and bottle leaking.
               PI to decide barrel integrity.


STATION 028

147            Delta PB-Gerard salt .835  low  at  4787db.  Nutrients  also
               indicate  PB tripped near surface. Therm rack ok.  Gerard 89
               salinity & nutrients look good.  Delta-S PB-Gerard at 4787db
               is  -0.835,  salinity  is  33.851.  Footnote bottle leaking,
               samples bad.  Gerard (89) is okay.

183            Sample Log: "Air leak. Loose fitting at bottom."  Delta  PB-
               Ger salt .0001. Nutrients also match well.  PB 43. Gerard is
               okay.

193            Sample Log: "Very  slight  air  leak."   Delta  PB-Ger  salt
               .0005. Nutrients also match well.  PB 49. Gerard is okay.

347            PB  failed  to trip. Trip rod not down far enough to release
               lanyards. Gerard 89 salt & nutrients look good.  No samples,
               no temperature. Gerard is okay.

382            Sample  Log:  "Top  valve  loose."  Delta PB-Ger salt .0008.
               Nutrients also match well.  PB 42.  Gerard is okay.

383            Sample Log:  "Significant  air  leak."   Delta  PB-Ger  salt
               .0002. Nutrients also match well.  PB 43.  Gerard is okay.

389            No temperature see PB 47 comment. Gerard is okay.

393            Sample  Log:  "Slow  air  leak".   Delta  PB-Ger salt .0005.
               Nutrients also match well.  PB 49. Gerard is okay.


STATION 039

141            Gerard (81) is reasonable,  PI  may  want  to  double-check.
               Delta-S  PB-Gerard  at 3464db is 0.0031, salinity is 34.669.
               See 181 comments Gerard is questionable.  Gerard (81).

142            Temp appears .03 high.  PB water samples agree with rosette.
               PB  water  samples appear deeper than Gerards, while temp is
               shallower. Apparent rack posttrip.  NO3 is .2 high, which is
               within  the  specs of the measurement.  Delta-S PB-Gerard at
               3641db is 0.0065, salinity is  34.673.   See  182  comments,
               Gerard (82), footnote temperature questionable.

144            Temp appears .03 high.  PB water samples agree with rosette.
               Footnote temperature questionable.  Gerard (84) is okay.

181            Sample log: "Air Vent open." Delta PB-Ger  salt  =  .003  at
               3464db.   Calc  &  Autosal  runs ok. NO3 same, PO4 indicates
               Gerard has shallower water but  most  PO4  comparisons  have
               higher   Gerard  values  than  PBs.   Suspect  bottle  okay,
               salinity difference is not that unreasonable.  PI will  have
               to make final determination on this sample.  PB 41.

182            Sample  log:"Air  vent  open."  Delta PB-Ger salt = .0065 at
               3641db.   Salinity  calc  &  Autosal   runs   ok.   Nutrient
               differences inconclusive.  Footnote bottle leaking, salinity
               and  temperature  questionable.   See  PB  142   temperature
               comment.   PI  will have to make final determination on this
               sample.  PB (42).

183            Sample log: "Air leak."  Delta PB-Ger salt .0016 at  3818db.
               Salinity  calc  & Autosal runs ok. Nutrients reasonable.  PB
               (43).

184            Delta PB-Ger salt .0006  at  3996db.  Nutrients  reasonable.
               Footnote  temperature  questionable,  see PB 144 temperature
               comment.

341            Gerard (93) is okay.

387            Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt  =  .0004  at
               2727db.  Nutrients also ok.  PB 44. Gerard is okay.

393            Sample  log:"Slow  air  leak."  Delta PB-Ger salt = .0006 at
               3294db.  Nutrients also ok.  PB 41. Gerard is okay.


STATION 048

141            Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3024db is 0.003,  salinity  is  34.659.
               Gerard (81) indicates a slight leak.

142            Sample log: "Slight air leak. Reseated top, ok" Gerard (82).

145            Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3534db is 0.002,  salinity  is  34.670.
               See Gerard (85) SiO3 comment.  Footnote SiO3 questionable.

146            Footnote  SiO3  questionable. See 185 comments.  Gerard (87)
               is okay.

147            Sample log: "Light air leak. Reseated top, ok."   Delta  PB-
               Ger  salt  .001  at  3838db. Nutrients also look ok.  Gerard
               (89) is okay.  Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments.

148            Gerard  (90)  is  okay.  Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185
               comments.

149            Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments.   Gerard  (93)
               is okay.

181            Sample  log:  "Air vent loose. Went down tight per DM & RR."
               Delta PB-Ger  .003  at  3024db.  Nutrients  look  reasonably
               close.   Very  slight  sample  leak if any.  Footnote Gerard
               leaking, but data acceptable, let PI  make  final  decision.
               PB 41.

182            Sample  log:  "Air  vent  just  barely  tight. No air leak."
               Delta PB-Ger .001 at 3151db. Nutrients also ok.  PB 42.

185            Sample log: "Air vent slightly loose.  V.  slow  air  leak."
               Delta  PB-Ger  salt .002 at 3534db.  PO4 & SIL also indicate
               very slight leak.  PB 45. Gerard is probably  okay,  but  PI
               should double check.  Footnote bottle leaking.  SiO is ~-0.2
               low compared to rosette cast, do not suspect a problem  with
               the  Gerard  barrel, but rather the SiO3 analysis. From this
               sample to the deepest there appears to be  a  ~-0.2  offset.
               Footnote SiO3 questionable.

187            Sample  log:  "Air  vent  slightly loose. V. slow air leak."
               Delta PB-Ger salt .001 at 3686db. Nutrients  also  look  ok.
               PB 46.  Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments.

189            Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments.  PB 47.

190            Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments.  PB 48.

193            Sample  log:  "V. slow air leak."  Delta PB-Ger salt .001 at
               4144db. Nutrients also look ok,  taking  into  account  SiO3
               problem.   PB  49.   Footnote  SiO3  questionable.  See  185
               comments.

Cast 3         PB sample numbers for salinity were not filled in.  Wrote in
               numbers 1-9. Salinities appear to be okay.  Nitrites not run
               this station since only 3 colorimeters functioning. Footnote
               NO2 lost.

341            PO4 appears .04 low at 1911db compared to Gerard and rosette
               profile. Calc & peak ok.  Used 2nd of 2 samples from  41  to
               account  for  large  jump  from SSW to deep nutrient values.
               Other nutrients and salt ok.  PO4 is  questionable.   Gerard
               (81) is okay.

385            Sample  log:  "Slight air leak."  Delta PB-Ger Salt .0002 at
               2420db.  Nutrients also have good agreement. Gerard is okay.
               PB 45.

390            Delta  PB-Ger  salt  .004 at 2800db. Calc & autosal runs ok.
               Excellent  agreement  between  nutrients.  PB  salt  matches
               rosette  salt  better  than  Gerard salt.  Footnote salinity
               questionable. Gerard is okay.  PB 48.

393            Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .0004  at  2924db.
               Nutrients  also have good agreement. Gerard is okay.  PB 49.


STATION 058

141            Sample log: "Air leak, reseated top, ok."  Delta PB-Ger salt
               .001 at 3148db. Nutrients from PB also okay, although Gerard
               PO4 is .04 high.  Gerard (81) is okay.

142            DSRT rack reversed late, no temperature. Thin lanyard pulled
               into  release  pin  hole.  Replaced  rack lanyard after this
               station.  Gerard (82) is okay.

181            PO4 .04 high at  3148db  compared  to  rest  of  Gerard  PO4
               profile  and about .02 high compared to rosette profile this
               level.  Delta PB-Ger salt .001 and other nutrients  ok.   PB
               41.

182            No temperature see PB 42 comment.  Gerard is okay.

342            DSRT rack reversed late, no temperature. Thin lanyard pulled
               into release pin hole.  Replaced  rack  lanyard  after  this
               station.  Gerard (82) is okay.

382            No temperature, see PB 42 comment, Gerard is okay.

383            Sample  log:  "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt .0007 at 2217db.
               Nutrients also ok.  PB 43, gerard is okay.

384            Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger .0003  at  2342db.
               Nutrients also ok.  PB 44, Gerard is okay.

385            Sample  log:  "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger .0003 at 2468db.
               Nutrients also ok.  PB 45, Gerard is okay.

393            Sample log: "Slow air leak."  Delta PB-Ger salinity  =  .005
               at  2975db.  Calc  &  Autosal  runs ok.  Nutrients all agree
               well. PB salt higher and  Gerard  salt  lower  than  rosette
               salinity this level.  PB 49, Gerard is probably okay, let PI
               decide.


STATION 068

141            Delta PB-G S=.003. Calc  &  Autosal  runs  ok.  PB  slightly
               higher  &  Ger slightly lower than rosette trace. Nitrates &
               silicates agree.  Ger PO4 a little high as usual.   Footnote
               salinity questionable.  Suspect Gerard (81) is okay.

146            Delta  PB-G S=.004 at 4188db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard
               salt appears low compared to other samples & rosette  trace.
               Nutrients agree reasonably well.  Gerard (87) is okay.

149            Delta  PB-G S=.003 at 4730db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard
               salt appears low compared to other samples & rosette  trace.
               Nutrients  agree  reasonably  well.   Suspect Gerard (93) is
               okay.

181            Delta PB-G S=.003. Calc  &  Autosal  runs  ok.  PB  slightly
               higher  &  Ger slightly lower than rosette trace. Nitrates &
               silicates agree.  Ger PO4 a little high as usual.   Footnote
               salinity questionable.  Suspect Gerard is okay, PB 41.

187            Delta  PB-G S=.004 at 4188db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard
               salt appears low compared to other samples & rosette  trace.
               Nutrients   agree   reasonably   well.    Footnote  salinity
               questionable, not within specification of  measurement.   PB
               46, Gerard is okay.

193            Delta  PB-G S=.003 at 4730db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard
               salt appears low compared to other samples & rosette  trace.
               Nutrients   agree   reasonably   well.    Footnote  salinity
               questionable.  Suspect Gerard is okay, PB 49.

341            Delta PB-Ger Salt diff -.005.  Ger S fits profile & rosette.
               PB  seems  low.  Footnote salinity questionable. Gerard (81)
               is okay.

343            Delta-S PB-Gerard at 2220db is -0.0021, salinity is  34.599.
               Gerard (83) is okay.

381            Delta PB-Ger Salt diff -.005.  Ger S fits profile & rosette.
               PB seem low.  Nutrients have good agreement  between  Ger  &
               PB.  PB 41, Gerard is okay.

383            Sample  log: "Air leak."  Delta PB-Ger S =-.002. Gerard salt
               matches profile & rosette salts better than  PB.   Nutrients
               have  good  agreement  between Ger & PB.  Gerard is okay, PB
               43.

385            Sample log: "Slow air leak."  Delta PB-G S=-.001.  Nutrients
               also agree.  PB 45.

387            Sample  log:  "Slow air leak."  Delta PB-G S=.001. Nutrients
               also agree.  PB 46.

393            Sample log: "Slow air leak."  Delta PB-G S =.000.  Nutrients
               also agree.  PB 49.


STATION 078

185            Sample  log:  "Slow air leak."  Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0001 at
               4192db. NO3 & SIL also ok.  Gerard PO4 .04 high  but  Gerard
               PO4s are usually high.  Gerard sample looks ok.  PB 45.

187            Sample  log:  "Slow air leak."  Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0009 at
               4370db. Nutrients also ok.  PB 46.

193            Sample log: "Slow air leak."  Delta PB-Ger Salt = -.0009  at
               4903db. Nutrients also ok.  PB 49.

385            Sample  log:  "Slow air leak."  Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0007 at
               2415db. NO3 & Sil also ok.  Gerard PO4 .03 high  but  Gerard
               PO4s are usually high.  Gerard sample looks ok.  PB 45.

387            Sample  log:  "Slow air leak."  Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0003 at
               2592db. Gerard nutrients also ok.  PB NO3 & SIL a little low
               this level (346) PB 46.

393            Sample  log:  "Slow air leak."  Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0005 at
               3133db. Nutrients also ok.  PB 49.


STATION 086

Cast 1         PB sample numbers for nuts and salinity were not filled  in.
               Wrote in numbers 1-9.  Samples appear to be okay.

145            Delta-S(PB-g)  at  4812db  is  0.0027,  salinity  is 34.688.
               Suspect Gerard (85) is okay.

148            PO4 .08 high at 5428db. Calc & peak ok.  Delta PB-Ger salt =
               -.0004,  other  nutrients  and  Gerard  PO4  ok.  Assume PO4
               contamination PB 48.  Gerard (90) is okay.

183            Sample log: "Slow air leak."  Delta PB-Ger Salt =  .0009  at
               4299db. Nutrients also ok.  PB 43.

185            Sample  log: "Major air leak."  Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0027 at
               4812db. Gerard salt looks low compared to other  salts  this
               station.  However,  nutrients have reasonably good agreement
               this level.  Footnote salinity questionable.  Suspect Gerard
               is okay, PB 45.

187            Sample  log:  "Slow air leak."  Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0005 at
               5018db. Nutrients also ok.  PB 46.

346            Suspect Gerard (87) is okay.  Delta-S PB-Gerard at 2900db is
               0.0023, salinity is 34.655.  Footnote salinity questionable.

385            Sample log: "Slow air leak."  Delta PB-Ger Salt =  .0005  at
               2722db. Nutrients also ok.  PB 45.

387            Sample  log:  "Slow air leak."  Delta PB-Ger Salt = .0023 at
               2900db. Nutrients look ok.  Difficult  to  tell  which  salt
               looks   better   because  of  gradient.   Footnote  salinity
               questionable.  Suspect Gerard is okay, PB 46.


STATION 132

146            Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3759db is 0.002,  salinity  is  34.677.
               Footnote  salinity questionable.  Gerard (87) is acceptable.

147            PO4 .08 high at 3912db. Peak ok.  Delta PB-Ger salt .001 and
               other  nutrients  ok.   Gerard  PO4  looks  good. Assume PO4
               contamination in PB 47.  Gerard (89) is acceptable.

347            Sample log: "Air leak, reseated top, ok."  Delta PB-Ger salt
               .001   at  2569db.   Nutrients  also  ok.   Gerard  (89)  is
               acceptable.

389            PB 47. Gerard samples are acceptable.


STATION 141

Cast 1         Silicate has a problem,  other  water  properties  ok.   All
               silicate  values  about  2.0  lower  than rosette silicates.
               Nothing obvious in data.  AA controller did not sample third
               end SW but final SW adjusted based on difference between 2nd
               & 3rd SW on adjacent station.

141            All silicate values about 2.0 lower than rosette  silicates.
               Footnote SiO3 questionable. See Cast 1 SiO3 comment.  Gerard
               (81) is acceptable.

142            See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable.  Gerard
               (82) is acceptable.

143            See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable.  Gerard
               (83) is acceptable.

144            See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable.  Gerard
               (84) is acceptable.

145            See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable.  Gerard
               (85) is acceptable.

146            See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable.  Gerard
               (87) is acceptable.

147            See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable.  Gerard
               (89) is acceptable.

148            See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable.  Gerard
               (90) is acceptable.

149            See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable.  Delta-
               S PB-Gerard at 3338db is 0.002, salinity is 34.672.   Gerard
               (93) is acceptable.

181            See  Cast  1  SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable.  PB
               41, Gerard is okay.

182            Sample log: "Major air leak."  Delta  PB-Ger  salt  .002  at
               2466db. Calc & Autosal run ok.  Gerard salt appears slightly
               low. Nutrients  agree  well.   See  Cast  1  SiO3  comments.
               Footnote SiO3 questionable.  PB 42. Gerard is acceptable.

183            See  Cast  1  SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable.  PB
               43, Gerard is okay.

