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CRUISE REPORT:  P15S
(Updated DEC 2009)



A.    HIGHLIGHTS
A.1.  CRUISE SUMMARY INFORMATION
              Section designation  P15S
Expedition designation (ExpoCode)  09SS20090203
                  Chief Scientist  Dr. Bernadette M. Sloyan/CMAR
               Co-Chief Scientist  Dr. Susan Wijffels/CMAR 
                            Dates  2009 FEB 03 - 2009 MAR 24 
                             Ship  R/V Southern Surveyor
                    Ports of call  Wellington, New Zealand 
                                   Nuku'alofa, Tonga 
                                   Lautoka, Fiji 

                                                0
            Geographic boundaries  175°0'8" E        168°37'50" W
                                               50°S

                         Stations  128 CTD Stations 
     Floats and drifters deployed   8 ARGOS floats 
                                   10 Surface Drifters
   Moorings deployed or recovered  0

                     Chief Scientists Contact Information:
CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research • GPO 1538 • Hobart, Tasmania 7001 • AUS
  Dr. Bernadette M. Sloyan                                Dr. Susan Wijffels
  email: Bernadette.Sloyan@csiro.au          Email:  Susan.Wijffels@csiro.au
  Ph: 03 6232 5152                         Ph: 03 62325450  Fax: 03 62325123 







A.2.  VOYAGE REPORT 

I Introduction 

The primary aims of the Deep Ocean Time Series Section (DOTSS) program are to 
monitor full depth ocean changes and maintain Australia's contribution to the 
International Repeat Hydrography and Carbon Program. We reoccupied an ocean 
section in the Pacific along 170oW from 50oS to the equator (P15S) with full 
depth, high precision hydrographic and nutrient, and carbon and tracer 
observations. Station spacing along the section was approximately 30nm from 
50°S to the equator with close spacing over steep topography. The station 
positions were similar to previous 2001, and 1996 occupations of the 
hydrographic line. 

The scientific objectives and significance of the 170oW section are: 
• Maintain a time series of full-depth repeat ocean measurements capable of   
  resolving decadal and longer time scale changes in the circulation and 
  property storage (including heat, freshwater, oxygen and carbon) of the 
  oceans around Australia, from Antarctica to the equator. 
• Improve our understanding of basic ocean processes and fluxes through 
  collection of full depth direct velocity measurements while conducting the 
  repeat surveys. 

Repeat full depth hydrographic and carbon sections provide data needed to 
detect and monitor ocean variability and changes in carbonate chemistry 
associated with acidification. The global network of sections is providing 
data on the global partitioning and evolution of carbon storage between the 
ocean, atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere. 

Voyage Objectives 
• undertake full depth CTD and Niskin bottle casts that measure salinity, 
  temperature and pressure continuously. 
• collect water samples to be analysed on board for the full suite of 
  nutrients, dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations (DIC) and alkalinity. 
  Through collaboration with the NOAA PMEL and the University of Washington, 
  USA measure CFC and SF6 concentrations. 
• for certain regions and where conditions allow, the CTD/Rosette will be 
  reconfigured during the voyage to include the LADCP for full water column 
  velocity profiles. 

II Itinerary 

Leg 1 
Depart Wellington, New Zealand: 1600 Tuesday 3 February 2009. Arrive 
Nuku'alofa, Tonga: 0800 Thursday 26 February 2009. 

Leg 2 
Depart Nuku'alofa, Tonga: 1230 Friday 27 February 2009. Arrive Lautoka, Fiji: 
0800 Tuesday 24 March 2009. 

III Voyage Narrative 

A brief narrative of voyage events for Leg 1 and 2 is presented. The cruise 
track and location of the CTD/Niskin stations and Argo float and drifter 
deployments are shown in Figure 1. Section B4, Figure 5 shows the bottle 
distribution along the section. Argo float and drifter deployment location are 
given in Table. 1 and CTD station details are provided in Table 2. 

Due to the limited range of the R/V Southern Surveyor the reoccupation of the 
P15S was broken into two legs: Leg 1 occupied stations between 50°S and 22° 
09.28' S and; Leg 2 occupied stations between 21° 29.90' S and 00° 00.96'N, 
and completed a third crossing of the deep western boundary current at 17o 
30.21S between 170° 00' W and 174o 20.02' W. 

The Leg 1 science party joined the R/V Southern Surveyor in Wellington, New 
Zealand on 2 February 2009. Over the next two days the science party began 
setting up the laboratories and work spaces. The CSIRO 24 position rosette 
frame was used. The CSIRO 10L niskin bottle were replace with PMEL 12L bottles 
to enable easier access to the petcocks for CFC sampling. The R/V Southern 
Surveyor departed Wellington, NZ, at 1600hrs. (All times are local, and the 
ship maintained GMT +1300 throughout the voyage). A test station on the 
Chatham Rise (41o52.42' S, 175o31.55' W) was completed at 2133. The CTD/rosette 
package was lowered to approximately 10m off the bottom, and then raised to 
1700 dbar where all 24 bottles were fired successfully. CTD watch standers 
were trained in sampling methods for oxygen and carbon parameters. At the 
completion of the test station the R/V Southern Surveyor began its transit to 
the start of P15S at 50oS, 170oW. 

During the transit a number of SVP drifter were deployed for the New Zealand 
Meteorological Agency. The first station was begun on 6 February at 2230. 
Winch and tension controller problems resulted in stoppages of 1.2 hours and 1 
hour, on the downcast and at the beginning of the up-cast, respectively. Over 
the next few stations problems with the winch and tension controller were 
fixed and the stations were occupied as planned. After the first five stations 
the science party became comfortable with the watch duties. Full-depth carbon 
and tracer sampling was taken on odd station numbers and partial water column 
carbon sampling on even numbered stations. 

Leg 1 continued to occupy stations on its northward track in rolling southwest 
to westerly swells. The last station (65) is slightly south of planned 
position, due time lost time over winch problems on previous station, was 
completed at 1045 on 24 February. After completion of station ship began 
transit Nuku 'Alofa to rendezvous with pilot at 0600 on 26 February. 

Ten surface drifters and 4 Argo floats were deployed on leg 1. 

R/V Southern Surveyor arrived in Nuku'alofa at approximately 0800, and the 
hand-over of CTD operations from leg 1 to leg 2 was completed by 1500hrs. Leg 
2 departed Nuku'alofa at 1200 on 27 February, 20 hours behind schedule, due to 
air conditioning problems, in calm conditions. During the afternoon the on-
coming CTD watch keepers were shown the bottle sampling route by carbon and 
hydrography chemists, and also CTD deployment, watch, and recovery procedures. 
Science personnel began watches at 1400hrs. 

We reviewed the P15S 2001 CFC and Carbon sampling and determined that the best 
coincident station sampling will occur on leg 2 when CFC and Carbon maintain 
an odd stations sampling program. We arrived at the first station of leg 2 
(Station 66) on 1 March at approximately 0030hrs. Both CTD watches 
participated in the launch of the CTD package. 

After a few stations the new CTD watch standers were comfortable with their 
duties and settled into a good work routine. The Southern Surveyor carried 
approximately 6000-6500 m of wire on winch drum. Station 115 bottom depth is 
6532 m and we estimate that the bottom of the station was stopped 
approximately ~100m off the bottom. The last CTD station of P15S (118) was 
completed at approximately 13:30 on 16 March. When then headed south to 17.5oS 
to complete 10 CTD/Rosette and LADCP stations across the deep western boundary 
current. 

During the transit to 17.5oS the upward and downward looking ADCP units on the 
CTD/rosette frame were installed. This resulted in the removal of two niskin 
bottles. Pressure rating of LADCP units is 6000 m. Thus the lower 1500 m of 
Station 123, bottom depth of 7593 m, was not sampled. Four 10-litre PMEL 
niskin bottle were removed from rosette, and we replaced two with a General 
Oceanics 5-litre (rosette position 1) and 10-litre (rosette position 22) CSIRO 
niskin bottles. Total bottles on rosette is 22, with conservative water usage 
we were able to sample all properties from the 5-litre niskins. The final 
station (128) completed the short section across the deep western boundary 
current at 17.5S. The R/V Southern Surveyor arrived in Lautoka, Fiji on 24 
March at 0800. 

Ten surface drifters and 4 Argo floats were deployed on leg 1, and 4 Argo 
float were deployed on Leg 2. During both voyage legs XBT intercomparisons 
were preformed at a number of CTD stations. 


Figure 1:  DOTSS (P15S) 2009 CTD stations (yellow diamonds), deployment of 
           surface drifters (black circles) and Argo floats (red diamond). 



Table 1:  Information of surface drifters and Argo floats deployed on the 
          cruise 

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

                            Date/Time (GMT)             Position             other information
 ------------------------  -----------------  -----------------------------  -----------------
 SVP drifter  SN 83380     03/02/2009  2106   178° 0.458' W   43° 04.540' S   Transmitting ok 
 SVP drifter  SN 83389     04/02/2009  0705   179° 59.861' W  44° 17.328' S   Transmitting ok 
 SVP drifter  SN 83381     04/02/2009  2144   176° 59.716' W  46° 03.580' S   Transmitting ok 
 SVP drifter  SN 83383     05/02/2009  2155   174° 00.324' W  47° 47.104' S   Transmitting ok 
 SVP drifter  SN 83384     06/02/2009  0930   169° 59.790' W  50° 00.059' S   Transmitting ok 
 SVP drifter  SN 83388     07/02/2009  2105   170° 02.43' W   48° 00.19' S    Transmitting ok 
 SVP drifter  SN 83386     09/02/2009  0915   171° 40.30' W   45° 59.94' S    Transmitting ok 
 SVP drifter  SN 83385     10/02/2009  2200   174° 07.70' W   44° 00.10' S    Transmitting ok 
 SVP drifter  SN 83387     11/02/2009  2237   174° 08.70' W   44° 00.00' S    Transmitting ok 
 SVP drifter  SN 83382?    13/02/2009  07:25  172° 44.82' W   39° 59.80' S    Transmitting ok 
 Argo Float Hull  No 3668  17/02/2009  02:06  170° 00.01' W   33° 59.82' S    Transmitting ok 
 Argo Float Hull  No 3670  19/02/2009  15:03  169° 59.35' W   29° 59.35' S    Transmitting ok 
 Argo Float Hull  No 3672  21/02/2009  23:05  169° 59.35' W   26° 00.00' S    Transmitting ok 
 Argo Float Hull  No 3674  24/02/2009  09:53  169° 59.85' W   22° 09.59' S    Transmitting ok 
_______________________________________________________________________________________________



Table 2:  Locations, times (UTC) and depths of CTD casts completed on Leg 1. 
          Bottle oxygen, salinities and major nutrient samples were analysed 
          on all casts. The last two columns indicate chlorofluorocarbon and 
          dissolved carbon/alkalinity sampling - Y indicates the full set of 
          bottles were sampled, P indicates on a subset of bottles were 
          sampled. 

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

      Start Date/Time                              Depth   
 No       (UTC)          Latitude      Longitude    (m)   Comments                                 CFC  DIC
 --  ----------------  ------------  -------------  ----  --------------------------------------   ---  ---
  1  03/02/2009 08:06  41° 52.42' S  175 °31.55' E  2406  Test Station      
  2  06/02/2009 09:40  50° 00.02' S  169° 59.71' W  5347  Very long due to winch problems                Y
  3  06/02/2009 23:06  49° 31.40' S  169° 59.23' W  5202                                            Y    
  4  07/02/2009 09:07  49° 00.50' S  169° 00.51' W  5216                                            Y    Y
  5  07/02/2009 14:45  48° 29.78' S  170° 00.13' W  5422             
  6  07/02/2009 21:21  47° 59.04' S  170° 01.74' W  5294  13 XBTs dropped during cast               Y    Y
  7  08/02/2009 04:21  47° 29.94' S  169° 59.40' W  5351      
  8  08/02/2009 11:30  47° 06.53' S  170° 53.39' W  5356                                            Y    Y
  9  09/02/2009 19:46  46° 43.30' S  170° 25.95' W  5279      
 10  09/02/2009 02:55  46° 20.90' S  171° 21.40' W  5094                                                 Y
 11  09/02/2009 10:10  45° 56.98' S  171° 48.23' W  5137                                            Y    
 12  09/02/2009 18:44  45° 23.34' S  172° 28.03' W  4870                                            Y    Y
 13  09/02/2009 02:00  44° 49.73' S  173° 07.56' W  3853                                            Y    
 14  10/02/2009 07:12  44° 31.81' S  173° 29.49' W  3417                                            Y    Y
 15  10/02/2009 12:25  44° 19.67' S  173° 45.62' W  3110                                            Y    Y
 16  10/02/2009 17:12  44° 09.22' S  173° 54.94' W  1938  19 bottles. Surface bottle contaminat-    Y    Y
                                                          ed by ship' S sewage due to retrieval     
                                                          delay for ship repositioning    
 17  10/02/2009 21:29  43° 51.04' S  174° 17.96' W  824   17 bottles                                Y  
 18  11/02/2009 00:32  43° 38.86' S  174° 32.10' W  794   16 bottles. 11 XBT'S dropped during cast      
 19  11/02/2009 04:49  43° 15.14' S  175° 00.00' W  796   15 bottles.                               Y    Y
 20  11/02/2009 08:12  42° 55.76' S  174° 47.35' W  1067  17 bottles. No fresh nutients      
 21  11/02/2009 11:11  42° 44.87' S  174° 39.60' W  1529  21 bottles.                                    Y
 22  11/02/2009 15:03  42° 24.31' S  174° 24.08' W  2677  24 bottles.      
 23  11/02/2009 19:03  42° 10.37' S  174° 17.42' W  2877                                            Y    Y
 24  12/02/2009 00:42  41° 42.73' S  173° 58.55' W  3140      
 25  12/02/2009 06:58  41° 16.19' S  173° 38.41' W  3322                                            Y    Y
 26  12/02/2009 13:27  40° 49.47' S  173° 19.53' W  4171      
 27  13/02/2009 01:27  40° 22.26' S  173° 02.06' W  4579                                            Y    Y
 28  13/02/2009 08:06  39° 57.82' S  172° 41.89' W  4720      
 29  13/02/2009 14:53  39° 30.86' S  172° 25.42' W  4758  Rosette Position 8 reserved for CFC       Y    Y
                                                          blank test 
 30  13/02/2009 08:06  39° 05.01' S  172° 07.55' W  4840      
 31  14/02/2009 05:52  38° 25.35' S  171° 38.96' W  4840  CAP crash near cast end.                  Y    Y
 32  14/02/2009 14:41  37° 45.90' S  171° 10.99' W  4640      
 33  14/02/2009 21:14  37° 18.77' S  170° 52.57' W  5121                                            Y    Y
 34  15/02/2009 04:06  36° 52.37' S  170° 35.72' W  5285  20mins delay due to winch problems. CAP  
                                                          crash - needed complete restart and  
                                                          bottle refires      
 35  15/02/2009 11:31  36° 26.49' S  170° 52.57' W  5121                                            Y    Y
 36  16/02/2009 18:38  36° 00.76' S  169° 59.73' W  5048       
 37  16/02/2009 00:35  35° 40.62' S  170° 00.76' W  4342  12 XBTs dropped during CTD. New second-   Y    Y
                                                          ary T and C sensors fitted. Winch  
                                                          problems 1 hour into cast. 
 38  16/02/2009 06:14  35° 19.46' S  169° 59.25' W  4988  Changed sea-connectors between second- 
                                                          ary T/C and main unit      
 39  16/02/2009 12:06  35° 00.20' S  170° 00.12' W  5214                                            Y    Y
 40  16/02/2009 19:20  34° 29.88' S  170° 00.38' W  5466      
 41  17/02/2009 02:13  33° 59.78' S  169° 59.78' W  5516  Argo float deployment just before         Y    Y
 42  17/02/2009 09:22  33° 29.82' S  169° 59.88' W  5396  No fresh nutrients      
 43  17/02/2009 16:10  32° 59.43' S  169° 59.27' W  5447                                            Y    Y
 44  17/02/2009 22:57  32° 29.95' S  170° 00.00' W  5518                                                 P
 45  18/02/2009 06:03  31° 59.94' S  169° 59.10' W  5644  Replaced bottle in RP 5.                  Y    Y
 46  18/02/2009 13:45  31° 29.16' S  169° 58.68' W  5560  UPS failed and crashed all acquisition  
                                                          systems. Downcast stopped for 1 hour  
                                                          at 2775db. Many underway logging systems  
                                                          were down for many hours it took to  
                                                          reboot all elements.      
 47  18/02/2009 21:15  30° 59.94' S  169° 58.38' W  5592                                            Y    Y
 48  19/02/2009 04:21  30° 29.88' S  169° 59.61' W  5518  Replaced bottle in RP 4.                       P
 49  19/02/2009 11:19  29° 59.43' S  169° 59.43' W  5399  Argo float deployment leaving the stn     Y    Y
 50  19/02/2009 18:28  28° 29.93' S  169° 58.81' W  5025                                                 P
 51  19/02/2009 01:19  29° 00.01' S  170° 00.27' W  5564  12 XBTs dropped during cast               Y    Y
 52  20/02/2009 18:16  28° 30.51' S  169° 58.28' W  5432  Replaced bottle in RP 24.                      P
 53  20/02/2009 15:14  28° 00.30' S  169° 59.48' W  4829                                            Y    Y
 54  20/02/2009 21:53  27° 29.96' S  169° 59.10' W  5367  12 XBTs dropped during cast                    P
 55  21/02/2009 05:11  26° 59.65' S  169° 59.09' W  5146                                            Y    Y
 56  21/02/2009 12:06  26° 29.30' S  169° 59.7'  W  5599                                                 P
 57  21/02/2009 19:30  26° 00.15' S  169° 59.59' W  5574  20 XBTs dropped during cast. Argo float   Y    Y
                                                          deployed on leaving station  
 58  21/02/2009 19:30  26° 00.15' S  169° 59.59' W  5574  12 XBTs dropped during cast.No water  
                                                          samples. Rosette valves left open.      
 59  22/02/2009 09:46  25° 00.47' S  170° 00.05' W  5618  Slow upcast due to poor lay on CTD winch  Y    Y
 60  22/02/2009 17:11  24° 30.47' S  170° 00.01' W  5619  12 XBTs dropped during cast. Lanyards          P
                                                          show severe wear on frame - many replaced
 61  23/02/2009 00:52  23° 58.90' S  170° 00.29' W  5628  Winch spooling knife changed              Y    Y
 62  23/02/2009 08:10  23° 29.93' S  170° 00.03' W  5642                                                 P
 63  23/02/2009 14:28  22° 59.80' S  170° 00.29' W  5408  Slow upcast due to care needed to spool   Y    Y
                                                          wire on correctly. Loud bang from winch - 
                                                          and brief free spool -reason unknown  
 64  23/02/2009 23:58  22° 29.28' S  169° 59.94' W  5672  23 XBTs dropped during cast. Changed to        P
                                                          aft CTD winch.
 65  24/02/2009 0X:58  22° 09.28' S  169° 59.94' W  5     Last CTD on Leg 1.                        Y    Y
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________