184            See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote  SiO3  questionable.   PB
               44, Gerard is okay.

185            Sample  log:  "Slight  air leak."  Delta PB-Ger salt .001 at
               2724db. Calc & Autosal  run  ok.   Nutrient  agreement  also
               reasonable.    See  Cast  1  SiO3  comments.  Footnote  SiO3
               questionable.  PB 45. Gerard is acceptable.

187            Sample log: "Moderate air leak."  Delta PB-Ger salt .0014 at
               2876db.  Calc  &  Autosal  run  ok.  Nutrient agreement also
               reasonable.   See  Cast  1  SiO3  comments.  Footnote   SiO3
               questionable.  PB 46. Gerard is acceptable.

189            See  Cast  1  SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable.  PB
               47, Gerard is okay.

190            See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote  SiO3  questionable.   PB
               48, Gerard is okay.

193            See  Cast  1  SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable.  PB
               49, Gerard is okay.

Cast 3         Deeper silicate values up to 1.0 higher  than  rosette  sil.
               See Cast 1 nutrient comments.

347            Deeper  silicate  values  up to 1.0 higher than rosette sil.
               See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable.  Gerard
               (89) is okay.

348            See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable.  Gerard
               (90) is acceptable.

349            See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable.  Gerard
               (93) is acceptable.

389            See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable.  PB 47,
               Gerard is okay.

390            See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable.  PB 48,
               Gerard is okay.

393            See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable.  PB 49,
               Gerard is okay.



D.  P17N FINAL REPORT FOR LARGE VOLUME SAMPLES
    (Robert M. Key)
    July 11, 1996


1.0  GENERAL INFORMATION

WOCE section P17N (expedition designation Voyage TTO21; Expocode 
325021/1) was carried out aboard R/V Thomas G. Thompson during the 
period May 15 - June 26, 1993.  The cruise began at San Francisco, CA 
and ended at Sitka, AK.  David Musgrave of Univ. of Alaska was chief 
scientist.  This report covers details of data collection and analysis 
for the large volume Gerard samples.  The reader is referred to the 
final cruise report prepared by Musgrave (1995) as the primary source 
for cruise information.  Portions of this report were taken from the 
SIO-ODF data report.

Ten large volume (LV) stations were occupied on this leg.  The cruise 
plan called for 2 Gerard casts of 9 barrels each at each LV station.  
The planned sampling density was 1 station every 5° of latitude 
(~300nmi).  Each station included at least one deep cast (2500db to the 
bottom), and an intermediate (1200db to 2500db) cast.  There were no 
Gerard barrel mistrips on this cruise which were apparent at the end of 
the cast.  The purpose of these casts was to collect samples for 14C 
analysis.  14C coverage for the upper water column was done via small 
volume AMS sampling from the Rosette.  AMS sampling was carried out 
jointly by P. Quay (U. Washington) and R. Key (Princeton U.).

All LV casts for P17N were done using the starboard A-frame and standard 
procedures (Key, 1991).  Table 1 summarizes the LV sampling and Figure 1 
shows the LV station locations.


TABLE 1. LV Sampling Summary

             Station  Cast  North     West       No. Ger.
                            Latitude  Longitude  Samples
             -------  ----  --------  ---------  -------
               10      1     38.234    124.982     9
                       3     38.243    124.973     9
               28      1     34.602    134.978     9
                       3     34.591    134.988     9
               39      1     39.613    134.997     9
                       3     39.603    135.000     9
               48      1     41.666    135.990     9
                       3     41.665    136.013     9
               58      1     44.959    141.228     9
                       3     44.951    141.225     9
               68      1     48.214    146.687     9
                       3     48.222    146.698     9
               78      1     51.478    152.508     9
                       3     51.488    152.533     9
               86      1     53.981    157.365     9
                       3     53.987    157.362     9
              132      1     54.835    146.730     9
                       3     54.839    146.718     9
              141      1     56.215    139.182     9
                       3     56.211    139.192     9
                7     20     Totals              180


Each Gerard barrel was equipped with a piggyback 5 liter Niskin bottle 
which, in turn, had a full set of high precision reversing thermometers 
to determine sampling pressure as well as temperature.  Both Gerard and 
Niskin were sampled for salinity and nutrients, but not oxygen.  
Additionally, each Gerard was sampled for radiocarbon.  The salinity and 
nutrient samples from the piggyback bottle were used for comparison with 
the Gerard barrel values to verify the integrity of the Gerard sample.  
As samples were collected, the information was recorded on a sample log 
sheet.  Any abnormalities with sampler or sample collection were also 
noted.  These notes are listed in the appendix.  The discrete 
hydrographic data were entered into the shipboard data system and 
processed as the analyses were completed.  The bottle data were brought 
to a usable, though not final, state at sea.  ODF data checking 
procedures included verification that the sample was assigned to the 
correct depth.  The salinity and nutrient data were compared by ODF with 
those from adjacent stations and with the Rosette cast data from the 
same station. Any comments regarding the water samples were 
investigated.  The raw data computer files were also checked for entry 
errors.


2.0  PERSONNEL

LV sampling for this cruise was under the direction of the principal 
investigator,
Robert M. Key (Princeton).  All LV 14C extractions at sea were done by 
Rich Rotter (Princeton).  Deck work and reading thermometers was done by 
the SIO CTD group with assistance from many of the scientific party.  
Salinities and nutrients were analyzed by ODF/SIO personnel.  14C 
analyses were done at Minze Stuiver's laboratory (U. Washington).  Key 
collected the data from the originators, merged the files, assigned 
quality control flags to the 14C, rechecked the flags assigned by ODF 
and submitted the data files to the WOCE office (7/96).


3.0  RESULTS

This data set and any changes or additions supersedes any prior release.

In this data set Gerard samples can be differentiated from Niskin 
samples by the bottle number.  Niskin bottle numbers are in the range 
41-49 while Gerards are in the range 81-93.


3.1  PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE

Pressure and temperature for the LV casts are determined by reversing 
thermometers mounted on the piggyback Niskin bottle.  Each bottle was 
equipped with the standard set of 2 protected and 1 unprotected 
thermometer.  Each temperature value reported on the LV casts was 
calculated from the average of four readings, provided both protected 
thermometers functioned normally.  The temperatures are based on the 
International Temperature Scale of 1990.  All thermometers, calibrations 
and calculations were provided by SIO-ODF.  Reported temperatures for 
samples in the thermocline are believed to be accurate to 0.01°C and for 
deep samples 0.005°C.  Pressures were calculated using standard 
techniques combining wire out with unprotected thermometer data.  In 
cases where the thermometers failed, pressures were estimated by 
thermometer data from adjacent bottles combined with wire out data.  
Because of the inherent error in pressure calculations and the finite 
flushing time required for the Gerard barrels, the assigned pressures 
have an un-certainty of approximately 10 dB.  The pressures recorded in 
the data set for each Gerard-Niskin pair generally differ by 
approximately 0.5 dB with the Gerard pressure being the greater.  This 
is because the Niskin is hung near the upper end of the Gerard.  Figure 
2 shows potential temperature vs. pressure for the LV casts.  The 
agreement between the Gerard and Rosette casts was excellent for almost 
all data.


3.2  SALINITY

Salinity samples were collected from each Gerard barrel and each 
piggyback Niskin bottle.  Analyses were performed by the same personnel 
who ran the salt samples collected from the Rosette bottles so the 
analytical precision should be the same for LV salts and Rosette salt 
samples.  When both Gerard and Niskin trip properly, the difference 
between the two salt measurements should be within the range 0.000 - 
0.003 on the PSU scale.  Somewhat larger differences can occur if the 
sea state is very calm and the cast is not "yoyo'ed" once the terminal 
wire out is reached.  This difference is due to the flushing time 
required for the Gerard barrels and the degree of difference is a 
function of the salinity gradient where the sample was collected.  In 
addition to providing primary hydrographic data for the LV casts, 
measured salinity values help confirm that the barrels closed at the 
desired depth.  For the area covered by this leg, deep nutrient values 
(especially silicate) are as useful for trip confirmation as salt 
measurements due to the very low salt gradients.

Salinity samples were drawn into 200 ml Kimax high alumina borosilicate 
bottles after 3 rinses, and were sealed with custom-made plastic insert 
thimbles and Nalgene screw caps.  This assembly provides very low 
container dissolution and sample evaporation.  As loose inserts were 
found, they were replaced to ensure a continued airtight seal.  Salinity 
was determined after a box of samples had equilibrated to laboratory 
temperature, usually within 8-12 hours of collection.  The draw time and 
equilibration time, as well as per-sample analysis time and temperature 
were logged.

A single Guildline Autosal Model 8400A salinometer located in a 
temperature controlled laboratory was used to measure salinities.  The 
salinometer was standardized for each cast with IAPSO Standard Seawater 
(SSW) Batch P-122, using at least one fresh vial per cast.  The 
estimated accuracy of bottle salinities run at sea is usually better 
than 0.002 PSU relative to the particular Standard Seawater batch used. 
PSS-78 salinity (UNESCO 1981) was then calculated for each sample from 
the measured conductivity ratios, and the results merged with the cruise 
database.  Figure 3 shows potential temperature vs. salinity for the 
Gerard casts.  For comparison the CTD/Rosette data for the same stations 
and pressure range are plotted as connected small filled squares.  In 
general the agreement between the Gerard-piggyback Niskin pairs is 
excellent as is agreement between the LV and CTD/Rosette casts.


3.3  NUTRIENTS

Nutrient samples were collected from Gerard casts.  LV nutrients were 
measured along with Rosette nutrients so the analytical precision for 
Gerard samples should be the same as Rosette samples.  Nutrients 
collected from LV casts are frequently subject to systematic offsets 
from samples taken from Rosette bottles.  For this reason it is 
recommended that these data be viewed only as a means of checking sample 
integrity (i.e. trip confirmation).  The Rosette-Gerard discrepancy is 
frequently less for silicate than for other nutrients.

Nutrient samples were drawn into 45 ml high density polypropylene, 
narrow mouth, screw-capped centrifuge tubes which were rinsed three 
times before filling.  Standardizations were performed with solutions 
prepared aboard ship from pre-weighed chemicals; these solutions were 
used as working standards before and after each cast to correct for 
instrumental drift during analysis.  Sets of 4-6 different 
concentrations of shipboard standards were analyzed periodically to 
determine the linearity of colorimeter response and the resulting 
correction factors.

Nutrient analyses were performed on an ODF-modified 4 channel Technicon 
AutoAnalyzer II, generally within one hour of the cast.  Occasionally 
some samples were refrigerated at 2 to 6( °C for a maximum of 4 hours.  
The methods used are described by Gordon et al. (1992), Atlas et al. 
(1971), and Hager et al. (1972).  All peaks were logged manually, and 
all the runs were re-read to check for possible reading errors.

Silicate was analyzed using the technique of Armstrong et al. (1967).  
ODF''s methodology is known to be non-linear at high silicate 
concentrations (>120 µM); a correction for this non-linearity was 
applied.  Phosphate was analyzed using a modification of the Bernhardt 
and Wilhelms (1967) technique. 

Na2SiF6, the silicate primary standard, was obtained from Fluka Chemical 
Company and Fischer Scientific and is reported by the suppliers to be 
>98% pure.  Primary standards for phosphate, KH2PO4 , were obtained from 
Johnson Matthey Chemical Co. and the supplier reports purity of 99.999%.

Nutrients, reported in micromoles per kilogram, were converted from 
micromoles per liter by dividing by sample density calculated at zero 
pressure, in-situ salinity, and an assumed laboratory temperature of 25 
°C.  258 silicate analyses were performed.  No major problems were 
encountered with the measurements.  Figure 4 shows the LV cast silicate 
values plotted against potential temperature.  The Rosette cast 
measurements from the same stations and depth range are overlain as 
small filled connected squares.  In general the agreement is acceptable, 
however, the offset for some casts is larger than some other WOCE 
cruises in the Pacific.  The difference between most Gerard - Niskin 
pairs is less than half the systematic LV - Rosette offset.


3.4  14C

All Gerard samples deemed to be "OK" on initial inspection were 
extracted for 14C analysis using the technique described by Key (1991).  
The extracted 14CO2/NaOH samples were returned to the Ocean Tracer Lab 
at Princeton and subsequently shipped to Stuiver's lab in Seattle.  Both 

13C and 14C measurements are performed on the same CO2 gas extracted 
from the large volume samples.  The standard for the 14C measurements is 
the NBS oxalic acid standard for radiocarbon dating.  R-value is the 
ratio between the measured specific activity of the sample CO2 to that 
of CO2 prepared from the standard, the latter number corrected to a 
DELC13 value of -19o/oo and age corrected from today to AD1950 all 
according to the international agreement. DELC14 is the deviation in 
o/oo from unity, of the activity ratio, isotope corrected to a sample 
DELC13value of -25o/oo.  For further information of these calculations 
and procedures see Broecker and Olson (1981), Stuiver and Robinson 
(1974) and Stuiver (1980).  Östlund's lab reports a precision of 4o/oo 
for each measurement based on a long term average of counting 
statistics.  Stuiver reports individual errors for each measurement 
based on counting statistics.

Of the 180 Gerard samples collected, 14C has been reported on 174 (97%). 
This exceeds the rate funded for this work (80%).

Existing 14C data for the area sampled on this cruise is limited to the 
LV samples collected along P16N on NOAA cruise CGC-91/2.  Comparison of 
these data sets indicates that they are in agreement to the precision of 
the measurements.


4.0  DATA SUMMARY

Figures 5-7 summarize the large volume 14C data collected on this leg.  
All DELC14 measurements with a quality flag value of 2 are included in 
each figure.  Figure 5 shows the DELC14 values plotted as a function of 
pressure.  One sigma error bars are shown.  The most noticeable 
characteristic is the strong minimum centered at 2500dB for all 
stations.

Figure 6 shows DELC14 values with 1sigma error bars plotted against 
measured Gerard barrel silicate values.  This figure differs 
significantly from similar plots for other cruises.


  …The backward check mark shape which is characteristic for most of 
   the Pacific Ocean is totally absent.
  …The DELC14 - silicate correlation, particularly between pressures 
   of 1000dB and the pressure of the silicate maximum, is much weaker than 
   for most of the Pacific, having an R2 of 0.5 (light line in Figure 6) 
   compared to values generally around 0.9.  Additionally the intercept for 
   the least squares line is much higher than previously calculated for 
   other areas (-4o/oo compared to ~-60 to -70o/oo).  The least squares 
   line differs significantly in both slope and intercept from the 
   relationship suggested by Broecker, et al. (1995) for the global ocean 
   based on the GEOSECS/TTO/SAVE data sets (heavy line in Figure 6).  The 
   sense of that difference is the same, however, as seen with other WOCE 
   Pacific data sets.
  …For the same DELC14 values, the corresponding silicate 
   concentrations are significantly higher than for other regions of the 
   Pacific.  This was not unexpected given that the Northeast Pacific is a 
   known strong source region for silicate (Talley and Joyce, 1992)

Figure 7 is a coarse resolution machine contoured section of the 14C 
distribution in the deep and bottom waters for P17N stations 10, 39, 48, 
58, 68, 78 and 86.  The minimum at approximately 2500dB increases in 
intensity to the east and south.  This trend was originally defined by 
the P16N section, but is amplified by this new data.  The "youngest" 
waters are found against the Alaskan slope with the bottom waters being 
younger than the mid depth waters.