Table 3:  Leg 1 scientific party participants 
          ______________________________________________________

           Person           Watch      Duty
           ---------------  ---------  ------------------------
           Wijffels         7am-9pm    Cruise leader 
    
           Ann Thresher     2am-2pm    Watch leader 
           Kail Stewart     2am-2pm    CTD watch/salts analysis 
           Hiski Kippo      2am-2pm    CTD watch/computer 
           Kate Berry       2am-2pm    Carbon analysis 
           Alicia Navidad   2am-2pm    Nutrients 
           Fred Menzia      midnight   CFCs 
                            to midday
           Catia Domingues  2pm-2am    Watch leader 
           Don McKenzie     2pm-2am    CTD watch/voyage mangr 
           Peter Dunn       2pm-2am    CTD watch/elec tech 
           Bronte Tilbrook  2pm-2am    Carbon analysis 
           Peter Hughes     2pm-2am    Oxygens 
           Dave Terhell     2pm-2am    Nutrients 
           Nancy Williams   midday to  CFCs 
                            midnight
          ______________________________________________________



Table 4:  Leg 1 ships crew: 
          ____________________________________

            1.  MASTER           LES MORROW 
            2.  CHIEF OFFICER    JOHN BARR 
            3.  2nd OFFICER      ROB FERRIES 
            4.  CHIEF ENGINEER   ROGER THOMAS 
            5.  1st ENGINEER     ROB CAVE 
            6.  2nd ENGINEER     SEAMUS ELDER 
            7.  BOSUN            TONY HEARNE 
            8.  I.R.             JOHN HOWARD 
            9.  I.R.             GARETH GUNN 
           10.  I.R.             KEL LEWIS 
           11.  I.R.             PAUL O'NEILL 
           12.  CHIEF STEWARD    JOHN FABICS
           13.  CHIEF COOK       ANDY GOSS
           14.  2nd COOK         LUKE RILEY
          ____________________________________



Table 5:  Information of Argo floats deployed on SS200901-leg2 
          __________________________________________________________________________________
          
            Argo Float    Date/Time (GMT)              Position           other information
           ------------  -----------------  ----------------------------  -----------------
           Hull No 2855  11/03/2009  03:00  168° 45'98' W   06° 29.28' S   Transmitting ok
           Hull No 2856  12/03/2009  07:40  168° 45.71' W   04° 29.24' S   Transmitting ok
           Hull No 2857  13/03/2009  1104   168° 46.37' W   02° 28.82' S   Transmitting ok
           Hull No 2861  14/03/2009  16:17  168° 44.41' W   0°  28.79' S   Transmitting ok
          __________________________________________________________________________________
          
         
Table 8:  Locations, times (UTC) and depths of CTD casts completed on Leg 2. 
          Bottle oxygen, and major nutrient samples were analysed on all 
          casts. The last two columns indicate chlorofluorocarbon and 
          dissolved carbon/alkalinity sampling - Y indicates the full set of 
          bottles were sampled, P indicates on a subset of bottles were 
          sampled. 
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

      Start Date/Time                               Depth 
  No        (UTC)        Latitude       Longitude    (m)    Comments                        CFC  DIC
 ---  ----------------  ------------  -------------  ----   ------------------------------  ---  ---
  66  28/02/2009 15:16  21° 29.90' S  170° 00.00' W  5397   First Station of Leg 2.               P
  67  28/02/2009 22:25  20° 58.46' S  169° 59.47' W  5650                                    Y    Y
  68  01/03/2009 05:28  20° 29.44' S  170° 00.03' W  5584                                         P
  69  01/03/2009 12:43  19° 59.79' S  170° 00.15' W  5315   Replaced secondary CTD           Y    Y
                                                            cable prior to stations     
  70  01/03/2009 19:11  19° 29.90' S  170° 00.36' W  4899                                         P
  71  02/03/2009 00:50  18° 59.74' S  170° 03.33' W  2942   8 XBTs dropped during cast.      Y    Y
  72  02/03/2009 07:40  18° 30.02' S  170° 00.52' W  5247                                         P
  73  02/03/2009 14:37  17° 59.10' S  170° 00.66' W  4971                                    Y    Y
  74  02/03/2009 21:08  17° 30.54' S  170° 01.54' W  5092                                         P
  75  03/03/2009 03:57  16° 59.31' S  170° 00.22' W  4949                                    Y    Y
  76  03/03/2009 10:38  16° 29.04' S  170° 00.69' W  5057                                         P
  77  03/03/2009 17:??  15° 59.04' S  170° 00.78' W  5122                                    Y    Y
  78  04/03/2009 00:08  15° 30.04' S  170° 01.23' W  5068                                         P
  79  04/03/2009 06:45  15° 00.21' S  170° 00.40' W  4809   12 XBT dropped during cast       Y    Y
  80  04/03/2009 11:53  14° 39.09' S  169° 59.90' W  3150                                         P
  81  04/03/2009 16:48  14° 17.11' S  170° 00.46' W  3546                                    Y    Y
  82  04/03/2009 21:30  13° 58.19' S  170° 00.62' W  2738   CAP crashed during cast,              P
                                                            restart via append      
  83  05/03/2009 01:21  13° 49.28' S  170° 00.69' W  4299                                    Y    Y
  84  05/03/2009 06:49  13° 30.07' S  170° 00.52' W  4868                                         P
  85  05/03/2009 13:26  12° 58.92' S  170° 00.80' W  4958                                    Y    Y
  86  05/03/2009 19:45  12° 28.93' S  169° 59.66' W  4915                                         P
  87  06/03/2009 02:14  11° 59.72' S  170° 01.08' W  5081   12 XBT dropped during cast       Y    Y
  88  06/03/2009 0857   11° 29.56' S  170° 01.44' W  5039   Primary conductivity calibra-         P
                                                            tion coefficient change to      
                                                            Seabird cal report 18/01/07.      
                                                            Primary conductivity malfunc-     
                                                            tioned on approach to bottom.      
                                                            Use secondary sensors      
  89  06/03/2009 15:35  10° 59.74' S  170° 01.32' W  5106   Change primary conductivity      Y    Y
                                                            sensor to serial no: 3311. Cal      
                                                            from Seabird report 18/01/07     
  90  06/03/2009 22:27  10° 29.83' S  170° 01.24' W  4982                                         P
  91  07/03/2009 08:36  10° 08.13' S  168° 59.28' W  4617                                    Y    Y
  92  07/03/2009 13:49  10° 02.96' S  169° 12.67' W  5193   Bottle 2 leaked - lanyard             P
                                                            from bottle 1. Bottle 16 high      
                                                            temperature possible mistrip.     
  93  07/03/2009 20:01  09° 55.07' S  169° 38.49' W  5192   Bottle accidentally fired a      Y    Y
                                                            250dbar     
  94  08/03/2009 02:10  09° 46.00' S  170° 03.91' W  4550   Bottle 18 leaking. Replaced           P
                                                            prior to next cast.     
  95  08/03/2009 07:07  09° 41.41' S  170° 19.56' W  4298   Bottle 18a -12035                Y    Y
  96  08/03/2009 12:04  09° 35.16' S  170° 36.25' W  4042                                         P
  97  09/03/2009 00:56  09° 27.74' S  169° 00.47' W  5279   IR and bosun checked sheaf       Y    Y
                                                            at beginning of cast. CAP      
                                                            crashed after firing bottle 24     
  98  09/03/2009 07:22  08° 59.16' S  168° 53.12' W  4771   Bottle 22 fired on the fly            P
  99  09/03/2009 14:06  08° 28.73' S  168° 46.76' W  5156   Started CTD data acquisi-        Y    Y
                                                            tion just as CTD entered      
                                                            water. Bottle 22 fired      
                                                            between 170 and 110m      
 100  09/03/2009 18:54  08° 14.46' S  168° 42.76' W  4876                                         P
 101  09/03/2009 23:59  07° 59.60' S  168° 37.79' W  4550                                    Y    Y
 102  10/03/2009 05:11  07° 45.10' S  168° 41.04' W  4988   Secondary conductivity cali-          P
                                                            bration change to CMAR      
                                                            03/9/2007. Off-se tot primary      
                                                            larger than previous stations.     
 103  10/03/2009 10:45  07° 29.16' S  168° 45.45' W  5288                                    Y    Y
 104  10/03/2009 17:38  06° 45.94' S  168° 45.92' W  5476   Changed secondary calibration         P
                                                            coefficients to seabird 
                                                            08/03/2006. Primary conductiv-
                                                            ity failed at 5500 on up-cast
 105  11/03/2009 02:45  06° 29.72' S  168° 46.22' W  5670   First two attempts at cast       Y    Y
                                                            aborted due to CTD and mechani-
                                                            cal problems, respectively 
                                                            (see daily report)
 106  11/03/2009 10:41  05° 59.38' S  168° 45.47' W  5634   Six pairs of XBT launched with-       P
                                                            in 1n.m. of stations. Argo 
                                                            float -SIO SOLO 2855 deployed
 107  11/03/2009 17:27  05° 29.87' S  168° 46.14' W  4988                                    Y    Y
 108  12/03/2009 00:35  04° 59.97' S  168° 45.99' W  5543   Argo float -SIO SOLO 2856             P
                                                            deployed
 109  12/03/2009 07:32  04° 29.72' S  168° 45.84' W  5485                                    Y    Y
 110  12/03/2009 14:16  03° 59.16' S  168° 45.76' W  4987                                         P
 111  12/03/2009 20:36  03° 29.06' S  168° 45.42' W  4981                                    Y    Y
 112  13/03/2009 03:52  02° 59.50' S  168° 44.98' W  5341   6 pairs of XBT launched on sta-       P
                                                            tion prior to CTD deployment
 113  13/03/2009 10:54  02° 29.10' S  168° 46.39' W  5341   Argo float -SIO SOLO 2857        Y    Y
                                                            deployed 
 114  13/03/2009 18:46  01° 50.84' S  168° 44.85' W  5056                                         P
 115  14/03/2009 02:33  01° 24.34' S  168° 44.66' W  6532   Stopped descent with 3 turn on   Y    Y
                                                            3rd layer of wire. Estimate 
                                                            less than 100m off bottom
 116  14/03/2009 09:30  00° 58.54' S  168° 44.67' W  5672?  Hit bottom. No steady altimeter       P
                                                            reading. EA500 not providing 
                                                            reliable depth.
 117  14/03/2009 16:06  00° 29.15' S  168° 44.26' W  5428   Argo float - SIO SOLO 2861       Y    Y
                                                            deployed
 118  14/03/2009 23:41  00° 00.96' N  168° 43.86' W  6532   6 pairs of XBT launched on sta-  Y    Y
                                                            tion prior to CTD deployment. 
                                                            Last Station of P15S 
 119  19/03/2009 01:37  17° 30.05' S  170° 19.95' W  5232   Bottle 21 leaking, replaced.     Y    Y
                                                            LADCP on rosette 
 120  19/03/2009 08:57  17° 30.43' S  171° 00:01' W  5084                                         P
 121  19/03/2009 15:56  17° 29.02' S  171° 39:15' W  4902                                    Y    Y
 122  19/03/2009 21:56  17° 29.52' S  172° 00:13' W  5698   Winch knife replaced at end      P    P
                                                            of station
 123  20/03/2009 03:52  17° 29.96' S  172° 19:50' W  7593   No LADCP interference on alti-   Y    Y
                                                            meter below approx. 5500m. 
                                                            LADCP stopped binging? 
 124  20/03/2009 09:30  17° 29.41' S  172° 41.34' W  4718                                     P    P
 125  20/03/2009 14:24  17° 29.75' S  172° 50.27' W  4242                                     Y    Y
 126  20/03/2009 17:29  17° 29.41' S  173° 00.60' W  2534                                     P    P
 127  20/03/2009 23:12  17° 30.21' S  173° 40.92' W  1362                                     Y    Y
 128  21/03/2009 04:28  17° 24.84' S  174° 20.02' W  1489   Last stations of 17.5 S                P
                                                            across western boundary
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________