4.1  QUALITY CONTROL FLAG ASSIGNMENT

Quality flag values were assigned to all bottles and all measurements 
using the code defined in Tables 0.1 and 0.2 of WHP Office Report WHPO 
91-1 Rev. 2 sections 4.5.1 and 4.5.2 respectively.  In this report the 
only bottle flag values used were 2, 3, 4 and 9.  For the measurement 
flags values of 2, 3, 4, 5 or 9 were assigned.  The interpretation of 
measurement flag 9 is unambiguous, however the choice between values 2, 

3 or 4 is involves some interpretation. For this data set, the salt and 
silicate values were checked by plotting them over the same parameters 
taken from the Rosette at the same station.  Points which were clearly 
outliers were flagged "4".  Points which were somewhat outside the 
envelop of the other points were flagged "3".  In cases where the entire 
cast seemed to be shifted to higher or lower concentrations, but the 
values formed a smooth profile, the data was flagged as "2".  All 
nitrate and phosphate data were flagged "4" and were used only to help 
define other questionable data.  Once the silicate and salt data had 
been flagged, these results were considered in flagging the 14C data.  
There is very little overlap between this data set and any existing 14C 
data, so that type of comparison was impractical.  In general the lack 
of other data for comparison led to a more lenient grading on the 14C 
data.

When using this data set for scientific application, any 14C datum which 
is flagged with a "3" should be carefully considered.  My opinion is 
that any datum flagged "4" should be disregarded.  When flagging 14C 
data, the measurement error was taken into consideration.  That is, 
approximately one-third of the 14C measurements are expected to deviate 
from the true value by more than the measurement precision of ~4o/oo.

No measured values have been removed from this data set.  When using 
this data set, it is advised that the nutrient data (with the exception 
of silicate) only be considered as a tool for judging the quality of the 

14C data.  A summary of all flags is provided in Table 2.  Note that 
there may be some errors between assignment of flag value 5 (not 
reported) and flag value 9 (no sample collected).  ODF notes concerning 
flag assignments are given in the appendix


TABLE 2. P17N LV Quality Code Summary

                Reported |        WHP Quality Codes
                Levels   | 1   2    3   4   5  6  7  8   9
                ---------| -  ---  --  ---  -  -  -  -  ---
        BTLNBR  360      | 0  353   5    0  0  0  0  0    2
        SALNTY  358      | 0  345  11    2  0  0  0  0    2
        SILCAT  358      | 0  320  34    4  0  0  0  0    2
        NITRAT  358      | 0    0   0  358  0  0  0  0    2
        NITRIT  322      | 0    0   0  322  0  0  0  0    2
        PHSPHT  358      | 0    0   0  358  0  0  0  0    2
        REVPRS  360      | 0  360   0    0  0  0  0  0    0
        REVTMP  352      | 0  346   6    0  8  0  0  0    0
        DELC14  180      | 0  166   7    1  6  0  0  0  180


5.0  REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION

Armstrong, F. A. J., C. R. Stearns, and J. D. H. Strickland, The 
    measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of 
    the Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment, Deep-Sea Research, 
    14, 381-389, 1967.
Atlas, E. L., S. W. Hager, L. I. Gordon and P. K. Park, A Practical 
    Manual for Use of the Technicon AutoAnalyzer in Seawater Nutrient 
    Analyses; Revised. Technical Report 215, Reference 71-22. Oregon State 
    University, Department of Oceanography. 49 pp., 1971.
Bernhardt, H. and A. Wilhelms, The continuous determination of low level 
    iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer, 
    Technicon Symposia, Volume I, 385-389, 1967.
Brewer, P. G. and G. T. F. Wong, The determination and distribution of 
    iodate in South Atlantic waters, Journal of Marine Research, 32, 1:25-
    36, 1974.
Broecker, W.S., and E.A. Olson, Lamont radiocarbon measurements VIII, 
    Radiocarbon, 3, 176-274, 1961.
Broecker, W.S., S. Sutherland, W. Smethie, T.-H. Peng and G. Östlund, 
    Oceanic radiocarbon: Separation of the natural and bomb components, 
    Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 9(2), 263-288, 1995.
Bryden, H. L., New polynomials for thermal expansion, adiabatic 
    temperature gradient, Deep-Sea Research, 20, 401-408, 1973.
    Carpenter, J. H., The Chesapeake Bay Institute technique for the Winkler 
    dissolved oxygen method, Limnology and Oceanography, 10, 141-143, 1965.
Carter, D. J. T., (Third Edition), Echo-Sounding Correction Tables, 
    Hydrographic Department, Ministry of Defence, Taunton Somerset, 1980.
Chen, C.-T. and F. J. Millero, Speed of sound in seawater at high 
    pressures, Journal Acoustical Society of America, 62(5), 1129-1135, 
    1977.
Culberson, C. H., Williams, R. T., et al, August, A comparison of 
    methods for the determination of dissolved oxygen in seawater, WHP 
    Office Report WHPO 91-2, 1991.
    Fofonoff, N. P., Computation of potential temperature of seawater for an 
    arbitrary reference pressure, Deep-Sea Research, 24, 489-491, 1977.
Fofonoff, N. P. and R. C. Millard, Algorithms for computation of 
    fundamental properties of seawater, UNESCO Report No. 44, 15-24, 1983.
Gordon, L. I., Jennings, Joe C. Jr., Ross, Andrew A., Krest, James M., A 
    suggested protocol for continuous flow automated analysis of seawater 
    nutrients in the WOCE Hydrographic Program and the Joint Global Ocean 
    Fluxes Study, OSU College of Oceanography Descr. Chem. Oc. Grp. Tech. 
    Rpt. 92-1, 1992.
Hager, S. W., E. L. Atlas, L. D. Gordon, A. W. Mantyla, and P. K. Park, 
    A comparison at sea of manual and autoanalyzer analyses of phosphate, 
    nitrate, and silicate, Limnology and Oceanography, 17, 931-937, 1972.
    Key, R.M., Radiocarbon, in: WOCE Hydrographic Operations and Methods 
    Manual, WOCE Hydrographic Program Office Technical Report, 1991.
Key, R.M., D. Muus and J. Wells, Zen and the art of Gerard barrel 
    maintenance, WOCE Hydrographic Program Office Technical Report, 1991.
Lewis, E. L., The practical salinity scale 1978 and its antecedents, 
    IEEE Journal of Oceanographic Engineering, OE-5, 3-8, 1980.
Mantyla, A. W., 1982-1983. Private correspondence.
Millero, F. J., C.-T. Chen, A. Bradshaw and K. Schleicher, A new high 
    pressure equation of state for seawater, Deep-Sea Research, 27A, 255-
    264, 1980.
Östlund, G., WOCE Radiocarbon (Miami), Tritium Laboratory Data Release 
    #94-11, 1994.
Östlund, G., WOCE Radiocarbon (Miami) Remaining Sample Analyses, Tritium 
    Laboratory Data Release #95-39, 1995.
Saunders, P. M., Practical conversion of pressure to depth, Journal of 
    Physical Oceanography, 11, 573-574, 1981.
    Stuiver, M., and S.W. Robinson, University of Washington GEOSECS North 
    Atlantic carbon-14 results, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 23, 87-90, 1974.
Stuiver, M., Workshop on 14C data reporting, Radiocarbon, 3, 964-966, 
    1980.
Stuiver, M., WOCE Radiocarbon (Seattle), Quaternary Isotope Laboratory 
    Data Report, 1994.
Sverdrup, H. U., M. W. Johnson, and R. H. Fleming, The Oceans, Their 
    Physics, Chemistry and General Biology, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood 
    Cliffs, N.J., 1942.
Talley, L.D. and T.M. Joyce, The double silica maximum in the North 
    Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5465-5480, 1992.
UNESCO, Background papers and supporting data on the Practical Salinity 
    Scale, 1978, UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science, No. 37, 144 p., 
    1981.

5.1    APPENDICES

5.1a.  FIGURE LEGENDS

Figure 1: P17N large volume station locations.
Figure 2: Potential temperature from all Gerard casts.
Figure 3: Theta vs. salinity for LV casts. CTD/Rosette data from the 
          same stations and pressure range is overlain as small filled 
          connected squares.
Figure 4: Silicate vs. potential temperature for LV casts.  Rosette 
          smeasurements from the same stations and depth ranges are shown 
          sas small filled connected squares.
Figure 5: LV delta 14C vs. pressure for Gerard samples.  Vertical bars 
          sindicate 1sigma standard deviations.
Figure 6: DELC14 vs. silicate for LV samples.  The shape of the scatter 
          splot is significantly different than the backwards check mark 
          swhich is typical of regions further to the south in the Pacific.  
          sAdditionally, the correlation between the two parameters is 
          suncharacteristically weak.  The light straight line is the least 
          squares fit to this data and the heavy line is the relationship 
          suggested by Broecker, et al. (1995) to be representative of the 
          global correlation for pre-bomb values.
Figure 7: DELC14 section for LV samples collected along P17N from 
          sCalifornia (right side) to the Aleutians.


5.1.b  LVS QUALITY COMMENTS (R. KEY)

Remarks for missing samples, and WOCE codes other than 2 from WOCE P17N 
Large Volume Samples.  Investigation of data may include comparison of 
bottle salinity and silicate data from piggyback and Gerard with CTD 
cast data, review of data plots of the station profile and adjoining 
stations, and rereading of charts (i.e., nutrients).  Comments from the 
Sample Logs and the results of ODF's investigations are included in this 
report.  Units stated in these comments are micromoles per liter for 
Silicate unless otherwise noted.  The first number before the comment is 
the cast number (CASTNO) times 100 plus the bottle number (BTLNBR).  PB 
refers to the bottle that is attached to the Gerard.  The comments in 
normal type are exactly as taken from the ODF data report.  Values in 
italics were added by the author and cover changes and additions.


STATION 010

142  Sample log: "Not closed. Trip arm missed Push Rod." No samples, 
     no temperature. Gerard (82) appears to be okay. 143 SiO3 
     appears 2.0 low at 3251db. Calc ok, peak fair, but definitely 
     low. Other water samples ok. Salts agree with rosette. Footnote 
     SiO3 questionable. Gerard (83) appears to be okay. Silicate 
     flag changed to 4.

144  SiO3 appears 3.0 low at 3404db. Calc ok, peak fair, but 
     definitely low. Gerard silicate with 44 closer to normal. 
     Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard (84) appears to be okay.m 
     Silicate flag changed to 4.

181  14C high vs. pressure and inconsistent with section, flag 4.

182  PB 42, Gerard appears to be okay. No temperature.

183  SiO3 appears 3.0 low at 3252db. Calc ok, peak fair, but 
     definitely low. Other water samples ok. Salts agree with 
     rosette. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 43, Gerard appears to 
     be okay. Silicate flag changed to 4.

184  Note from Stuiver re analysis: Cap swollen, flag 3.

190  Note from Stuiver re analysis: "Sample Na2CO2 sample" Flag 3.

347  Gerard (89) leaked, see Gerard comments. NO3 & PO4 are high. 
     PI to decide barrel integrity.

389  Delta PB-Gerard Salinity =.021 at 2727db. Gerard salt looks 
     low compared to other levels this cast and to rosette cast this 
     station. However Gerard nutrients look ok and PB (47) NO3 & PO4 
     look high? Nutrient sample numbers were incorrectly assigned. 
     After correction, no3 high by 1.4, and PO4 high by.08. SiO3 low 
     by.2, which is within the accuracy of the measurement. Footnote 
     salinity and nutrients all except SiO3 questionable, and bottle 
     leaking. PI to decide barrel integrity. Salt flag changed to 4.

STATION 028
     
147  Delta PB-Gerard salt.835 low at 4787db. Nutrients also 
     indicate PB tripped near surface. Term rack ok. Gerard 89 
     salinity & nutrients look good. Delta-S PB-Gerard at 4787db is -
     0.835, salinity is 33.851. Footnote bottle leaking, samples bad. 
     Gerard (89) is okay.
     
183  Sample Log: "Air leak. Loose fitting at bottom." Delta PB- 
     Ger salt 0.0001. Nutrients also match well. PB 43. Gerard is 
     okay.
     
193  Sample Log: "Very slight air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 
     0.0005. Nutrients also match well. PB 49. Gerard is okay. C-14 
     low vs. pressure and inconsistent with section, flag 3.
     
347  PB failed to trip. Trip rod not down far enough to release 
     lanyards. Gerard 89 salt & nutrients look good. No samples, no 
     temperature. Gerard is okay.
     
382  Sample Log: "Top valve loose." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0008. 
     Nutrients also match well. PB 42. Gerard is okay.
     
383  Sample Log: "Significant air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 
     0.0002. Nutrients also match well. PB 43. Gerard is okay.
     
389  No temperature see PB 47 comment. Gerard is okay.
     
393  Sample Log: "Slow air leak". Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0005. 
     Nutrients also match well. PB 49. Gerard is okay.
     

STATION 039
     
141  Gerard (81) is reasonable, PI may want to double-check. 
     Delta-S PB- Gerard at 3464db is 0.0031, salinity is 34.669. See 
     181 comments Gerard is questionable. Gerard (81).
     
142  Temp. appears 0.03 high. PB water samples agree with 
     rosette. PB water samples appear deeper than Gerards, while temp 
     is shallower. Apparent rack posttrip. NO3 is 0.2 high, which is 
     within the specs of the measurement. Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3641db 
     is 0.0065, salinity is 34.673. See 182 comments, Gerard (82), 
     footnote temperature questionable.
     
144  Temp appears 0.03 high. PB water samples agree with 
     rosette. Footnote temperature questionable. Gerard (84) is okay.
     
181  Sample log: "Air Vent open." Delta PB-Ger salt = 0.003 at 
     3464db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. NO3 same, PO4 indicates Gerard 
     has shallower water but most PO4 comparisons have higher Gerard 
     values than B.S. Suspect bottle okay, salinity difference is not 
     that unreasonable. PI will have to make final determination on 
     this sample. PB 41.
     
182  Sample log: "ger vent open." Delta PB-Ger salt = 0.0065 at 
     3641db. Salinity calc & Autosal runs ok. Nutrient differences 
     inconclusive. Footnote bottle leaking, salinity and temperature 
     questionable. See PB 
     
142 temperature comment. PI will have to make final 
     determination on this sample. PB (42).
     
183  Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0016 at 3818db. 
     Salinity calc & Autosal runs ok. Nutrients reasonable. PB (43).
     
184  Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0006 at 3996db. Nutrients reasonable. 
     Footnote temperature questionable, see PB 144 temperature 
     comment.
     
341  Gerard (93) is okay.
     
387  Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt = 0.0004 at 
     2727db. Nutrients also ok. PB 44. Gerard is okay.
     
393  Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt = 0.0006 at 
     3294db. Nutrients also ok. PB 41. Gerard is okay.
     

STATION 048
     
141  Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3024db is 0.003, salinity is 34.659. 
     Gerard (81) indicates a slight leak.
     
142  Sample log: "Slight air leak. Re-seated top, ok" Gerard 
     (82).
     
145  Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3534db is 0.002, salinity is 34.670. 
     See Gerard (85) SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable.
     
146  Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. Gerard (87) 
     is okay.
     
147  Sample log: "Light air leak. Re-seated top, ok." Delta PB- 
     Ger salt =0.001 at 3838db. Nutrients also look ok. Gerard (89) 
     is okay. Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments.
     
148  Gerard (90) is okay. Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 
     comments.
     
149  Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. Gerard (93) 
     is okay.
     
181  Sample log: "Air vent loose. Went down tight per DM & RR." 
     Delta PB-Ger 0.003 at 3024db. Nutrients look reasonably close. 
     Very slight sample leak if any. Footnote Gerard leaking, but 
     data acceptable, let PI make final decision. PB 41.
     
182  Sample log: "Air vent just barely tight. No air leak." 
     Delta PB-Ger 0.001 at 3151db. Nutrients also ok. PB 42.
     
185  Sample log: "Air vent slightly loose. V. slow air leak." 
     Delta PB- Ger salt 0.002 at 3534db. PO4 & SIL also indicate very 
     slight leak. PB 45. Gerard is probably okay, but PI should 
     double check. Footnote bottle leaking. SIL is ~-0.2 low compared 
     to rosette cast, do not suspect a problem with the Gerard 
     barrel, but rather the SiO3 analysis. From this sample to the 
     deepest there appears to be a ~-0.2 offset. Footnote SiO3 
     questionable.
     
187  Sample log: "Air vent slightly loose. V. slow air leak." 
     Delta PB- Ger salt.001 at 3686db. Nutrients also look ok. PB 46. 
     Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments.
     
189  Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. PB 47.
     
190  Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. PB 48.
     
193  Sample log: "V. slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.001 at 
     4144db. Nutrients also look ok, taking into account SiO3 
     problem. PB 49. Footnote SiO3 questionable. See 185 comments. 
     Cast 3 PB sample numbers for salinity were not filled in. Wrote 
     in numbers 1-9. Salinities appear to be okay. Nitrites not run 
     this station since only 3 colorimeters functioning. Footnote NO2 
     lost.
     
341  PO4 appears 0.04 low at 1911db compared to Gerard and 
     rosette profile. Calc & peak ok. Used 2nd of 2 samples from 41 
     to account for large jump from SSW to deep nutrient values. 
     Other nutrients and salt ok. PO4 is questionable. Gerard (81) is 
     okay.
     
385  Sample log: "Slight air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt 0.0002 at 
     2420db. Nutrients also have good agreement. Gerard is okay. PB 
     45.
     
390  Delta PB-Ger salt 0.004 at 2800db. Calc & autosal runs ok. 
     Excellent agreement between nutrients. PB salt matches rosette 
     salt better than Gerard salt. Footnote salinity questionable. 
     Gerard is okay. PB 48.
     
393  Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0004 at 2924db. 
     Nutrients also have good agreement. Gerard is okay. PB 49.
     

STATION 058
     
141  Sample log: "Air leak, re-seated top, ok." Delta PB-Ger 
     salt 0.001 at 3148db. Nutrients from PB also okay, although 
     Gerard PO4 is 0.04 high. Gerard (81) is okay.
     
142  DSRT rack reversed late, no temperature. Thin lanyard 
     pulled into release pin hole. Replaced rack lanyard after this 
     station. Gerard (82) is okay.
     
181  PO4 0.04 high at 3148db compared to rest of Gerard PO4 
     profile and about 0.02 high compared to rosette profile this 
     level. Delta PB-Ger salt 0.001 and other nutrients ok. PB 41.
     
182  No temperature see PB 42 comment. Gerard is okay.
     
342  DSRT rack reversed late, no temperature. Thin lanyard 
     pulled into release pin hole. Replaced rack lanyard after this 
     station. Gerard (82) is okay.
     
382  No temperature, see PB 42 comment, Gerard is okay.
     
383  Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0007 at 2217db. 
     Nutrients also ok. PB 43, gerard is okay.
     
384  Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger 0.0003 at 2342db. 
     Nutrients also ok. PB 44, Gerard is okay.
     
385  Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger 0.0003 at 2468db. 
     Nutrients also ok. PB 45, Gerard is okay.
     
393  Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger salinity = 0.005 
     at 2975db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Nutrients all agree well. PB 
     salt higher and Gerard salt lower than rosette salinity this 
     level. PB 49, Gerard is probably okay, let PI decide.
     

STATION 068
     
141  Delta PB-G S=.003. Calc & Autosal runs ok. PB slightly 
     higher & Ger slightly lower than rosette trace. Nitrates & 
     silicates agree. Ger PO4 a little high as usual. Footnote 
     salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard (81) is okay.
     
143  Temperature low by 0.02 flag 3 also for accompanying 
     Gerard.
     
146  Delta PB-G S=.004 at 4188db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard 
     salt appears low compared to other samples & rosette trace. 
     Nutrients agree reasonably well. Gerard (87) is okay.
     
149  Delta PB-G S=.003 at 4730db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard 
     salt appears low compared to other samples & rosette trace. 
     Nutrients agree reasonably well. Suspect Gerard (93) is okay.
     
181  Delta PB-G S=.003. Calc & Autosal runs ok. PB slightly 
     higher & Ger slightly lower than rosette trace. Nitrates & 
     silicates agree. Ger PO4 a little high as usual. Footnote 
     salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard is okay, PB 41.
     
187  Delta PB-G S=.004 at 4188db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard 
     salt appears low compared to other samples & rosette trace. 
     Nutrients agree reasonably well. Footnote salinity questionable, 
     not within specification of measurement. PB 46, Gerard is okay.
     
193  Delta PB-G S=.003 at 4730db. Calc & Autosal runs ok. Gerard 
     salt appears low compared to other samples & rosette trace. 
     Nutrients agree reasonably well. Footnote salinity questionable. 
     Suspect Gerard is okay, PB 49. C-14 low vs. pressure and Si, 
     flag 3.
     
341  Delta PB-Ger Salt difference -.005. Ger S fits profile & 
     rosette. PB seems low. Footnote salinity questionable. Gerard 
     (81) is okay.
     
343  Delta-S PB-Gerard at 2220db is -0.0021, salinity is 34.599. 
     Gerard (83) is okay.
     
381  Delta PB-Ger Salt diff -.005. Ger S fits profile & rosette. 
     PB seem low. Nutrients have good agreement between Ger & PB. PB 
     41, Gerard is okay.
     
383  Sample log: "Air leak." Delta PB-Ger S =-.002. Gerard salt 
     matches profile & rosette salts better than PB. Nutrients have 
     good agreement between Ger & PB. Gerard is okay, PB 43.
     
385  Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-G S=-.001. Nutrients 
     also agree. PB 45.
     
387  Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-G S=.001. Nutrients 
     also agree. PB 46.
     
393  Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-G S =.000. Nutrients 
     also agree. PB 49.
     

STATION 078
     
185  Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0001 at 
     4192db. NO3 & SIL also ok. Gerard PO4 0.04 high but Gerard PO4s 
     are usually high. Gerard sample looks ok. PB 45.
     
187  Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0009 at 
     4370db. Nutrients also ok. PB 46.
     
193  Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = -.0009 at 
     4903db. Nutrients also ok. PB 49.
     
385  Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0007 at 
     2415db. NO3 & Sil also ok. Gerard PO4 0.03 high but Gerard PO4s 
     are usually high. Gerard sample looks ok. PB 45. High vs. P, 
     flag 3.
     
387  Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0003 at 
     2592db. Gerard nutrients also ok. PB NO3 & SIL a little low this 
     level (346) PB 46.
     
393  Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0005 at 
     3133db. Nutrients also ok. PB 49.
     

STATION 086
     
     Cast 1 PB sample numbers for nuts and salinity were not filled 
     in. Wrote in numbers 1-9. Samples appear to be okay.
     
145  Delta-S(PB-g) at 4812db is 0.0027, salinity is 34.688. 
     Suspect Gerard (85) is okay.
     
148  PO4 0.08 high at 5428db. Calc & peak ok. Delta PB-Ger salt 
     = - .0004, other nutrients and Gerard PO4 ok. Assume PO4 
     contamination PB 48. Gerard (90) is okay.
     
183  Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0009 at 
     4299db. Nutrients also ok. PB 43.
     
185  Sample log: "Major air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0027 at 
     4812db. Gerard salt looks low compared to other salts this 
     station. However, nutrients have reasonably good agreement this 
     level. Footnote salinity questionable. Suspect Gerard is okay, 
     PB 45.
     
187  Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0005 at 
     5018db. Nutrients also ok. PB 46.
     
346  Suspect Gerard (87) is okay. Delta-S PB-Gerard at 2900db is 
     0.0023, salinity is 34.655. Footnote salinity questionable.
     
385  Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0005 at 
     2722db. Nutrients also ok. PB 45.
     
387  Sample log: "Slow air leak." Delta PB-Ger Salt = 0.0023 at 
     2900db. Nutrients look ok. Difficult to tell which salt looks 
     better because of gradient. Footnote salinity questionable. 
     Suspect Gerard is okay, PB 46.
     

STATION 132
     
146  Delta-S PB-Gerard at 3759db is 0.002, salinity is 34.677. 
     Footnote salinity questionable. Gerard (87) is acceptable.
     
147  PO4 0.08 high at 3912db. Peak ok. Delta PB-Ger salt 0.001 
     and other nutrients ok. Gerard PO4 looks good. Assume PO4 
     contamination in PB 47. Gerard (89) is acceptable.
     
347  Sample log: "Air leak, re-seated top, ok." Delta PB-Ger 
     salt 0.001 at 2569db. Nutrients also ok. Gerard (89) is 
     acceptable.
     
389  PB 47. Gerard samples are acceptable.
     

STATION 141
     
     Cast 1 Silicate has a problem, other water properties ok. All 
     silicate values about 2.0 lower than rosette silicates. Nothing 
     obvious in data. AA controller did not sample third end SW but 
     final SW adjusted based on difference between 2nd & 3rd SW on 
     adjacent station.
     
141  All silicate values about 2.0 lower than rosette silicates. 
     Footnote SiO3 questionable. See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Gerard (81) 
     is acceptable.
     
142  See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard 
     (82) is acceptable.
     
143  See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard 
     (83) is acceptable.
     
144  See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard 
     (84) is acceptable.
     
145  See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard 
     (85) is acceptable.
     
146  See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard 
     (87) is acceptable.
     
147  See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard 
     (89) is acceptable.
     
148  See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard 
     (90) is acceptable.
     
149  See Cast 1 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Delta- 
     S PB- Gerard at 3338db is 0.002, salinity is 34.672. Gerard (93) 
     is acceptable.
     
181  See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 
     41, Gerard is okay.
     
182  Sample log: "Major air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.002 at 
     2466db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Gerard salt appears slightly low. 
     Nutrients agree well. See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 
     questionable. PB 42. Gerard is acceptable.
     
183  See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 
     43, Gerard is okay.
     
184  See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 
     44, Gerard is okay.
     
185  Sample log: "Slight air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.001 at 
     2724db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Nutrient agreement also 
     reasonable. See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 
     questionable. PB 45. Gerard is acceptable.
     
187  Sample log: "Moderate air leak." Delta PB-Ger salt 0.0014 
     at 2876db. Calc & Autosal run ok. Nutrient agreement also 
     reasonable. See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 
     questionable. PB 46. Gerard is acceptable.
     
189  See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 
     47, Gerard is okay. Note from Stuiver re analysis: "Leaky cap", 
     flag C-14 as 3.
     
190  See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 
     48, Gerard is okay.
     
193  See Cast 1 SiO3 comments. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 
     49, Gerard is okay. Cast 3 Deeper silicate values up to 1.0 
     higher than rosette sil. See Cast 1 nutrient comments.
     
347  Deeper silicate values up to 1.0 higher than rosette sil. 
     See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard 
     (89) is okay.
     
348  See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard 
     (90) is acceptable.
     
349  See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. Gerard 
     (93) is acceptable.
     
389  See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 47, 
     Gerard is okay.
     
390  See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 48, 
     Gerard is okay.
     
393  See Cast 3 SiO3 comment. Footnote SiO3 questionable. PB 49, Gerard
     is okay.



E.  P17N  FINAL REPORT FOR AMS 14C SAMPLES
    (Robert M. Key & Paul D. Quay)
    February 18, 1998


1.0  GENERAL INFORMATION

WOCE cruise P17N was carried out aboard the R/V Thomas G. Thompson in 
the north-eastern Pacific Ocean.  The WHPO designation for this cruise 
was 325021/1.  David L. Musgrave was the chief scientist.  The cruise 
departed San Francisco, CA on May 15, 1993 and ended on June 26, 1993 at 
Sitka, AK.  The cruise made a NE to SW section from San Francisco to 
approximately 35°N x 135°W.  From there the track went north to 
approximately 41°N then angled north-westward to Dutch Harbor, AK.  The 
final portion of the track went from approximately 53°N x 155°W trending 
north-northeast toward Sitka, AK.  The reader is referred to cruise 
documentation provided by the chief scientists as the primary source for 
cruise information.  This report covers details of the small volume 
radiocarbon samples.  The AMS station locations are summarized in Table 
1 and shown in Figure 1.  A total of 539 AMS  DELC14 samples were 
collected at 23 stations.  In addition to the AMS samples, large volume 
Gerard samples were also collected on this cruise.


TABLE 1.  AMS Station Locations
                                                  Max.     
                                       Bottom     Sample    Sample
Station  Date     Latitude  Longitude  Depth (m)  Pressure  Extraction
-------  -------  --------  ---------  ---------  --------  ----------
   6     16/5/93  38.627    -124.061     2534       2566     NOSAMS
  10     18/5/93  38.230    -124.981     3872       3948     NOSAMS
  13     18/5/93  37.504    -126.643     4520       4601     U. Wash.
  28     23/5/93  34.585    -135.000     5192       5301     U. Wash.
  31     24/5/93  36.000    -135.001     5121       5204     U. Wash.
  34     24/5/93  37.499    -135.010     5244       5357     U. Wash.
  39     26/5/93  39.618    -135.002     4738       4837     NOSAMS
  45     27/5/93  40.503    -135.003     4241       4326     U. Wash.
  48     28/5/93  41.653    -136.999     3992       4051     NOSAMS
  51     29/5/93  42.637    -137.528     4160       4207     U. Wash.
  58     31/5/93  44.956    -141.234     4413       4488     U. Wash.
  64      2/6/93  46.897    -144.429     4677       4765     U. Wash.
  68      3/6/93  48.214    -146.688     4662       4748     U. Wash.
  74      6/6/93  50.179    -150.155     4679       4769     U. Wash.
  78      8/6/93  51.491    -152.543     4622       4722     U. Wash.
  83      9/6/93  53.130    -155.633     4499       4579     U. Wash.
  95     13/6/93  54.488    -158.298     1857       1887     NOSAMS
  97     13/6/93  54.567    -158.442     1063       1085     NOSAMS
 127     16/6/93  54.060    -150.818     4445       4383     U. Wash.
 138     19/6/93  55.781    -141.616     3254       3320     U. Wash.
 141     20/6/93  56.216    -139.167     3327       3367     NOSAMS
 144     21/6/93  56.677    -136.593     2091       2091     U. Wash.
 146     21/6/93  56.778    -136.037     1057       1052     NOSAMS

The large volume results were reported previously by Key, 1996(b).


2.0  PERSONNEL

14C sampling for this cruise was carried out by R. Rotter from the Ocean 
Tracer Lab at Princeton University and R. Sonnerup from the Univ. of 
Washington. Sample extraction and _13C analyses were performed by either 
NOSAMS (National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility at Woods Hole Oceanographic 
Institution) or P. Quay's group at the U. Washington as indicated in the 
last column of Table 1.  14C analyses were performed at NOSAMS.  

Salinity, oxygen and nutrients were analyzed by Scripps ODF.  R. Key 
collected the data from the originators, merged the files, assigned 
quality control flags to the 14C results and submitted the data files to 
the WOCE office (2/98).  R. Key and P. Quay are the PIs for the 14C 
data.


3.0  RESULTS

This 14C data set and any changes or additions supersedes any prior 
release.  The DELC14 results reported here are, under WOCE guidelines, 
considered proprietary for two years after publication of the 
preliminary data report (Dec. 1999) or until publication, whichever 
comes first.


3.1  HYDROGRAPHY

Hydrography from this leg has been submitted to the WOCE office by the 
chief scientist and described in the hydrographic report which is 
available via the web address 
(http://diu.cms.udel.edu/woce/data/reports/pacific/p17_n_93_musgrave. 
sum).