Table 10:  Leg 2 scientific party participants 
           ___________________________________________________________________________
           
            Person              Watch        Duty
            ------------------  -----------  ----------------------------------------
            Bernadette Sloyan   8am-9pm      Cruise leader 
               
            Mark Rosenberg      2am-2pm      Watch leader 
            Clothilde Langlais  2am-2pm      CTD watch/salts analysis 
            Bernadette Heaney   2am-2pm      CTD watch/computer 
            John Akl            2am-2pm      Carbon analysis 
            Alicia Navidad      2am-2pm      Nutrients 
            Fred Menzia         midnight to  CFCs 
                                midday   
               
            Rebecca Crowley     2pm-2am      Watch leader 
            Max Gonzalez        2pm-2am      CTD watch 
            Drew Mills          2pm-2am      CTD watch/electronics tech/voyage manger 
            Kate Berry          2pm-2am      Carbon analysis 
            Peter Hughes        2pm-2am      Oxygen 
            Dave Terhell        2pm-2am      Nutrients 
            Nancy Williams      midday to    CFCs 
                                midnight   
           ___________________________________________________________________________



Table 11:  Leg 2 ships crew: 
                     ______________________________________
                     
                      15.  MASTER          LES MORROW 
                      16.  CHIEF OFFICER   MICHAEL TUCK 
                      17.  2nd   OFFICER   JOHN BOYES 
                      18.  CHIEF ENGINEER  JOHN MORTON 
                      19.  1st ENGINEER    DAVE JONKER 
                      20.  2nd ENGINEER    SEAMUS ELDER 
                      21.  BOSUN           TONY HEARNE 
                      22.  I.R.            STEVE SALTER 
                      23.  I.R.            GARETH GUNN 
                      24.  I.R.            KEL LEWIS 
                      25.  I.R.            PAUL O'NEILL 
                      26.  CHIEF STEWARD   ASHLEIGH POLLOCK 
                      27.  CHIEF COOK      ANDY GOSS 
                      28.  2nd COOK        LUKE RILEY 
                     ______________________________________
                     
                     
                     
Acknowledgements

Many thanks to the master and crew of the RV Southern Surveyor for their 
cooperation and hard work during the voyage. The ship's crew were good natured 
and very skilled in their handling of the CTD package and winches, during many 
long and tedious casts, and also during some very heavy sea conditions. The 
ship's engineers and bosun in particular are thanked for their hard work and 
ingenuity in keeping the CTD winches operating well and safely, despite 
several breakdowns. 



B.  MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

B.1  CTD/02 PROCESSING 

The new CTD Acquisition Program (CAP) (Pender, L. and Beattie, R. D., 2009:CAP 
User' S Guide, in prep) was used to acquire the CTD/02 data. The CAP software 
provided a very convenient and reliable method to display down-and-up cast 
temperature, salinity and oxygen concentrations. 

CTD primary and secondary conductivity sensors and SBE 43 oxygen sensor were 
calibrated with bottle salinity and oxygen data using procCTD (Beattie, R. D., 
2009: procCTD CTD Processing Procedures Manual, rev June 2009, 
http://www.marine.csiro.au/~dpg/opsDocs/procCTD.pdf ). 


B.2  BOTTLE SALTS 
     Summary of conductivity measurements for stations 1 - 18 
     Kial Stewart, Australian National University 

The operating temperature of the AutoSal water bath temperature and laboratory 
were in of order 1-2°C different during the analysis of salt samples for 
stations 1-20. Therefore, bottle salts are not reliable for stations 1-17. 

It was found that the laboratory temperature exhibited a ~2°C oscillation with 
a 15 - 20 minute period. The setting of the laboratory temperature was 
adjusted to ensure the maximum of the laboratory temperature did not exceed 
the setting of the AutoSal water bath. This procedure was applied after 
station 17. 

Bottle salt analysis is reliable, apart from outliers, from station 18 
onwards. 

On Leg 2, the salinometer became unstable during the analysis of Station 110. 
It was replaced with spare unit after unsuccessfully trying to determine the 
problem. 


B.3  BOTTLE OXYGEN PETER HUGHES, CMAR 

The oxygen analysis was performed on a photometric analysis system designed 
and built by Scripps Oceanographic Institute. The computer driving the system 
died part way through the voyage and was replaced by a laptop but no data was 
lost. Some of the original LST files were lost as they hadn't been backed up 
to the ship's server when the computer died. However, I had copies of the 
edited LST (lost) files used for uploading the results into hydro. The edited 
files do not contain the samples that were overshot during their titration; no 
endpoint was measured. 

Bottle oxygen analysis is reliable and was periodically checked against 
external standards in addition to normal standardization and blank 
determination daily. 



B.4  NUTRIENT PROCESSING REBECCA COWLEY, CMAR, 24TH TO 28TH APRIL, 2009 

Nutrient data analysed by Dave Terhell and Alicia Navidad using the Lachat on 
the R/V Southern Surveyor voyage 2009/01 was mostly processed on board. 
However, there were still some issues with the data and the processing methods 
that required further work after the voyage. This document summarises the 
steps taken to finalise the data. 

General 

With the help of Lindsay Pender, a matlab routine was developed to process the 
nutrient data prior to the voyage. The data was: 
  1.  collected on the Lachat, 
  2.  screened by the analyst, 
  3.  exported to a csv file, 
  4.  imported into matlab and processed using the matlab routine 
  5.  exported by the matlab program to an .xls format, 
  6.  imported into Hydro 
After step 4, the data was plotted up using matlab. The most useful plots 
were: 
  • nutrient vs. potential temperature with the DISCOVERY data plotted in the 
    background, 
  • QC plots of calibrant, blank and QC peak heights and concentrations 
  • Calibration plots and plots of the errors in the calibration. 

Where there were noise issues with the Lachat, these were clearly seen in the 
calibration plots. The nitrate analysis was problematic for the first 50 
stations, after which analysis was improved. As a result, the first 50 
stations were repeated for nitrate (and some for phosphate) near the end of 
the second leg. 

Steps for each run - matlab processing 
  1.  When a run was processed, the calibration was looked at. Sometimes 
      calibrants were removed to improve the fit. 
  2.  Obviously bad data was hashed from the run in the .csv file. 
  3.  Plots of nutrient vs. potential temperature were made. These were good 
      for determining leakers or if there was an issue with the calibration 
      that caused an offset in the data from the historical values. 

After the initial processing of station nutrient data was completed, a 
systematic examination of the station data was undertaken. This included 
comparison with DISCOVERY nutrient data, and completed nutrient data from this 
voyage. Many varied plots of the data were completed and from these a decision 
of data quality was made and whether there was a need to re-run the station 
analysis from stored samples 

Silicate and Nitrate 
Silicate results were straightforward, and only a few runs needed revisiting. 
Nitrate was more complex and many bad data flags assigned the leg 1 data. 
These stations were repeated near the end of the voyage using the stored 
bottle samples. Generally the calibrations didn't require too much work. 

Phosphate 
Some of the phosphate results required correction for silicate interference, 
which was demonstrated in one run (run 43). This run was completed at the end 
of leg 1. Silicate in high concentrations contributes to about 1.4% (about 
0.04uM phosphate at 3uM levels) of the phosphate concentration, according to 
this test. 

The chemistry of the phosphate analysis is designed to eliminate silicate 
interference by keeping the acidity of molybdate reagent very low. I suspect 
that at the start and end of the voyage, the silicate interference was minimal,
but for some reason, in the middle of the voyage, the chemistry wasn't quite 
right, and silicate was interfering with the results. Hence the need to correct 
the results from runs 53 to 100. Originally, I corrected from run 44, but it 
appeared that runs 44 to 52 weren't affected by the silicate interference, yet 
run 43 was when the test for the interference was run. Maybe it is more 
variable than I have accounted for here. 

The QC results were very important in diagnosing the above issues. It was 
obvious from the QC results that the bias in the sample results was an 
instrument problem, as the QC followed the same pattern as the sample offsets 
from historical results. 

The blank correction (refractive index and milli-q) was assessed and 
throughout the voyage, the blank correction essentially equated to the LNSW 
value, as the correction is calculated as follows: 

Corrected peak area = peak area - blank; 

Where: 

blank = (LNSWbg - MQbg) + MQcol; 

The MQbg and MQcol values were mostly equivalent, and cancelled each other 
out. The correction of LNSWbg equated to about 0.02% of the Cal 5 peak height. 
A mean of each section's (see figure 4) results was used to correct the data, 
as in some runs there were outliers and bad blank concentrations that offset 
that stations results. The blank correction has a minor effect on the overall 
results. 

In many runs, the calibration results required adjustment to improve the 
results. Removal of some calibrants had a marked effect in some instances. In 
some runs, I had to use calibrant results from adjacent runs in order to get 
accurate results. This is not a desirable method of correcting results, but 
was the best I could come up with and proved to be successful. 

Accuracies and precisions. 
The accuracy of the results against the DISCOVERY results was determined by 
putting the data onto a potential temperature grid. Only data between a 
potential temperature of 1.2 and 2 was used. The DISCO data was subtracted 
from the Southern Surveyor data and then divided by the DISCO data. The mean 
error was then plotted against station number. The following figures show the 
results, with 0.5% and 1% error bars included. 

Accuracy = ((SouthernSurveyor - DISCO)/DISCO)*100% 

Towards the end of the voyage, accuracies of +/-1% for all nutrients were 
being achieved. Most were within -/+0.5%. 

The coefficient of variation of the results is shown below, with the QC sample 
residuals plotted with error bars of 1%. Both nitrate and silicate had a 
coefficient of variation of less than 1% in most cases, but phosphate's 
precision is 1.7% overall. 

CV% = stdev(QC)/mean(QC)*100% 

The QC results for phosphate show a lot of variation early on and are higher 
in the second half of the voyage. The noise in the first leg is probably due 
to the long runs, combined with other issues, such as the topping up of 
calibrants during a run, which appeared to cause a lot of noise in a run. This 
practice was stopped during the second leg and the runs were shortened 
significantly with improved the calibrations. 


Plots: 

Figure 1:  Shows the QC results for the phosphate channel, overlaid with the 
           sample offset from the Discovery voyage results. These results are 
           after ALL runs were corrected for silicate interference. Runs 1 to 
           52 are low (first leg) as are some runs at the end. These runs were 
           not affected by Si interference, so the correction was removed for 
           these runs (see figure 2).

Figure 2:  Shows the QC results for the phosphate channel, overlaid with the 
           sample offset from the Discovery voyage results. These results are 
           after just runs 43 to 100 were corrected for silicate interference. 

Figure 3:  Calibrant and QC Peak areas for phosphate for each run. There is 
           some variation in the sensitivity of the instrument between runs. 

Figure 4:  Blank correction values for phosphate for each run. The net result 
           for the blank correction makes a very small difference to the 
           results. A mean for each section was used to correct the results. 

Figure 5:  Difference between the Southern Surveyor voyage and DISCO phosphate 
           results with runs 53 to 100 corrected for silicate interference, 
           results plotted on a depth grid. 

Figure 6:  Difference between the Southern Surveyor voyage and DISCO for 
           Nitrate, results plotted on a depth grid. 

Figure 7:  Difference between the Southern Surveyor voyage and DISCO for 
           Silicate, results plotted on a depth grid. 

Figure 8:  Nitrate concentrations on a potential temperature grid. 

Figure 9:  Silicate concentrations on a potential temperature grid. 


Figure 11:  Plots of nitrate/nitrite against potential temperature in station 
            groups. 


Figure 12:  Plots of silicate against potential temperature in station groups. 


Figure 13:  Plots of phosphate against potential temperature in station 
groups. 


B.3  ADCP 

The ADCP, 75kHz Ocean Surveyor phased array, lost beam 2 on 2 March 2009. Data 
from this date is unusable unless a 3-beam solution can be achieved. ADCP data 
till 2 March 2009 has been processed.


B.4  CHLOROFLUOROCARBON (CFC) Measurements

Analysts: Fred Menzia (University of Washington/JISAO)
          Nancy Williams (University of Washington/JISAO)
PIs: John Bullister (NOAA-PMEL)
     Mark Warner (University of Washington)

A PMEL analytical system was used for CFC-11, CFC-12 and sulfur hexafluoride 
(SF6) analyses on the 2009 P15S expedition. Samples for the analyses of 
dissolved CFC-11, CFC-12 and SF6 ('CFC/SF6') were drawn from ~1330 of the 
~3070 water samples collected during the expedition. Analysis of CFC-11, CFC-
12, and SF6 were made on the same ~200 cc water sample. All CFC/SF6 samples 
were analysed on board ship in a 20' CFC laboratory van.

Water samples on the 2009 P15S cruise were collected in 12 liter bottles 
designed at PMEL that use a modified end-cap design to minimize the contact of 
the water sample with the end-cap O-rings after closing. Stainless steel 
springs covered with a nylon powder coat were substituted for the internal 
elastic tubing provided with standard Niskin bottles. When taken, water 
samples collected for dissolved CFC-11, CFC-12 and SF6 analysis were the first 
samples drawn from the bottles. Care was take to coordinate the sampling of 
CFC/SF6 with other samples to minimize the time between the initial opening of 
each bottle and the completion of sample drawing. Samples easily impacted by 
gas exchange (dissolved oxygen and DIC) were collected within several minutes 
of the initial opening of each bottle. To minimize contact with air, the 
CFC/SF6 samples were drawn directly through the stopcocks of the bottles into 
250 ml precision glass syringes equipped with three-way plastic stopcocks. The 
syringes were immersed in a holding tank of clean surface seawater held at 
~5OC until ~30 minutes before being analyzed. At that time, the syringe was 
placed in a bath of surface seawater heated to ~30°C.