3.2  14C

The DELC14 values reported here were originally distributed in a data 
report (NOSAMS, December 31, 1997).  That report included preliminary 
results which had not been through the WOCE quality control procedures.

All of the AMS samples from this cruise have been measured.  Replicate 
measurements were made on 13 water samples.  These replicate analyses are 
tabulated in Table 2.  The table shows the error weighted mean and 
uncertainty for each set of replicates.  Uncertainty is defined here as 
the larger of the standard deviation and the error weighted standard 
deviation of the mean.  For these replicates, the simple average of the 
normal standard deviations for the replicates is 3.9o/oo (equal weighting 
for each replicate set).  This precision is typical for the time frame 
over which these samples were measured (Jul. 1995 - Dec. 1997).  Note 
that the errors given for individual measurements in the final data 
report (with the exception of the replicates) include only counting 
errors, and errors due to blanks and backgrounds.  The uncertainty 
obtained for replicate analyses is an estimate of the true error which 
includes errors due to sample collection, sample degassing, etc.  For a 
detailed discussion of this see Key (1996).


TABLE 2.  Summary of Replicate Analyses

      Sta-Cast-Bottle  DELC14   Err   E.W.Mean (a)  Uncertainty (b)
      ---------------  ------  ----  ------------  ---------------
         6-1-14         21.81  3.18     24.18           4.48
                        28.15  4.12             
         31-1-1         27.14  6.36     35.76          15.34
                        48.83  7.83             
         45-1-15       -89.58  3.29    -90.29           2.44
                       -91.16  3.65             
         68-2-19      -190.39  4.62   -191.54           2.76
                      -192.18  3.44             
         83-1-8        -87.46  3.02    -91.50           5.03
                       -94.58  2.64             
         95-1-14        29.49  4.79     30.01           2.84
                        30.29  3.53             
         95-1-16       -14.12  3.05    -15.60           2.54
                       -17.72  3.64             
         127-1-2        21.65  3.75     25.43           3.93
                        27.21  2.57             
         127-1-20     -213.18  2.81   -214.03           2.03
                      -214.95  2.93             
         138-1-17     -134.76  3.27   -134.85           2.26
                      -134.92  3.12             
         138-1-28     -241.60  2.91   -245.72           8.41
                      -253.49  4.00             
         141-2-29     -229.80  3.03   -230.57           1.85
                      -231.02  2.33             
         146-1-34     -162.13  3.46   -167.64           2.10
                      -170.84  2.64             
         ----------------------------------------------------
           a. Error weighted mean reported with data set
           b. Larger of the standard deviation and the error 
              weighted standard deviation of the mean.


A check on the long term reproducibility of the measurements is possible 
by comparing data from this cruise with 2 previous WOCE cruises in the 
same area.  Figure 2 A compares data from P17N with the NOAA test cruise 
CGC91/1 (Key, et al., 1996).  The comparison is for the section along 
135°W between 34° and 42°N.  Figure 2 B compares data from P17N with 
P16N.  The comparison is for data bounded by the box 48°-55°N and 153°-
151°W (Key, et al., 1996).  For the data shown, the comparison is very 
good.  The only apparent difference is very near the surface where real 
seasonal differences in either DELC14 concentration or water structure 
could cause the offset.  In each figure the measurements are shown with 
2sigma error bars.


4.0  QUALITY CONTROL FLAG ASSIGNMENT

Quality flag values were assigned to all DELC14 measurements using the 
code defined in Table 0.2 of WHP Office Report WHPO 91-1 Rev. 2 section 
4.5.2. (Joyce, et al., 1994).  Measurement flags values of 2, 3, 4, 5 
and 6 have been assigned.  The choice between values 2 (good), 3 
(questionable) or 4 (bad) involves some interpretation.  

When using this data set for scientific application, any 14C datum which 
is flagged with a "3" should be carefully considered.  My subjective 
opinion is that any datum flagged "4" should be disregarded.  When 
flagging 14C data, the measurement error was taken into consideration.  
That is, approximately one-third of the 14C measurements are expected to 
deviate from the true value by more than the measurement precision 
(~3.9o/oo).  No measured values have been removed from this data set, 
therefore a flag value of 5 implies that the sample was totally lost 
somewhere between collection and analysis.  Table 3 summarizes the 
quality control flags assigned to this data set.  For a detailed 
description of the flagging procedure see Key, et al. (1996).


TABLE 3. Summary of Assigned Quality Control Flags

                              Flag  Number
                              ----  ------
                                2    504
                                3      7
                                4      1
                                5     14
                                6     13

5.0  DATA SUMMARY

Figures 3-10 summarize the DELC14 data collected on this leg.  Only 
DELC14 measurements with a quality flag value of 2 ("good") or 6 
("replicate") are included in each figure.  Figure 3 shows the DELC14 
values with 2sigma error bars plotted as a function of pressure.  The mid 
depth DELC14 minimum which normally occurs around 2200 to 2400 meters in 
the Pacific is very weak in this data set primarily because the deep and 
bottom water values are low relative to the rest of the Pacific.

Figure 4 shows the DELC14 values plotted against silicate.  The straight 
line shown in the figure is the least squares regression relationship 
derived by Broecker et al. (1995) based on the GEOSECS global data set.  
According to their analysis, this line (DELC14 = -70 - Si) represents 
the relationship between naturally occurring radiocarbon and silicate 
for most of the ocean.  They interpret deviations in DELC14  above this 
line to be due to input of bomb-produced radiocarbon, however, they note 
that the interpretation can be problematic at high latitudes.  Samples 
collected from shallower depths at these stations show an upward trend 
with decreasing silicate values reflecting the addition of bomb produced 
14C.  The DELC14  values for the silicate concentration range 0-120 
µmol/kg fall above Broecker's global pre-bomb trend.  With most of the 
Pacific data sets, the silicate - DELC14 trend doubles back on itself 
with the deep and bottom water values having a somewhat steeper slope 
than the waters from the thermocline (down to approximately 2500m).  
This doubling back is absent from the P17N data (Key, 1996b).  Even more 
unusual is the fact that DELC14  trend for shallow and thermocline 
waters is approximately straight.  Except for the southern ocean, all 
other regions of the Pacific have a DELC14  - silicate trend in the 
upper water column which markedly curves upward.  The reason for the 
unusual shape is currently under investigation.

Another way to visualize the 14C - silicate correlation is as a section.  
Figure 5 shows DELC14 as contour lines in silicate - latitude space for 
samples collected at depths between 500 and 2500 meters.  In this space, 
shallow waters are toward the bottom of the figure.  The 500 meter 
cutoff was selected to eliminate those samples having a very large bomb 
produced 14C component.  The 2500 meter cutoff was selected because this 
is the approximate depth of the DELC14 minimum.  For reference the 1000 
meter depth contour is also shown (heavy line).  For this data set, 
Broecker's hypothesis works reasonably well.  The DELC14  isolines are 
reasonably horizontal and the spacing of the isolines for contours which 
fall below the depth of bomb-radiocarbon contamination are more or less 
equal.  The upward curvature of the isolines with increasing latitude is 
consistent with the addition of "extra" silicate at depth as reported by 
Talley and Joyce (1992) for this region.  The presence of bomb produced 
radiocarbon in the shallower waters is indicated by the relatively close 
spacing of the isolines for these waters.

Figures 6-8 show DELC14 contoured along the three sections of the cruise 
track.  The "A" portion shows the upper 1.5 kilometers of the section 
and "B" the remainder of the water column.  These figures include both 
AMS (Key, 1996b) and large volume (Stuiver, et al.1996) results.  The 
data were gridded using the "loess" methods described in Chambers et al. 
(1983), Chambers and Hastie (1991), Cleveland (1979) and Cleveland and 
Devlin (1988).  Figure 9 A-C shows the same data as Figure 6-8A except 
the section is plotted in potential density (sigma theta) - latitude space.

For this region of the Pacific, the maximum DELC14 concentration was 
always found at or very near the surface.  Two features occur in each 
section (Fig. 6-8). First, in the upper water column the isolines show 
curvature near North America and second, the mid depth minimum is never 
occurs against the continent. These patterns are consistent with 
previous WOCE data sets and with the circulation described by Warren and 
Owens (1988).  These patterns are also reflected in Figure 10 which 
shows 3 objective maps (Sarmiento, et al., 1982) of the DELC14 
distribution using all available data.  In Figure 10A the distribution 
is on the sigma theta = 26.1 surface.  This surface is very near the sea 
surface, but has no substantial outcrop in the region shown (Levitus winter 
data). Unlike maps for the South Pacific, the values in this region decrease 
poleward implying no substantial horizontal source for bomb- produced 
radiocarbon in the region. Figure 10B shows the distribution on the 2300m depth 
surface which is the approximate depth of the DELC14 minimum. While the data are 
relatively sparse, the concentrations clearly increase southward. This result is 
the opposite of what is predicted by numerical model results (e.g. Toggweiler et 
al, 1989) which always predict the minimum will be against the continent along 
the northern boundary. The 2300m bathymetry is also shown on this map.  Figure 
10C shows the near bottom DELC14 distribution for stations where the water depth 
was at least 3500m. This map shows higher values (younger) along the Alaskan 
coast which is consistent with inflow via the Aleutian Current from the west. 
The second high in the southeast portion of the map has not been investigated at 
this point. As in the B portion of the figure, the minimum near-bottom values 
are clearly in the central portion of the region, not against the continental 
boundary.


5.1  REFERENCES AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION

Broecker, W.S., S. Sutherland and W. Smethie, Oceanic radiocarbon: 
    Separation of the natural and bomb components, Global Biogeochemical 
    Cycles, 9(2), 263-288, 1995.

Chambers, J.M. and Hastie, T.J., 1991, Statistical Models in S, 
     Wadsworth & Brooks, Cole Computer Science Series, Pacific Grove, 
    CA, 608pp.

Chambers, J.M., Cleveland, W.S., Kleiner, B., and Tukey, P.A., 1983, 
    Graphical Methods for Data Analysis, Wadsworth, Belmont, CA.

Cleveland, W.S., 1979, Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing 
    scatterplots, J. Amer. Statistical Assoc., 74, 829-836.

Cleveland, W.S. and S.J. Devlin, 1988, Locally-weighted regression: An 
    approach to regression analysis by local fitting, J. Am. Statist. 
    Assoc, 83:596-610.

Joyce, T., and Corry, C., eds., Corry, C., Dessier, A., Dickson, A., 
    Joyce, T., Kenny, M., Key, R., Legler, D., Millard, R., Onken, R., 
    Saunders, P., Stalcup, M., contrib., Requirements for WOCE 
    Hydrographic Programme Data Reporting, WHPO Pub. 90-1 Rev. 2, 
    145pp., 1994.

Key, R.M., WOCE Pacific Ocean radiocarbon program, Radiocarbon, 38(3), 
    415-423, 1996.

Key, R.M. P17N Final Report for large volume samples, Ocean Tracer 
    Laboratory Technical Report 96-11, 21pp, July, 1996(b).

Key, R.M., P.D. Quay and NOSAMS, WOCE AMS Radiocarbon I: Pacific Ocean 
    results; P6, P16 & P17, Radiocarbon, 38(3), 425-518, 1996.

NOSAMS, National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility Data Report #97-129, Woods 
    Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, 1997.

Sarmiento, J.L., J. Willebrand and S. Hellerman, Objective analysis of 
    tritium observations in the Atlantic Ocean during 1971-74, Ocean 
    Tracer Laboratory Technical Report 82-1, 19pp, July, 1982.

Stuiver, M., G. Östlund, R.M. Key and P.J. Reimer, Large-volume WOCE 
    radiocarbon sampling in the Pacific Ocean, Radiocarbon, 38(3), 519- 
    561, 1996

Talley, L.D. and t.M. Joyce, The double silica maximum in the North 
    Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5465-5480, 1992.

Toggweiler, J.R., K. Dixon, and K. Bryan, Simulations of radiocarbon in 
    a coarse-resolution world ocean model 1. Steady state prebomb 
    distributions, J. Geophys. Res., 94(6), 8217-8242, 1989.

Warren, B.A. and B Owens, Deep currents in the central subarctic Pacific 
    Ocean, J. Phys. Ocean., 18, 529-551, 1988

Wessel, P. and W.H.F. Smith, Free software helps map and display data, 
    EOS Trans. AGU, 72(441), 445-446, 1991.

Wessel, P. and W.H.F. Smith, New version of the generic mapping tools 
    released, EOS Trans. AGU, 76, 329, 1995. 


5.2  FIGURE LEGENDS:

Figure 1: AMS 14C station locations for WOCE P17N (map by GMT, Wessel and Smith, 
          1991,1995).

Figure 2: Data comparison for overlap regions of the cruises indicated.  Data 
          are shown with 2sigma error bars. Other than very near the surface 
          where real seasonal differences may exist, the data appear to agree to 
          within the estimated uncertainty.

Figure 3: DELC14 results for P17N stations shown with 2_ error bars.  Only those 
          measurements having a quality control flag value of 2 or 6 are 
          plotted.

Figure 4: DELC14 as a function of silicate for P17N AMS samples. The straight 
          line shows the relationship proposed by Broecker, et al., 1995 (DELC14 
          = -70 - Si with radiocarbon in o/oo and silicate in µmol/kg).

Figure 5: Section of 14C contours along latitude in silicate space for the 500-
          2500m depth range. Note that for this section, "shallow" is toward the 
          bottom. The 1000m depth contour is added for orientation (heavier line 
          between -220 and -200 DELC14 contours).

Figure 6: DELC14 sections for WOCE P17N from San Francisco southwest to 
          approximately 34°Nx135°W. The section in shown in two parts to allow 
          more detail. In B. any existing large volume data is included to 
          maximize the data density. See text for gridding method. The bottom 
          topography in B is taken from cruise data, but only using those 
          stations on which DELC14 was measured.

Figure 7: DELC14 sections for WOCE P17N from 34°Nx135°W north to approximately 
          41°Nx135°W then northwestward to Dutch Harbor, AK. The section in 
          shown in two parts to allow more detail. In B. any existing large 
          volume data is included to maximize the data density. See text for 
          gridding method. The bottom topography in B is taken from cruise data, 
          but only using those stations on which DELC14 was measured.

Figure 8: DELC14 sections for WOCE P17N from 53°Nx156°W east northeastward to 
          Sitka, AK. The section in shown in two parts to allow more detail. In 
          B. any existing large volume data is included to maximize the data 
          density. See text for gridding method. The bottom topography in B is 
          taken from cruise data, but only using those stations on which DELC14 
          was measured

Figure 9: DELC14 along WOCE section P17N plotted in potential density (sigma 
          theta) - latitude space.

Figure 10: A. DELC14 distribution on the sigma theta =26.1. B. Distribution on 
          the 2300m surface near the DELC14 minimum. C. Near-bottom DELC14 
          distribution for stations having bottom depth of at least 3500m. 


F.  WHPO SUMMARY

STATIONs number 100 to 120 are non_WOCE stations.  They are represented
in the sum file to show the cruise was continious.  The data will
not be avialable in WOCE format.
  
Several data files are associated with this report.  They are the P17n.sum, 
325021_1.hyd, 325021_1.csl and *.wct files.  The 325021_1.sum file contains 
a summary of the location, time, type of parameters sampled, and other pertinent
information regarding each hydrographic station.  The 325021_1.hyd file 
contains the bottle data. The *.wct files are the ctd data for each station.  
The *.wct files are zipped into one file called 325021_1wct.zip. The P17n.csl 
file is a listing of ctd and calculated values at standard levels.