For atmospheric sampling, a ~75 m length of 3/8" OD Dekaron tubing was run 
from the CFC lab van to the bow of the ship. A flow of air was drawn through 
this line into the main laboratory using an Air Cadet pump. The air was 
compressed in the pump, with the downstream pressure held at ~1.5 atm. using a 
backpressure regulator. A tee allowed a flow of ~100 ml min-1 of the 
compressed air to be directed to the gas sample valves of the CFC/SF6 
analytical systems, while the bulk flow of the air (>7 l min-1) was vented 
through the back-pressure regulator. Air samples were analyzed only when the 
relative wind direction was within 60 degrees of the bow of the ship to reduce 
the possibility of shipboard contamination. Analysis of bow air was performed 
at ~19 locations along the cruise track. At each location, ~5 air measurements 
were made to increase the precision of the measurements. Concentrations of 
CFC-11, CFC-12 and SF6 in air samples, seawater, and gas standards were 
measured by shipboard electron capture gas chromatography (EC-GC) using 
techniques modified from those described by Bullister and Weiss (1988) and 
Bullister and Wisegarver (2008), as outlined below. For seawater analyses, 
water was transferred from a glass syringe to a glass-sparging chamber (volume 
~200 ml). The dissolved gases in the seawater sample were extracted by passing 
a supply of CFC/SF6 free purge gas through the sparging chamber for a period 
of 5 minutes at ~150 ml min-1. Water vapor was removed from the purge gas 
during passage through an 18 cm long, 3/8" diameter glass tube packed with the 
desiccant magnesium perchlorate. The sample gases were concentrated on a cold-
trap consisting of a 1/16" OD stainless steel tube with a 5 cm section packed 
tightly with Porapak Q (60-80 mesh) and a 22 cm section packed with Carboxen 
1000. A Neslab Cryocool CC-100 was used to cool the trap to ~70°C. After 5 
minutes of purging, the trap was isolated, and then heated electrically to 
~175°C. The sample gases held in the trap were then injected onto a precolumn 
(~60 cm of 1/8" O.D. stainless steel tubing packed with 80-100 mesh Porasil B, 
held at 80°C) for the initial separation of CFC-12, CFC-11,and SF6 from later 
eluting peaks. After the SF6 and CFC-12 had passed from the pre-column and 
into the second precolumn (5 cm of 1/8" O.D. stainless steel tubing packed 
with MS5A, 80°C) and into the analytical column #1 (240 cm of 1/8" OD 
stainless steel tubing packed with MS5A and held at 80°C), the outflow from 
the first precolumn was diverted to the second analytical column (150 cm 1/8" 
OD stainless steel tubing packed with Carbograph 1AC, 80-100 mesh, held at 
90°C). Late eluting gases in the first pre-column were backflushed from the 
pre-column and vented. Column #1 and both pre-columns were mounted in a 
Shimadzu GC8 gas chromatograph with an electron capture detector (ECD) held at 
340°C. Column #2 was in another Shimadzu GC8 gas chromatograph with ECD held 
at 250°C.

The analytical system was calibrated frequently using a standard gas of known 
CFC/SF6 composition. Gas sample loops of known volume were thoroughly flushed 
with standard gas and injected into the system. The temperature and pressure 
was recorded so that the amount of gas injected could be calculated. The 
procedures used to transfer the standard gas to the trap, precolumn, main 
chromatographic column, and ECD were similar to those used for analyzing water 
samples. Four sizes of gas sample loops were used. Multiple injections of 
these loop volumes could be made to allow the system to be calibrated over a 
relatively wide range of concentrations. Air samples and system blanks 
(injections of loops of CFC/SF6 free gas) were injected and analyzed in a 
similar manner. The typical analysis time for seawater, air, standard or blank 
samples was ~11 minutes. Concentrations of the CFC-11 and CFC-12 in air, 
seawater samples, and gas standards are reported relative to the SIO98 
calibration scale (Cunnold et al., 2000). Concentrations of SF6 in air, 
seawater samples, and gas standards are reported relative to the CMDL 
calibration scale (Bullister et al , 2006). Concentrations in air and standard 
gas are reported in units of mole fraction CFC in dry gas, and are typically 
in the parts per trillion (ppt) range. Dissolved CFC concentrations are given 
in units of picomoles per kilogram seawater (pmol kg-1) and SF6 concentrations 
in fmol kg-1. CFC/SF6 concentrations in air and seawater samples were 
determined by fitting their chromatographic peak areas to multi-point 
calibration curves, generated by injecting multiple sample loops of gas from a 
working standard (PMEL cylinder 45189 of water samples and PMEL standard 38415 
for air samples) into the analytical instrument. The response of the detector 
to the range of moles of CFC/SF6 passing through the detector remained 
relatively constant during the cruise. Full-range calibration curves were run 
at intervals of 4-5 days during the cruise. Single injections of a fixed 
volume of standard gas at one atmosphere were run much more frequently (at 
intervals of ~90 minutes) to monitor short-term changes in detector 
sensitivity.

The purging efficiency was estimated by re-purging a high-concentration water 
sample and measuring this residual signal. At a flow rate of 150 cc min-1 for 
5 minutes, the purging efficiency for CFC-11 was >99.5% and ~100% for CFC-12. 
Corrections for these has been applied to the reported water concentration 
values.

A severe problem was encountered with the SF6 analysis during the cruise, in 
part due to a chromatographic peak which eluted near to that of SF6 on the 
chromatograms. Adjusting the backflush times and lengthening the second pre-
column later in the cruise somewhat reduced this interference, but overall the 
quality of the SF6 data on the 2009 P15S cruise is poor and all samples are 
flagged either '3' (questionable) or '4' (bad).

On this expedition, based on the analysis of ~340 pairs of duplicate samples, 
we estimate precisions (1 standard deviation) of about 1% or 0.005 pmol kg-1 
(whichever is greater) for both dissolved CFC-11 and CFC-12 measurements.

Overall accuracy of the measurements (a function of the absolute accuracy of 
the calibration gases, volumetric calibrations of the sample gas loops and 
purge chamber, errors in fits to the calibration curves and other factors) is 
estimated to be about 2% or 0.010 pmol kg-1 for CFC11 and CFC-12.

Based on the earlier occupation of the P15S section in 1994 and crossings of 
this section by other WOCE-era sections, the region of the water column 
between 20oS and the equator and between 2000m and 3000 m depth is thought to 
have near zero levels of CFCs the time of the 2009 P15S section. The means of 
measured values in this region on the 2009 P15S expedition was 0.005 pmol kg-1 
for CFC-11 and 0.002 pmol kg-1 for CFC-12 Based on previous experiments 
showing a slow grow-in of CFCs in water held in the sample bottles, and the 
scatter in measured concentrations of these deep samples, we estimate a total 
sampling and analytical blank of 0.003 pmol kg-1 for CFC-11 and 0.001 pmol kg-
1 for CFC-12. The final water concentration data reported here have had these 
blank corrections applied.

A small number of water samples had anomalously high CFC-11 and CFC-12 
concentrations relative to adjacent samples. These samples occurred 
sporadically during the cruise and were not clearly associated with other 
features in the water column (e.g., anomalous dissolved oxygen, salinity, or 
temperature features). This suggests that these samples were probably 
contaminated with CFCs during the sampling or analysis processes. Measured 
concentrations for these anomalous samples are included in the data file, but 
are given a quality flag value of either 3 (questionable measurement) or 4 
(bad measurement). Approximately 98 CFC-11 samples and 81 CFC-12 samples were 
assigned quality flags of 3 and approximately 17 CFC-11 samples and 18 CFC-12 
samples were assigned quality flags of 4. A quality flag of 5 was assigned to 
samples which were drawn from the rosette but never analyzed due to a variety 
of reasons (e.g., leaking stopcock, plunger jammed in syringe barrel, etc).


REFERENCES

Bullister, J.L., and R.F. Weiss, 1988: Determination of CC13F and CC12F2 in 
    seawater and air. Deep-Sea Res., v. 25, pp. 839-853.

Bullister, J.L., and D.P. Wisegarver (2008): The shipboard analysis of trace 
    levels of sulfur hexafluoride, chlorofluorocarbon-11 and 
    chlorofluorocarbon-12 in seawater. Deep-Sea Res. I, 55, 1063-1074. [PDF 
    Version]

Prinn, R.G., R.F. Weiss, P.J. Fraser, P.G. Simmonds, D.M. Cunnold, F.N. Alyea, 
    S. O'Doherty, P. Salameh, B.R. Miller, J. Huang, R.H.J. Wang, D.E. 
    Hartley, C. Harth, L.P. Steele, G. Sturrock, P.M. Midgley, and A. 
    McCulloch, 2000: A history of chemically and radiatively important gases 
    in air deduced from ALE/GAGE/AGAGE. J. Geophys. Res., v. 105, pp. 17,751-
    17,792.