The following is a description of how the standard levels and
calculated values were derived for the 325021_1.csl file:

Salinity, Temperature and Pressure:  These three values were smoothed from
the individual CTD files over the N uniformly increasing pressure levels.
using the following binomial filter-

         t(j) = 0.25ti(j-1) + 0.5ti(j) + 0.25ti(j+1) j=2....N-1

When a pressure level is represented in the *.csl file that is not
contained within the ctd values, the value was linearly interpolated
to the desired level after applying the binomial filtering.   

Sigma-theta(SIG-TH:KG/M3), Sigma-2 (SIG-2: KG/M3), and Sigma-4(SIG-4:
KG/M3): These values are calculated using the practical salinity scale
(PSS-78) and the international equation of state for seawater (EOS-80)
as described in the Unesco publication 44 at reference pressures of the
surface for SIG-TH; 2000 dbars for Sigma-2; and 4000 dbars for Sigma-4.

Gradient Potential Temperature (GRD-PT: C/DB 10-3) is calculated as the
least squares slope between two levels, where the standard level is the
center of the interval.  The interval being the smallest of the two
differences between the standard level and the two closest values.
The slope is first determined using CTD temperature and then the
adiabatic lapse rate is subtracted to obtain the gradient potential
temperature.  Equations and Fortran routines are described in Unesco
publication 44.

Gradient Salinity (GRD-S: 1/DB 10-3) is calculated as the least squares
slope between two levels, where the standard level is the center of the
standard level and the two closes values.  Equations and Fortran
routines are described in Unesco publication 44.

Potential Vorticity (POT-V: 1/ms 10-11) is calculated as the vertical
component ignoring contributions due to relative vorticity, i.e.
pv=fN2/g, where f is the coriolius parameter, N is the buoyancy
frequency (data expressed as radius/sec), and g is the local
acceleration of gravity. 

Buoyancy Frequency (B-V: cph) is calculated using the adiabatic
leveling method, Fofonoff (1985) and Millard, Owens and Fofonoff
(1990).  Equations and Fortran routines are described in Unesco
publication 44.

Potential Energy (PE: J/M2: 10-5) and Dynamic Height (DYN-HT: M) are
calculated by integrating from 0 to the level of interest.  Equations and 
Fortran routines are described in Unesco publication 44.

Neutral Density (GAMMA-N: KG/M3) is calculated with the program GAMMA-N
(Jackett and McDougall) version 1.3 Nov. 94.  



G.   DQE EVAULATIONS

G.1  CTD DATA QUALITY EVALUATION OF WOCE P17N
     (Micho Aoyama)
     8 APRIL 1996


GENERAL:
The data quality of WOCE P17N CTD data (EXPOCODE: 325021_1) and the CTD 
salinity and oxygen found in dot sea file are examined. 

The individual 2 dbar profiles were observed in temperature, salinity 
and oxygen by comparing the profiles obtained at the nearby stations. 

The CTD salinity and oxygen calibrations are examined using the water 
sample data file p17n.mka. DQE used the original water sample data 
flagged "2" only for the DQE work.


1. DETAILS

CTD PROFILES:
The temperature and salinity profiles generally look good. Since the 
data originator has done a pretty reliable work in evaluating their 
data, CTD data flagged "2-good" has a pretty good quality. Although the 
data originator has solved some CTD salinity offset problems well, DQE 
would like to complain of CTD conductivity offsets adapted by the data 
originator as described in the next section.


2. EVALUATION OF CTD CALIBRATIONS TO WATER SAMPLES

SALINITY CALIBRATION:
The onboard calibration for salinity looks good in general. Standard 
deviation of Ds, Ds = CTD salinity in dot sea file - bottle salinity, is 
0.00467 psu for all data and 0.00112 pss for deeper than 2000 dbar, 
respectively.

The histogram of Ds for all depths shows a symmetric distribution (fig. 
1). Since the larger difference are shallower layers, larger Ds 
disappeared in the histogram of Ds for deeper than 2000 dbar (fig. 2). 
DQE, however, observed the non-symmetric distribution of Ds in deep 
salinity fit. DQE observed that Ds vs. pressure plot shows a small bias 
of ca. -0.001 psu in the deeper than 2000 dbar, while it shows a small 
bias of 0.001 psu in the shallower than 1500 dbar (fig. 3).

DQE also observed that the Ds in deep salinity fit shows a larger 
discontinuity at several stations as shown in fig 4 considering the 
accuracy and precision of CTD salinity for the WOCE one time survey 
standards for CTD measurements . The magnitude of the discontinuity and 
the stations are summarized in table 1 together with the problems 
recorded in table 1.7.0 in the cruise report;


TABLE 1: Summary of Ds offset larger than 0.002 psu.

stations                      Ds offset        related comment in cruise report
---------------------------   --------------   --------------------------------
a) between stn.  11 and  12   ca.  0.004 psu   sal. offset at stn. 11
b) between stn.  24 and  25   ca.  0.002 psu   power outage at stn. 24 
c) between stn.  26 and  27   ca. -0.002 psu   power outage at stn. 27 
d) between stn.  45 and  47   ca. -0.003 psu   sal. offset at stn. 47
e) between stn.  47 and  48   ca.  0.002 psu   sal. offset at stn. 47
f) between stn.  55 and  56   ca.  0.003 psu   no problem recorded
g) between stn.  79 and  81   ca. -0.002 psu   sal. offset at stn. 80
h) between stn. 121 and 122   ca. -0.003 psu   no problem recorded
i) between stn. 126 and 128   ca.  0.003 psu   no problem recorded
j) between stn. 131 and 133   ca. -0.002 psu   no problem recorded
k) between stn. 135 and 136   ca. -0.002 psu   no problem recorded
   note: DQE marked a) through k) in fig. 4 (see PDF).

 
DQE thinks that something might have occurred to the conductivity sensor 
at the stations listed in above table . For an example, DQE thinks that 
the smoothed offset for the station group 068-097 is not in good fit. 
Then, Ds for stations 068-097 has a clear trend from -0.001 psu to 0.001 
psu between 068 and 079, thereafter Ds for stations 080-097 shows clear 
trend from -0.001 psu to 0.001 psu again. DQE think this can be 
explained by the wrong estimation of the slope of the CTD conductivity 
offset due to the unsuitable station grouping. If the data originator 
will divide this station group of 068-097 into 2 station groups of 068-
079 and 080-097 and apply new CTD conductivity offsets to CTD 
conductivities in new 2 station groups, the trend of Ds will be expected 
to be smaller remarkably. 

DQE suggests that the CTD conductivity offsets should be applied to CTD 
conductivity in more station groups taking into account the Ds trend as 
shown in fig. 4. DQE also suggests additional calibration for decreasing 
the pressure dependency of Ds will improve the quality of CTD salinity.


OXYGEN CALIBRATION:
Standard deviation of Dox, Dox = CTD oxygen in dot sea file - bottle 
oxygen, is 4.49 umol/kg for all depths and the standard deviation of Dox 
is 0.89 umol/kg for deeper than 200 dbar. These confirms the good oxygen 
calibration work.

DQE observed no significant station dependency of Dox. DQE observes 
"weak pressure dependency" of Dox in fig. 5. Although the range of 
dependency is ca. 1 u mol/kg, if PI of CTDO could correct this tendency, 
the quality of CTD oxygen data will be further improved.


The following are some specific problems that should be looked at:

Stn. 70 at 4262-4848 dbar and 4150-4172 dbar: CTD salinity looks shifted 0.002 higher.
                                              Suggest flag "3"
Stn. 138  at 3126 dbar and 3128 dbar:         CTD oxygen spikes are observed. 
                                              Suggest flag "3"



G.2  DATA QUALITY EVALUATION OF WOCE P17N HYDROGRAPHIC DATA 
     (Michio AOYAMA)
     10 April 1996


The data quality of the hydrographic data of the WOCE P17N cruise 
(EXPOCODE: 325021/1) are examined.The data files for this DQE work was 
P17N.sum and P17N.mka ( this P17N.mka file is created for DQE, then it 
has a new column of quality 2 word) provided by WHPO.

GENERAL:
The station spacing was less than 30 nautical miles and the sampling 
layer spacing was kept ca. 250 dbar in the deeper layers during this 
P17N cruise. The ctd lowering were made to within 2 -19 meters to the 
sea bottom. Since the data originators have done a pretty reliable work 
in evaluating their data, hydrographic data flagged "2-good" has a 
pretty good quality. This high density and high quality data will 
improve our knowledge on the eastern North Pacific following the update 
of Pacific Ocean deep water data set.

DQE used the data flagged "2" by data originator for this DQE work.

DQE examined 6 profiles, 6 property vs. theta plots, and 2 property vs. 
property plots as listed below:

…salinity, oxygen, silicate, nitrate,nitrite and phosphate profiles
…salinity, oxygen, silicate, nitrate,nitrite and phosphate vs. theta plot
…nitrate vs. phosphate plot
…salinity vs. silicate plot


SALINITY:
Bottle salinity profile looks good. Salinity vs. oxygen and theta vs. 
salinity plots also looks reasonable. DQE thinks that the flags of the 
bottle salinity data are reliable.

OXYGEN:
Bottle oxygen profile looks good. Salinity vs. oxygen and theta vs. 
oxygen plots also looks reasonable. DQE thinks that the flags of the 
bottle oxygen data are reliable.

NUTRIENTS:
Since nutrient PI has done a pretty reliable work in evaluating their 
data, the profiles of silicate, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate looks 
pretty well. Nitrate vs. phosphate plot and silicate vs. salinity plot 
also look pretty reasonable. 

  (The data originator was concerned in the comparison with historical 
  silica data in the cruise report. DQE also observes a larger
  difference between P17N silica and P1 silica data at the crossing. 
  However, a verification of overall traceability among the WOCE cruises  
  and historical data might depend a further work in the near future.)


The following are some specific problems that should be looked at:

STNNBR XX/CASTNO X/SAMPNO XX at XXXX dbar:

 9/1/36 at 3646 dbar:  Silicate concentration looks higher.  Suggest flag "3".
44/1/36 at 4207 dbar:  Bottle salinity  looks higher.        Suggest flag "3".
56/1/24 at 1926 dbar:  Bottle salinity  looks lower.         Suggest flag "3".
56/1/27 at 2220 dbar:  Bottle salinity  looks lower.         Suggest flag "3".
78/2/36 at 4703 dbar:  Bottle salinity  looks lower.         Suggest flag "3".
 

INPUT FILE:         pl7n.mka
THE DATE TODAY IS:  8-APR-96

STNNBR  CASTNO  SAMPNO  CTDPRS  SALNTY  OXYGEN  SILCAT  NITRAT  NITRIT  PHSPHT  QUALT1  QUALT2
                                ******* ****** *******  ******  ******  ******    
   9      1       36    3645.9                   178.93                         ~~2~~~  ~~3~~~
  44      1       36    4206.5  34.6815                                         2~~~~~  3~~~~~
  56      1       24    1926.4  34.5764                                         2~~~~~  3~~~~~
  56      1       27    2220.3  34.6096                                         2~~~~~  3~~~~~
  78      2       36    4703.2  34.6819                                         2~~~~~  3~~~~~



G.3. Final CFC Data Quality Evaluation (DQE) Comments on P17N.
     (David Wisegarver)
     Dec 2000
 
During the initial DQE review of the CFC data, a small number
of samples were given QUALT2 flags which differed from the initial
QUALT1 flags assigned by the PI.  After discussion, the PI concurred
with the DQE assigned flags and updated the QUAL1 flags for these
samples.

The CFC concentrations have been adjusted to the SIO98 calibration Scale
(Prinn et al. 2000) so that all of the Pacific WOCE CFC data will be on
a common calibration scale.

For further information, comments or questions, please, contact the CFC
PI for this section:
                     R. Fine, rfine@rsmas.miami.edu
                                   or 
                  David Wisegarver (wise@pmel.noaa.gov).

Additional information on WOCE CFC synthesis may be available at:
                     http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/cfc.

********************************************************************
Prinn, R.G., R.F. Weiss, P.J. Fraser, P.G. Simmonds, D.M. Cunnold, 
    F.N. Alyea, S.O'Doherty, P. Salameh, B.R. Miller, J. Huang, 
    R.H.J. Wang, D.E. Hartley, C. Harth, L.P. Steele, G. Sturrock, 
    P.M. Midgley, and A. McCulloch, A history of chemically and 
    radiatively important  gases in air deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE.  
    Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 17,751-17,792, 2000.
********************************************************************





DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date      Contact         Data Type       Data Status Summary
--------  --------------  --------------  -------------------------------
12/19/95  Musgrave        DOC             Final ODF Data Report submitted

03/29/96  Aydin           He/Tr           Submitted for DQE

04/10/96  Aoyama          CTD/S/O         DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO

05/23/96  Stuiver         C13/C14         Submitted updated data files
          Rcd File from Stuiver (P.J. Reimer) with new values calculated 
          with corrected c13 values.
          Based on Notes from Reimer with mailing:
             The c14 flags for following, at least, should be marked 3 or 4:
                      Cruise P17N  
                      Station  Cast Bottle  Reason
                        10       1    84    Cap swollen
                        10       1    90    Sample Na2CO2 sample
                       141       1    89    Leaky cap
             These sample flags for c14 initialized at 3
          
             QC LV C-14 data
                        10-1-81 HI vs P and on section mark 4
                        28-1-93 lo vs P and on section mark 3
                        68-1-93 lo vs P,Si mark 3
                        78-3-85 hi vs P mark 3

06/14/96  Dunworth-Baker  He/Tr           Data Merged into HYD File

07/10/96  Musgrave        CTD/S/O         DQE Report sent to PI

07/11/96  Key             DELC14lv        DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO

04/29/97  Aydin           TRITUM          Submitted for DQE

02/18/98  Key             DELC14          DQE Report rcvd @ WHPO

03/10/98  Key             DELC14          proprietary; Release 12/99

11/23/98  Musgrave        CTD/NUTs        Website Updated  Status 
          changed to Public

11/24/98  Diggs           BTL             Public except CFCs/Tr/HE
          Dr. Musgrave has changed the status of the bottle nutrients and ctd 
          files to 'PUBLIC'.  I have stripped out the following parameters and 
          made the files (the new stripped files w/o CFC-11  CFC-12  TRITUM  
          DELHE3 HELIUM TRITER DELHER  HELIER) available on our website.

01/11/99  Bullister       CTD             Status changed to Public on website

10/25/99  Talley          SUM             Data Update
          Maggie Cook at WHOI alerted me to very small errors in the headers 
          in the sum files for p17n and p17e - the LATITUDE and LONGITUDE 
          labels are 1 column too far to the left. I have fixed them and put 
          them in the incoming for the WHPO. I also changed the date stamp 
          on them, but if you think these changes are too minor, change 
          those back. 

01/29/99  Kozyr           ALKALI/TCO2     Final Data Submitted

04/13/99  Musgrave        SUM             Update needed; acoustic depths wrong?
          Our console logs show That the deepest pressure that a bottle was 
          tripped was at 3743 db (before correcting for the deck reading 
          which was about 18). The Uncorrected acoustic depth was 3543 m, 
          which is close to the value at the beginning of the cast: 3532 m.
          
          The CTD cast file for st 92 shows a maximum pressure of 3722 db. 
          There is a note on the console log that the down time was recorded 
          a little late (the bottom bottle was tripped at 1620 and the 
          downtime was recorded as 1625). Maybe they recorded the acoustic 
          depths wrong.
          
          It looks like the acoustic depth is wrong. The max wire out was 
          3648 m.
          
          We would have to back to the PDR log to and see what the acoustic 
          depth was at 1620 on 13June93.