B.5  CARBON PARAMETERS
     Bronte Tilbrook, CMAR

• Total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2)
  Precision and accuracy estimate: ±1 µmol kg-1
• Total (titration) alkalinity (TA)
  Precision and accuracy estimate: ±2 µmol kg-1

Total dissolved inorganic carbon:

Total dissolved carbon dioxide in seawater is:

TCO2 = [CO2]+[HCO3_ ]+[CO3= ]

Carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater is analysed by acidifying the seawater to 
convert bicarbonate and carbonate to CO2, extracting the CO2 from the solution 
by bubbling with high purity nitrogen (>99.995%), and trapping and quantifying 
the amount of CO2 using a UIC model 5011 coulometer.

A SOMMA system is used to extract the CO2 and follows the procedure described 
in detail by Johnson et al (1993) and Dickson et al (2007). The SOMMA loads 
seawater from a sample bottle into a calibrated pipette that is thermostated 
at a constant temperature of 20°C. The sample in the pipette is then dispensed 
into a stripping chamber to which 1 ml of a 10% (v/v) solution of phosphoric 
acid has been added. The stripping chamber has a glass frit at the base and 
this is used to bubble nitrogen carrier gas through the sample and strip the 
CO2 from the sample. The CO2 in the carrier gas stream flows into the cathode 
compartment of a coulometer cell where it is quantitatively trapped in an 
ethanolamine solution. The absorbed CO2 reacts to form hydroxyethylcarbamic 
acid, causing a change in the colour of the cell solution due to the presence 
of a thymolphthalein pH indicator in the solution. Base is generated at the 
cell cathode, until the solution colour returns to its starting point. The 
efficiency of the coulometric method is determined by injecting known amounts 
of pure CO2 (>99.99%). A combination of measurements of certified reference 
seawater, from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and of duplicate water 
samples collected from the CTD Niskin bottles is used top check accuracy and 
precision of the analyses.

Total alkalinity:

An automated open-cell potentiometric titration is used to measure total 
alkalinity. Samples stored in sealed glass bottles are placed in a 
thermostated water bath and brought to a temperature of 20°C prior to 
analysis. A 100ml volume of sample is pipetted into a water-jacketed (20°C) 
glass beaker and the sample mixed with a stir bar. A 0.1N solution of 
hydrochloric acid (HCl) titrant is added to the sample to adjust the pH of the 
seawater to about 3.5. The sample is then stirred to degas CO2. After 10 
minutes of stirring, the titration proceeds by adding small increments of the 
hydrochloric acid titrant until the pH reaches about 3.0. The amounts of acid 
added and the associated change in e.m.f. of a pH electrode (Metrohm 
Aquatrode) used to monitor the progress of the titration are recorded.

The 0.1N HCl titrant contains 0.6 mol/kg sodium chloride to approximate the 
ionic strength of seawater. The normality of each batch of titrant is measured 
by coulometry and is known to better than ±0.03%. The density of the titrant, 
which is used to calculate the total alkalinity, is measured with an Anton 
Parr density meter over a range of temperatures near 20°C and is known to 
better than ±0.01%.

The volumes delivered by the burettes are calibrated every six to twelve 
months by weighing volumes of deionised water dispensed by the burettes at 20° 
and applying an air buoyancy correction (Dickson et al 2007). The pH electrode 
responses are checked by comparison with Tris and Aminopyridine buffers in 
synthetic seawater (Dickson et al 2007). Electrodes with responses within 100 
± 0.3% of the Nernst slope of the electrode are used for titrations. The 
e.m.f. of the electrodes is recorded to ±0.1mV.

A non-linear fitting routine, written in Interactive Data Language (IDL), is 
used to calculate TA. This is similar to the computations described in 
Johannsson and Wedborg (1982) and Dickson et al. (2007). The pK of the acids 
used in the routine are taken from Dickson (1990) for HSO4-and Dickson and 
Riley (1979) for HF. Comparison of the routine used here was compared to a TA 
result for data published in Dickson et al (2007) using a different non-linear 
fitting procedure and both agree within ±0.01%. A combination of measurements 
of certified reference seawater, from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 
and of duplicate water samples collected from the CTD Niskin bottles is used 
top check accuracy and precision of the analyses.


REFERENCES 

Dickson, A.G. (1990) Standard potential of the reaction: AgCl(s) + _H2(g) = 
    Ag(s) + HCl(aq), and the standard acidity constant of the ion HSO4- in
    synthetic sea water from 273.15 to 318.15 K. Journal Chemical Thermodynamics 22: 113-127. 

Dickson, A.G. and Riley, J.P. (1979) The estimation of acid dissociation 
    constants in seawater media from potentiometric titrations with strong 
    base. I. The ionic product of water (KW). Marine Chemistry 7: 89-99. 

Dickson, A. G., Sabine, C. L. and Christian, J. R. (2007) Guide for best 
    practices in ocean CO2 measurements. PICES Special Publication 3, 191pp. 

Johansson, O. and Wedborg, M., (1982) On the evaluation of potentiometric 
    titrations of seawater with hydrochloric acid, Oceanologica Acta 5:209-218 

Johnson, K.M., Wills, K.D., Butler, D.B., Johnson, W.K. and Wong, C.S. (1993) 
    Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: maximizing 
    the performance of an automated continuous gas extraction system and 
    coulometric detector. Marine Chemistry 44: 167-187. 




DATA PROCESSING NOTES

Date        Contact  Parameter  Event            Summary
----------  -------  ---------  ---------------  ---------------------------
2009-10-19  Cowley   CTD/DOC    Submitted        submitted CTD+DOCs (pdf) 

2009-10-20  Sloyan   CTD        Data are Public  CTD are public now 
            This data is an Australian contribution to the International 
            Repeat Hydrography program. As such the (CTD) data can be made 
            publicly available as of now. We will get the bottle data to you 
            when it has passed final QA/QC checks at CMAR. Hopefully this will 
            be completed in November. 

2009-10-22  Diggs    CTD/DOCs   Corrected CTD data format/DOCs and CTD data online 
            Corrected NaN values for flags in station 1 CTD data and filenames 
            put in Exchange format. Corrected ExpoCodes in all files to use 
            09SS20090230.  Made NetCDF CTD files and all zip archives. Checked 
            through normal QC procedures, made cruise maps from CTD positions. 
            Placed all versions of CTD data, station maps and CSIRO-supplied 
            PDF documentation online. All data histories for this cruise updated.

2009-11-05  Cowley   CTD        Submitted        Updated missing values 
            This is the updated CTD data from the voyage, with some missing 
            surface values included. For the first leg, almost none of the 
            data is shallower than 4 db & a number start at 6 db. For the 
            second leg, all of the deployments start at 4 db, or shallower, 
            and one has data in the surface (0 db) bin. 

2009-11-11  Cowley   CTD        Submitted        correct surface values 
            Update missing values: Sent the incorrect file last time. This 
            file has the latest CTD data with correct surface values. 

2009-11-30  Cowley   Bottle     Submitted        Submitted by S. Diggs for R. Cowley 
            In email from RebeccaCowley to Steve Diggs: 2009.11.30 -->  
            "I tried to upload the bottle data for the 09SS20090203 voyage, 
            but had a server error. So here it is.  This file doesn't contain 
            the carbon or alkalinity results or the CFC results yet. These 
            will be updated soon."

2009-12-03  Cowley   CFC        Submitted        Exchange format, put online 
            This is the latest bottle file in exchange format and contains the 
            CFC data in addition to the bottle data already submitted. The 
            Carbon and Alkalinity results are still not available and will 
            probably be submitted during the first half of 2010. 