04/14/99  Talley          SUM             column alignment corrected
          I placed an edited version of p17nsu.txt in my ftp area on whpo. 
          There was a column misalignment and mising information on lines 
          343 (station 92), picked up by Maggie Cook at WHOI. I corresponded 
          with Dave Musgrave about it. Here is his answer.  I inserted -9 in 
          the two columns for which there is no information for station 92. 
          I realigned the max wire out and max press columns. 

04/16/99  Bartolacci      SUM             HYD file Updated as per Talley 
          changes I've replaced the p17n .sum file with Lynne's updated 
          version (see below for changes made). I have also edited the file 
          to change all slashes in expocodes to underscores, and I have 
          edited the table to reflect the updated file.

04/29/99  Bartolocci      DELC13          Data and/or Status info 
          requested from Paul Quay

10/08/99  Evans           DELHE3          Data Update

10/20/99  Willey          CFCs            Final Data Submitted
          This is a follow-up to last month's message requesting that all of 
          our Pacific and Indian Ocean CFCs be made accessible to the 
          public.  Our cruises are; (Pacific) P17C, P1716S, P06E, P19C, 
          P17N, P21E, and (Indian) I09N, I05W/I04, I07N, I10. 
          
          I just ftp'd updated/final CFC data for our WOCE Pacific cruises;  
          p17c, p1716s, p6e, p19c, p17n, p21e.  There are 2 files for each 
          cruise.  The file with the extension '.sea' is the hydro file 
          (from your website) with our final CFC values merged in.  The file 
          with the '.dat' extension is a file with stn, cast, samp, cfcs and 
          cfc quality bytes.

02/04/00  Kozyr           ALKALI/TCARBN   Final Data Submitted

04/14/00  Key  DELC14  Data are Public
          As of 3/2000 the 2 year clock expired on the last of the Pacific 
          Ocean C14 data (P10).  All Pacific Ocean WOCE C-14 data should be 
          made public. 

04/19/00  Bartolacci      DELC14          Reformatting needed
          Data are at WHPO, not in WOCE format (RAW), therefore not merged.

05/17/00  Muus            SUM             Update needed; Error found
          Found another p17n .SUM error.  Station 48 Cast 2 BO longitude
          should be 135 degrees instead of 136 degrees.  BE and EN are ok. 
          
          325021_1  P17N  48  2  ROS 052893 2025  BE  41 39.36 N  136   0.34 W
          325021_1  P17N  48  2  ROS 052893 2146  BO  41 39.19 N  136  59.91 W
          325021_1  P17N  48  2  ROS 052893 2318  EN  41 39.11 N  135  59.63 W

05/17/00  Muus            SUM             Update needed; Error found
          While working with P17N for a Jim Swift project I found an error 
          in the .SUM file.  Station 35 BE and BO latitude should be 37 
          degrees instead of 38 degrees. EN is ok.  The ODF woce .SUM file 
          in the ODF p17n cruise directory is ok.      
          
          325021_1  P17N  34  1  ROS 052493 2215  BE  37 30.01 N  135   0.05 W
          325021_1  P17N  34  1  ROS 052493 2356  BO  37 29.95 N  135   0.63 W
          325021_1  P17N  34  1  ROS 052593 0204  EN  37 29.67 N  135   1.59 W
          325021_1  P17N  35  1  ROS 052593 0507  BE  38 59.99 N  135   0.03 W
          325021_1  P17N  35  1  ROS 052593 0633  BO  38 59.83 N  135   0.04 W
          325021_1  P17N  35  1  ROS 052593 0816  EN  37 59.86 N  135   0.25 W
          325021_1  P17N  36  1  ROS 052593 1113  BE  38 29.50 N  134  59.99 W
          325021_1  P17N  36  1  ROS 052593 1246  BO  38 29.93 N  135   0.70 W
          325021_1  P17N  36  1  ROS 052593 1423  EN  38 29.73 N  135   0.46 W

06/05/00  Muus            SUM             Data Update  Errors corrected
          A corrected version of p17nsu.txt is now in 
             /usr/export/ftp/pub/WHPO/MUUS
          with the corrections described in my two May 17 emails.      

06/06/00  Bartolacci      SUM             corrected sum file now OnLine
          I've replaced the p17n sumfile with Dave Muus' corrected version.

06/21/00  Bartolacci      helium/delhe3   not yet merged into btl file

08/29/00  Anfuso          HELIUM/DELHE3   Data Merged into OnLine File
          Merged helium and delhe3 data and data flags into BTL file. 
          Merging comments are in original subdir 1999.10.08_P17N_HE_LUPTON-
          EVANS (below):
          
          p17nwoce.csv.txt : renamed this helium data file to 
                             p17nhel.dat,2000.08.29 SRA.
          p17nhel_edt.dat :  this is the helium data file, I edited the 
                             header and replaced the comma delimited data values 
                             w/ spaces.

                             Also, replaced missing molal[He] values w/ 
                             -9.0000 (formerly white space) on sta/cst/btl: 
                             22/1/20; 28/2/24; 37/1/37; 54/1/29; 56/1/36; 
                             62/2/25,27; 67/1/38; 77/1/23; 127/1/25; 137/1/23; 
                             26,31,32; 143/1/24
          mrgsea:            successfully merged %deltaHe and molal[He] data 
                             columns and associated flags into bottle data file 
                             (.../p17n/p17nhy.txt). 
          Run time formats:
                             %deltaHe= a7, i5, a6, f9.2, i5; molal[He]=a7, i5, 
                             a6, 16x, f8.4, i5
          2000.08.29 SRA
             ..../original/p17nhy_rplcd_2000.08.29.txt: this is the former 
             p17nhy.txt file.

08/30/00  Uribe           tcarbn/alkali   need to be merged into HYD file
          Moved from ftp-incoming to p17n original directory, the following 
          files: p17n_sum.txt, p17nhy.txt, changes. These all refer to cfc 
          merging completed by DMN.  P17ncarb.txt contains carbon and 
          alkalinity data that still need merging into bottle file.

09/20/00  Anfuso          CFCs            Re-merged into OnLine HYD file
          
          Previous p17nhy.txt file had data and data flag problems (mainly 
          He/Trt).  Reconstrucing bottle data file.
          
          Using hyd data from 
             /home/whpo/sdiggs/WHPO/WHOI/DATA/P_1TIME/p17n/p17n.mka
          verified this is the same data that is in the current p17nhy.txt file
          
          All merged files are saved in DATAMERGED dir.
          
          Remerged cfc data from (cfc-11, cfc-12) 
          ...original/1999.10.20_P17N_CFC_FINE_WILLEY/FINE_ WILLEY_CFS_19991020_ 
             p17n_cfcs.dat file.

          NOTE: this data is an updated cfc data set from Fine's group 
                (per README notes in 1999.10.20_P17N_CFC_FINE_WILLEY dir).  
                This updated data set was never merged into the previous 
                p17nhy.txt file.  In the updated data set, there are 3 samples 
                that are not present that were present in the original data set.

                   sta/cst/samp  Notes:
                   ------------  ----------------------
                      16/1/4     niskin bottle flag = 4
                      19/1/5              ?
                      67/1/6     niskin bottle flag = 4

          These problems are not further investigated.

09/20/00  Anfuso          HELIUM/TRITUM   Re-merged into OnLine HYD file 
          Previous p17nhy.txt file had data and data flag problems (mainly 
          He/Trt).  Reconstrucing bottle data file.
          
          Using hyd data from 
             /home/whpo/sdiggs/WHPO/WHOI/DATA/P_1TIME/p17n/p17n.mka
          verified this is the same data that is in the current p17nhy.txt file
          
          …All merged files are saved in DATAMERGED dir.
          …Remerged tritium/helium data (tritum, helium, delhe3, triter, 
           helier, delher, c14err).
             There are 3 existing files containing tritium data.  2 of 
               theses files came with the data set from WHOI WHPO; they are 
               p17trt.raw and p17n.trt.  The data values and data formats are 
               different (all for the same samples) in these 2 files.  It was 
               assumed that p17n.trt contained the most up-to-date data for 
               the period when these files were submitted to WHOI WHPO.  The 
               data flags were confusing and incorrect; they could not be 
               correlate with the data (e.g. which flags where associated with 
               which parameters).  Correspondence with Jane Dunworth Baker at 
               WHOI confirmed there were problems with the data flags.  Data 
               was merged into the bottle file with SIOWHPO revised data 
               flags:  missing data was flagged '9', all other values 
               submitted were assumed to be OK and flagged '2'.
             The third existing data file contained tritium data and was 
               from Z. TOP (1997).  This is assumed to be the most up-to-date 
               version of all tritium data for the P17N leg.  The data file 
               contained no cast values or data flags.  Cast values were 
               generated according to the sample log sheet maintained by ODF 
               (P17N) for tritium samples taken during this expedition.  Flags 
               were generated as stated above (2 for any reported data, 
               missing data flagged as 9).
          …Remerged LUPTON-EVANS helium data and flags.  This data was 
           already reformatted in the *LUPTON-EVANS dir.

09/20/00  Anfuso          TCARBN/ALKALI   Re-merged into OnLine HYD file
          Previous p17nhy.txt file had data and data flag problems (mainly 
           He/Trt).  Reconstrucing bottle data file.
          
          Using hyd data from 
             /home/whpo/sdiggs/WHPO/WHOI/DATA/P_1TIME/p17n/p17n.mka
          verified this is the same data that is in the current p17nhy.txt file
          
          All merged files are saved in DATAMERGED dir.
          Merged KOZYR tcarbn/alkali data.  This data was already formatted; 
           substituted -999.0 for -999.9 when data was missing.

09/21/00  Anfuso          C14             Remerged delc14 Data added to website 
          C14 data and data flags into original hyd data file. These bottle 
          data had to be remerged due to problems with data flags in the 
          originally merged bottle data file. Complete documentation 
          regarding remerge is in original subdir 2000.09.16_P17N_REMERGE.

12/11/00  Uribe           DOC             Submitted  txt version online
          2000.12.11 KJU
          File contained here is a CRUISE SUMMARY and NOT sumfile. 
          Documentation is online.
          
          2000.10.11 KJU
          Files were found in incoming directory under whp_reports. This 
          directory was zipped, files were separated and placed under proper 
          cruise. All of them are sum files.
          Received 1997 August 15th.

01/26/01  Huynh           DOC             Website Updated w/ pdf & txt versions
          DOC Has LVS and SVC14 rpts, Appendices A-D, DQE rpts both CTD and 
          bottle data, and data status notes.

02/06/01  Stuart          DELC13          Submitted

02/08/01  Kappa           DOC             Replace CTD report w/ ODF report

06/19/01  Swift           CTDTMP          Update Needed
          An oceanographically-insignificant error in CTDTMP data for this 
          cruise has been found (ca. -0.00024*T - 0.00036 degC).  A data 
          update is forthcoming. In the interim the corrected data files can 
          be obtained from: ftp://odf.ucsd.edu/pub/HydroData/woce/crs

06/20/01  Johnson         CTD             Data Processing error corrected
          revised data available by ftp  ODF has discovered a small error in the 
          algorithm used to convert ITS90 temperature calibration data to 
          IPTS68.  This error affects reported Mark III CTD temperature data for 
          most cruises that occurred in 1992-1999.  A complete list of affected 
          data sets appears below.

          ODF temperature calibrations are reported on the ITS90 temperature 
          scale.  ODF internally maintains these calibrations for CTD data 
          processing on the IPTS68 scale.  The error involved converting ITS90 
          calibrations to IPTS68.  The amount of error is close to linear with 
          temperature: approximately -0.00024 degC/degC, with a -0.00036 degC 
          offset at 0 degC.  Previously reported data were low by 0.00756 degC 
          at 30 degC, decreasing to 0.00036 degC low at 0 degC.  Data reported 
          as ITS90 were also affected by a similar amount.  CTD conductivity 
          calibrations have been recalculated to account for the temperature 
          change.  Reported CTD salinity and oxygen data were not significantly 
          affected.
          
          Revised final data sets have been prepared and will be available soon 
          from ODF (ftp://odf.ucsd.edu/pub/HydroData).  The data will eventually 
          be updated on the whpo.ucsd.edu website as well.
          IPTS68 temperatures are reported for PCM11 and Antarktis X/5, as 
          originally submitted to their chief scientists.  ITS90 temperatures 
          are reported for all other cruises.

          Changes in the final data vs. previous release (other than temperature 
          and negligible differences in salinity/oxygen):
          S04P:  694/03 CTD data were not reported, but CTD values were reported 
          with the bottle data.  No conductivity correction was applied to these 
          values in the original .sea file.  This release uses the same 
          conductivity correction as the two nearest casts to correct salinity.
          AO94:  Eight CTD casts were fit for ctdoxy (previously uncalibrated) 
          and resubmitted to the P.I. since the original release.  The WHP-
          format bottle file was not regenerated.  The CTDOXY for the following 
          stations should be significantly different than the original .sea file 
          values:

              009/01 013/02 017/01 018/01 026/04 033/01 036/01 036/02 

          I09N: The 243/01 original CTD data file was not rewritten after 
          updating the ctdoxy fit.  This release uses the correct ctdoxy data 
          for the .ctd file.  The original .sea file was written after the 
          update occurred, so the ctdoxy values reported with bottle data should 
          be minimally different.
          ======================================================================
          DATA SETS AFFECTED:
          WOCE Final Data - NEW RELEASE AVAILABLE:
            WOCE Section ID   P.I.                 Cruise Dates
            ------------------------------------------------------------
            S04P             (Koshlyakov/Richman)  Feb.-Apr. 1992
            P14C             (Roemmich)            Sept. 1992
            PCM11            (Rudnick)             Sept. 1992
            P16A/P17A        (JUNO1)  (Reid)       Oct.-Nov. 1992
            P17E/P19S        (JUNO2)  (Swift)      Dec. 1992 - Jan. 1993
            P19C             (Talley)              Feb.-Apr. 1993  
            P17N             (Musgrave)            May-June 1993
            P14N             (Roden)               July-Aug. 1993
            P31              (Roemmich)            Jan.-Feb. 1994
            A15/AR15         (Smethie)             Apr.-May 1994   
            I09N             (Gordon)              Jan.-Mar. 1995
            I08N/I05E        (Talley)              Mar.-Apr. 1995
            I03              (Nowlin)              Apr.-June 1995
            I04/I05W/I07C    (Toole)               June-July 1995
            I07N             (Olson)               July-Aug. 1995
            I10              (Bray/Sprintall)      Nov. 1995   
            ICM03            (Whitworth)           Jan.-Feb. 1997

          non-WOCE Final Data - NEW RELEASE AVAILABLE:
            Cruise Name       P.I.                 Cruise Dates
            ------------------------------------------------------------
            Antarktis X/5    (Peterson)            Aug.-Sept. 1992
            Arctic Ocean 94  (Swift)               July-Sept. 1994
            Preliminary Data - WILL BE CORRECTED FOR FINAL RELEASE ONLY
              NOT YET AVAILABLE: 
            Cruise Name       P.I.                 Cruise Dates
            ------------------------------------------------------------
            WOCE-S04I        (Whitworth)           May-July 1996   
            Arctic Ocean 97  (Swift)               Sept.-Oct. 1997
            HNRO7            (Talley)              June-July 1999
            KH36             (Talley)              July-Sept. 1999

          "Final" Data from cruise dates prior to 1992, or cruises which 
              did not use NBIS CTDs, are NOT AFFECTED.
          post-1991 Preliminary Data NOT AFFECTED:
            Cruise Name       P.I.                 Cruise Dates
            ------------------------------------------------------------
            Arctic Ocean 96  (Swift)               July-Sept. 1996
            WOCE-A24 (ACCE)  (Talley)              May-July 1997
            XP99             (Talley)              Aug.-Sept. 1999
            KH38             (Talley)              Feb.-Mar. 2000
            XP00             (Talley)              June-July 2000

06/22/01  Uribe           CTD/BTL         Website Updated; Exchange File Added
          CTD and Bottle files in exchange format have been put online.
          The Bottle File has the following parameters: 
             CFC-11, CFC-12
          The Bottle File contains:
             CastNumber StationNumber BottleNumber SampleNumber
          WISEGARVER, DAVID would like the data PUBLIC, and would like the 
          following done to the data: 
             MERGE CFC DATA
          Additional notes:  
             CFC DATA ON SIO98 SCALE

11/16/01  Bartolacci      CFCs            Data Ready to be Merged
          I have placed the updated CFC data file sent by Wisegarver into 
          the P17N original directory in a  subdirectory called 
          2001.07.09_P17N_CFC_UPDT_WISEGARVER
           
          This directory contains data, documentation and readme files. data 
          are ready for merging

02/08/02  Uribe           CTD             Website Updated; EXCHANGE File Added
          CTD has been converted to exchange using latest code and put online.

04/23/02  Key             LV data         Submitted 
          Attached are copies of files for P17N_LV. I've included various 
          details which may not be worth saving on your end. The files 
          contain both Gerard and piggyback Niskin data. If you run into 
          a flag value of "0" in the first listed file, it indicates that 
          the value was somehow estimated rather than being measured 
          (generally interpolation using Rosette data as basis)
          
          P17N.LV: the sum+hydro file I use with all flags, etc. Note that 
             the c13 in this (and all other LV files) is not research 
             quality. It is only adequate for fractionation correction to 
             the C14 samples.
          
          LV.bottle.notes.odf: what you'd expect 3250211.sum: old copy of 
             sum file with LV info included 3250211.lvs: original hyd file I 
             got from Jim's guys.
          
          This is one of the LV cruises I was not on, so I can't supply info 
          from memory.
          
          With respect to file P17N.LV, notes from my records follow: Oxygen 
          not measured, but add empty columns for O2 and aou for 
          compatibility.
          
                            Check ODF QC flags
                               Changes:
                               10-1-43 sif to 4
                               10-1-44 sif to 4
                               10-1-83 sif to 4
                               10-3-89 sif to 4
                               68-1-43 tf flag 3
          
          Corrected sum file for Station 28 cast 3 Latitude degrees should 
          have been 34, not 35 as recorded.
          
04/30/02  Anderson        DELC14/DELC13   website update
          Merged DELC14, C14ERR, DELC13, and C13ERR values I got from 
          Bob Key into p17n_lvs.txt file that was on the whpo web site 
          in: ...onetime/pacific/p17/p17n/original.

05/15/02  Muus  BTL/SUM  Website Updated
          Data merged into online file  (ctdtmp, ctdsal, theta, delc13
          
          Merged ODF revised temperature data and delc13 into web bottle 
          file. Corrected SUM file. 
          
          Notes on P17N  merging     May 15, 2002  D.Muus
          
          1. Corrected CRUISE DATES in first line of bottle file from 
                "052684 TO 062693" to "051593 TO 062693"
             Corrected DATES in first line of SUMMARY file from "051693-062293" 
                to "051593-062693"
          
          2. Changed "TRITIUM" to "TRITUM" in bottle file header.
          
          3. Merged P17N DELC13 from: 
                /usr/export/html-public/data/onetime/pacific/p17/original/ 
                20010206_C13_P17_STUART.email 
             into bottle file (p17nhy.txt 20000921WHPOSIOSRA)
          
             Only sample reference in C13 data file is station, cast and 
             niskin.  SAMPNO appears same as BTLNBR in bottle file so no 
             apparent problem.
          
          4. Merged revised ODF bottle data from:                    
                /usr/export/ftp/pub/HydroData/woce/p17n/p17nhyd.zip
             into bottle file resulting from #3 above.
          
          5. Changed QUALT2 from mostly "1"s and "9"s to same as QUALT1. 
             Then changed QUALT2 flags in following samples from 2 to 3 per 
             DQE:
                         Sta  9  Ca 1  Smp 36  silicate
                             44     1      36  salinity
                             56     1      24    "
                             56     1      27    "
                             78     2      36    "
             This had already been done on 20000921WHPOSIOSRA in amongst the 
               "1"s.
          
          6. SUMMARY file from web fails woce format to exchange format 
             conversion because of missing times in Station 92, Cast 1, BO and 
                                                            99,      1, BO
             and missing WOCE SECT in Stations 100-120 and 149-202.
             Added missing times from ODF SUMMARY file in p17nhyd.zip.
             Added missing WOCE SECT for non-woce stations from description in 
             ODF SUMMARY file.   Stations 100-120  shelf
                                          149-187  sound
                                          188-202  eddy
          
             ODF SUMMARY file fails sumchk. Data columns not lined up with 
             headers.
             
             Bottom depths somewhat uncertain
                      
                            Longitude North    Latitude West          Bottom Depth
                                                                   web  odf odf _pdr_log
          Sta Ca Date  Time web_____ odf_____  web______ odf______ "cor" unc unc  cor
 
           19 1 052093 1316 36  3.00 36  2.62  129 53.80 129 55.15 4957 4957 4957 4964
           20 1 052093 1935 35 47.90 35 47.92  130 27.69 130 27.72 4975 4975 4976 4983
           21 1 052193 0210 35 32.61 35 32.62  130 59.91 130 59.91 5064 5063 5064 5074
          198 1 062593 0502 56 39.39 56 39.39  139 59.52 139 59.92 3524 3524 3525 3501
          199 1 062593 0842 56 34.65 56 34.65  140 26.43 140 26.43 3579 3579 3579 3555
          200 1 062593 1236 56 29.96 56 29.96  140 51.80 140 51.80 3591 3591 3591 3567
          
          Changed header in web SUMMARY file from "COR CDEPTH" to "UNC DEPTH"
          Other blank spaces in web SUMMARY file filled in with values from 
             ODF file:
                      Sta Ca  Code
                        1  1   BO: #BTLS PAR  : 0 0
                        l  2   BO: #BTLS PAR  : 0 0
                       34  1   BO: WIRE OUT   : 5235
                       57  1   BO: MAX PRES   : 3788
                       58  3   MR: HT ABV BTM : 9
                       59  1   BO: WIRE OUT   : 4500
                       84  1   EN: UNC BTM    : 4659
                       92  1   BO: TIME       : 1621
                        "  "    ": UNC BTM    : 3541
                        "  "    ": HT ABV BTM : 9   
                       99  1   BO: TIME       : 1155
                        "  "    ": UNC BTM    : 223
                      131  1   BE: UNC BTM    : 3539
          
          Other changes made where web SUMMARY file differs from ODF SUMMARY 
             file.
          Used original ODF data to determine which value to use. Kept web 
          SUMMARY file value if no supporting evidence for change:

                      Sta Ca  Code
                       10  2   BO: UNC BTM   :  3896 vs. 3855 (3855 is WIRE OUT)
                       25  1   BE: UNC BTM   :  5077 vs. 5038
                       26  1   BE: UNC BTM   :  4272 vs. 4233
                       27  1   BE: UNC BTM   :  5238 vs. 5301
                        "  "   BO: UNC BTM   :  5250 vs. 5301
                        "  "   EN: UNC BTM   :  5263 vs. 5301
                       29  1   EN: UNC BTM   :  5211 vs. 5103
                       33  1   BE: UNC BTM   :  5037 vs. 5079
                       36  1   BE: UNC BTM   :  4447 vs. 4319
                       38  1   BE: UNC BTM   :  5003 vs. 5097
                       39  2   EN: LONG. DEG :   135 vs. 134
                       42  1   BE: UNC BTM   :  3176 vs. 3331
                       48  2   BO: UNC BTM   :  4021 vs. 3021
                       61  1   BE: UNC BTM   :  4579 vs. 4638
                        "  "   BO: UNC BTM   :  4583 vs. 4683
                        "  "   EN: UNC BTM   :  4583 vs. 4683
                       68  3   BE: CAST TYPE :   LVS vs. ROS
                        "  "   MR:  "    "   :   LVS vs. ROS
                        "  "   EN:  "    "   :   LVS vs. ROS
                       75  1   BO: HT ABV BTM:     8 vs. 89
                       80  1   BO: UNC BTM   :  4677 vs. 4773
                        "  "   EN: UNC BTM   :  4679 vs. 4780
                       82  1   EN: LONG. DEG :   155 vs. 154
                       91  1   BE: TIME      :  1126 vs. 1105
                        "  "    ": UNC BTM   :  4048 vs. 3916
                       92  1   BO: MAX PRES  :  3722 vs. 3743
                       96  2   DE: TIME      :  0710 vs. 0810
                       99  1   BO: MAX PRES  :   198 vs. 216
                      190  1   BO: HT ABV BTM: blank vs. 8 (cast aborted about 
                                                            1075m above bottom)
                      190  2   BE: CASTNO    : moved 1 column to right justify
                      190  2   BO: CASTNO    : moved 1 column to right justify
                      190  2   EN: CASTNO    : moved 1 column to right justify
          
          7. Made new exchange file for Bottle data.
          
          8. Checked new bottle file with Java Ocean Atlas.

05/31/02  Escher          BTL             Update Needed; file missing stations
          In the "hy" file,  stations 100 to 120 are missing.  They are in 
          the sum file, and the sum file indicates there should be bottle 
          data for 1-6 ( ie silcat, oxygen, nitrit...).

06/01/02  Anderson        TCARBN          Website Updated
          Changed QUALT1 flags for TCARBN on station 34.

06/07/02  Kozyr           TCARBN          Update needed
          Bob and Chris also think that P17N Station 34, all of the TCO2 values 
          deeper than 800dB (except the deepest at 5338.7 dB), flagged 3.

06/07/02  Talley          TCARBN          Update Requested by L Talley
          We're plotting P17 for the WHP atlas now. On the total carbon plot, 
          station 34 on P17N seems to be quite high compared with surrounding 
          stations.  Can you take a look at it and let me know if what we see is 
          correct? (It's the station at about 37N, 12200 km.)

06/11/02  Anderson        TCARBN          Website Updated; QUALT1 flags 
          updated  Changed QUALT1 flags for TCARBN on station 34 per Lynne 
          Talley

06/11/02  Talley          TCARBN          Update Needed
          TCARBN flags will be changed. We'll delete the values from the 
          section and check on the flags in general on that station. Just 
          looked and they are not flagged on the WHPO version. We will 
          change the flags to 3 and repost on the WHP website.

06/11/02  Anderson        BTL             Website Updated; QUALT flags changed
          Changed QUALT1 and QUALT2 flags for TCARBN on station 34 for 
          depths deeper than 800db, except for the deepest at 5338.7db to 3, 
          per e-mail from LynneTalley, Alex Kozyr, Bob Key, and Chris Sabine.

06/12/02  Anderson        CTD             Website Updated; Headers corrected
          Sharon Escher noted that files 10001.WCT through 12001.WCT had 5 
          in the last character of all headers. I corrected this. On further 
          investigation I noted that files 14901.WCT through 18701.WCT had 
          the same problem. I corrected those files

06/13/02  Anderson        CTD             Website Updated; EXCHANGE File Added
          Made new exchange file for the ctd data. Had to make a temporary 
          change to the .sum file, stas. 100-120 had shelf for WOCE SECT, 
          stas. 149-187 had sound for WOCE SECT, and stas. 188-202 had eddy 
          for WOCE SECT. Changed these to P17N only for the purpose of 
          making the exchange file.

06/28/02  Anderson        DELC14          Data Merged/Update needed
          File needs to be linked to web site, see note:  Merges DELC14, 
          C14ERR, DELC13, and C13ERR values I got from Bob Key into 
          p17n_lvs.txt file that was in p17n/original. This file needs to be 
          linked to the web site.

06/28/02  Uribe           LV data         Website Updated; LVS data added
          Large volume samples data has been linked to website. 

06/28/02  Anderson        LVS             Update Needed
          File needs to be linked to web site, see note:  Merges DELC14, 
          C14ERR, DELC13, and C13ERR values I got from Bob Key into 
          p17n_lvs.txt file that was in p17n/original. This file needs to be 
          linked to the web site.

08/13/02  Muus            CTD             Website Updated
          Corrected temps/reformatted files/made exchange files  
          Made new CTD zip file from revised ODF files with corrected 
             temperatures. 
          Changed file names from sss0c.ctd to p17n.0sss.c.wct to conform to 
             woce format. (sss=station, c=cast) 
          Made new CTD exchange format zip file using modified sumfile to keep 
             all stations in chronological order. 
             (WOCE SECT: shelf, sound & eddy changed to P17N.) 
          Checked new CTD exchange files with Java Ocean Atlas.

09/30/02  Bartolacci      BTL             Website Updated
          Merged missing non-WOCE data (stations 100-120, 149-202) into btl 
             file
          Merged missing Non-WOCE station data (stations 100-120, 149-202) 
             into current bottle file. 
          Recreated exchange, netCDF and inventory files.
          
          Notes: I have merged the Non-WOCE stations for P17N into the current 
                    online file. 325021_1.xtr- New stations file obtained from 
                    odf.  Contains stations 100-120, 149-202. 
                 Because these stations only contained S/O, nutrients and a Q1 
                    word, appropriate missing values were added to columns of 
                    missing parameters before stations were merged into online 
                    bottle file.  Q1 word was also copied to Q2 word and added 
                    missing value flags added prior to merging.
                 Ran wocecvt with no errors. Copied p17nhy_edt.txt to parent 
                    directory and renamed p17nhy.txt.
                 Recreated exchange, netCDF, and inventory files.
                 Moved all previous versions of these files to original 
                    directory and RCS'd the action.

09/30/02  Swift           BTL             Update Needed
          Sts. 100-120 and 149-203 missing data because of non-WHP status. I 
          have reviewed the ODF sample log sheets for a random selection of 
          stations in the intervals 100-120 and 149-203 from the cruise in 
          question and can see that at the least S, O2, and nutrients were 
          done, and I uncovered some CFCs and even one AMS 14C station. So 
          there are, somewhere (at ODF presumably, and perhaps at NODC) 
          bottle data for every one of the stations occupied during the 
          cruise that covered P17N.
          
          But a decision was made somewhere along the line to leave the non-
          WHP stations out of the WHPO data file.  For one thing, as you 
          note, the non-WHP stations from that cruise did not receive full 
          quality control.
          
          This is going to get into one of those data gray areas.  My own 
          preference would be to archive the complete cruise, and simply 
          note in the documentation that stations 100-120 and 149-203 are 
          not WOCE stations.  I do not like to see data lost.  For the non-
          WOCE stations we can put in whatever the quality code is that 
          means no quality code was assigned, right?
          
          I have copied this to Dave Musgrave, Rana Fine, and Kristin 
          Sanborn to see what words of wisdom they choose to impart.

10/16/02  Uribe           SUM/CTD         Website updated
          SUM converted to WOCE, CTD checked with no problems
          Sumfile was converted to WOCE format with the best of our 
             abilities from the French language version that was submitted. 
          Sumfile data was checked in JOA using the newly formatted CTDs and 
             no problems were apparent. 
          CTD were converted to exchange, netcdf and inventory file are now 
             online.

10/16/02  Anderson        BTL             Website Updated
          As noted by Sharon Escher, the second line of the headers was an 
          extra line, only an * in column 1. I deleted that line. The 
          exchange file does not appear to have been affected by this extra 
          line, so I did not make a new exchange file.

01/13/02  Kappa           DOC             Website Updated; docs expanded
          Compiled new doc files with David Wisegarver's CFC report, 
          expanded Data Processing Notes, figures provided by the PI, WHPO 
          and PI cruise tracks.
          
          

